科技與創新，為當前服務業最關心的兩個成長驅動引擎，也是競爭的主要利器。政府為刺激產業創新與升級，研擬「ITeS科技化服務業旗艦計畫」，將「健康照護」納入五大推廣策略主軸內，鼓勵異業合作，期以科技與創新來開創新興服務產業，提升我國經濟成長與競爭的優勢。 為瞭解服務業科技化異業之間如何進行合作，本研究以質性研究的方式，採訪兩個申請技術處「創新科技應用與服務計畫」的健康照護聯盟參與者，一聯盟為「創新數位遊戲復健服務先期計畫」，另一為「遠距健康照護U-Care建置計畫」，藉兩種不同類型的個案，來瞭解是什麼原因影響聯盟的合作成效？ 本研究透過系統開發專案研究的幾個觀點進行辯證，包括重視科技物件與營運績效的「物件觀點」、多元利益與政治因素驅動的「社會互動觀點」、思維習慣與限制的Orlikowski與Gash(1994)「科技思維框架觀點」，以及意義建構與詮釋的Weick(1988)「意會觀點」進行跨個案之間合作成效的辯證。 研究發現，新服務跨業聯盟可以「合作意會」(Collaborative sensemaking)做為增進營運順暢的一種有效策略。包括導意(Sensegiving)、需意(Sensedemanding)與意解(Sensebreaking)的運用，採用象徵人物與服務物件做為意會媒介，以非正式活動促進夥伴意會與共識，探詢與參與工作脈絡來主動尋找意會脈絡，其中，工程師透過駐點參與及對護理人員服務痛點的體會，轉變思維框架，化解不同領域與組織背景帶來的衝突，更是文中深富意涵的部分。此外，合作參與者也可以「情感基礎」、「工作脈絡的瞭解」、「領域團體的接觸」與「組織策略與代理人動機的結合」四種策略，深化合作意會，並做為檢視成員涉入合作程度的指標。此外，多元合作意義的塑造，也是間接促進合作意會的有效方式。 其次，本研究也歸納服務業科技化常見的合作問題，如在執行層次，創新應用皆在科技人，服務人缺乏科技與服務應用的想像，而科技人則因服務的動態特質，而添增系統開發模稜兩可的情境；聯盟層次，發現多元利益常使參與者失焦營運重點，忽略對服務對象的關懷。 由於新服務與健康照護的人本關懷與社會互動實驗特性，本研究主張以合作意會做為跨業合作的策略，也提醒惟合作成員能重視與肯定每位聯盟參與者的價值，以及關心服務對象的生活需求與痛點，才能跳脫物件利益的陷阱，提升對人性的敏感層次，以設計出深具社會意義與可行的商業模式。本研究最後提出幾個學術意涵，也對醫療機構、廠商、研發法人機構與政策提出實務意涵，並對健康照護服務業科技化的社會意涵提出看法，重思意會的哲學意涵。 / ICT and innovation are the two most mentioned engines and powerful weapons for the growth of the service currently. In order to upgrade the industry, Ministry of Economic Affairs conducted “IT enable Service Program” and made “Health care” being the five main strategies, and more, encouraged organizations using technology and innovation to improve the growth and competition of econonmics through cross-indusrial collaboration. To know how the cross-industrail firms cooperate with each other in ITeS process, this study used qualitative research approach interviewing 21 participators within two health care alliances which worked “Innovative Technology Applications and Services Program” hold by Department of Industrial Technology, one alliance conducted “Innovative Digital-game enable Physical Rehabilitation Pilot Plan”, the other conduct “Remote Health Care U-Care Establishment Plan”. Base on the two different kind cases, this study explored what affacts influenced alliance work deeply? This study adopted dialectic method to probe the effect of ICT development program in cross-cases analysis, the theoris embraced “Artifact lens” which focused technology artifact and operating performance, “Social interaction lens” which actions drived from multi-interests and poltics intentions, “Technology frames lens” which developed by Orlikowski and Gash (1994) and “Sensemaking lens” which proposed by Weick(1988). Respectively, this study found that the “Collaborative sensemaking” strategy was an effective way to promote the operation in new service cross-industrial alliances, including sensegiving, sensedemanding and sensebreaking exercises, taking symbolic person and service artifacts in sensemaking media, using informal activities to enhance particators’ sensemaking and common consensus, asking and participating work context to find the sensemaking conext. Especially, the technologiest could transfer his frame of reference by stationed at the partner’s firm and realized the pain point beyond nursing staff’s service, so that the conflicts which arised from the different field and organizational context could be resolved. Besides, participators also could use flour strategies, “Friendship”, “Working context”, “Contacting with social groups” and “Integration of partner firm’s development strategy and agent’s motivation”, to deep collaborative sensemaking, and be the indexs to examine the extent which participators involve the cooperation. And more, the shaping of multi-collaborative meanings, was also an effective way to improve collaborative sensemaking indirectly. Besides, this study also found the problems occurred in the ITeS alliances. For example, in working level, the innovative applications often created by the technologists, not service person; second, due to the dynamic characteristic of service, technologists would face equivocal situations during developing systems. In alliance level, multi-interests often enabled participators deviating from the main mission in plan operation, partners maight also ignore concerns the ultimate customers. Due to the characteristics of humanistic care and social interaction experiment of new service and health care, this study argued that the collaborative sensemaking could be a useful strategy to improve crosss-industrail cooperation. And more, this study also suggested the partners in the alliance should respect and confirm each participators’ value, and concerned the ultimate customers’ life need and pain point, so that they could jump across the artiftact-interest traps, promote the sense level to human nature, and designed rich social meanings and workable business models. Finally, this study proposed some research and practice implications, and advocated the social implications about the health care in ITeS.

中小企業一向是經濟成長的主力，然而受限其資源的短缺，往往無法提供顧客更好的商品或服務。雖然文獻指出中小企業可以透過資訊科技與夥伴和顧客合作來克服它先天的弱勢並提供更好的服務，但仍有許多模糊未解的問題。例如，哪一種中小企業較願意導入以資訊科技為基礎的協同合作模式(IT-enabled Collaboration)？而這樣的合作模式是否能真正的提升他們的績效表現呢？本研究以資源基礎理論和服務導向邏輯理論(service-dominant logic)為基礎，將資源分為operant資源、operand資源、資源互補性及資源相似性，試圖找出在何種資源模式下，中小企業會偏向使用以資訊科技為基礎的協同合作模式。研究方法採用個案研究，並以宜蘭縣枕頭山休閒農業區的八家中小型業者為目標進行訪談。在資料蒐集和分析之後，本研究發現operand資源與operant資源皆會正向的影響到中小企業對科技化合作的參與，其中又以operant資源的影響為更大。此外，從研究中也驗證了科技化合作能促成中小企業績效的提升。根據研究結果，本研究將operant資源視為影響中小企業導入科技化合作模式進而達成績效提升的主要關鍵資源。 / Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are the main force to economic growth, but they usually restricted by resource shortage when they want to upgrade goods or services. Past literature has indicated collaboration with partners and customers through information technology (IT) may overcome their weakness and serve better. However, there still are blurs, like what kind of SMEs are more likely to engage IT-enabled collaboration? Will IT-enabled collaboration really enhance SMEs performance? Our research framework based on resource-based view and service-dominant logic categorizing SME resources into (1) operand resources, (2) operant resources, (3) resource complementarity and (4) resource similarity. We attempt to find out what key resources in SMEs are related to the usage of IT-enabled collaboration and the contributions to SME performance. We conduct case study with 8 SMEs in Mt. Pillow Leisure Agriculture Area. After data collection and analysis, we figure out that both operand and operant resources have positive impact on IT-enabled collaboration; furthermore, operant resources contribute more for SMEs to communicate and coordinate with each other and customers. In addition, from our research, we demonstrate that IT-enabled collaboration helps SMEs to perform better. Therefore, we suggest operant resources as important resources for SMEs engaging in IT-enabled collaboration and consequently enhancing their performance.

近年來，中小企業(SMEs)於經濟中扮演與日俱增的重要性，使得產官學界希望能知道更多如何提升其企業績效的方法。本研究定義企業主動積極性(proactivity)為一關鍵影響因子，可使企業預期改變、想要改變，進而執行改變，以提高企業績效。本研究亦視資訊科技基礎下之協同合作(IT-enabled collaboration)為增加企業主動積極性各面向的可能方法。本研究採用個案研究(case study)，對象為臺灣宜蘭縣枕山休閒農業區。研究結果顯示，中小企業確實可透過資訊科技基礎下之協同合作，塑造其企業主動積極性，進而提升企業績效。本研究亦可協助中小企業認識企業主動積極的重要性，並協助其透過資訊科技基礎下的協同合作，增加其主動積極性。 / The emerging importance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) has led to an increased interest in how to improve performance. In our research framework, we define proactivity as an essential factor that enables a company to anticipate change, to have the desire to make a change, and to implement that change to improve the performance of SMEs. We hypothesize that Information Technology (IT)-enabled collaboration has the potential to help firms achieve all dimensions of proactivity. To verify the research framework, a case study was conducted in the Mt. Pillow Leisure Agricultural Area in Yilan County, located in the northeast of Taiwan. Our research found that SMEs can enhance their performance after developing proactivity through IT platform-based cooperation. The results of this study can assist SMEs in improving their performance by signaling the importance of proactivity and assisting SMEs in improving their proactivity through IT-enabled collaboration.

近年來服務產業迅速的擴張與發展，對於經濟的影響力也不斷提升，其中中小型的企業(SMEs)扮演了相當重要的角色。先前許多研究顯示回應能力對於中小企業績效成長的重要性，然而卻少有文獻提及如何定義中小企業的回應能力與如何發展中小企業的回應能力。本研究從文獻回顧中分別定義出了三個層面的回應能力：市場感應能力、顧客連結能力與敏捷度。此外，我們認為中小企業可以透過資訊科技為基礎之協同合作促進本身的回應能力，提供更佳的服務給顧客，進而提升企業績效。因此，我們提出研究架構來驗證資訊科技為基礎之協同合作、企業回應能力以及企業績效三者之間的關係，並且選擇宜蘭縣枕頭山休閒農業區為我們的實驗對象。從研究結果中我們發現中小企業透過 資訊科技為基礎之協同合作來提升回應能力並且也使績效有正向的成長。也幫助中小企業更了解如何運用科技化協同合作提升企業績效。 / The service economy has been expanding recently, with small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) playing an important role. Previous research has shown that responsiveness is one of the most important strategic capabilities that SMEs should consider for enhancing their performance; however, how to define responsiveness and how to develop it in the SME context are seldom discussed. A review of the literature leads us to propose three dimensions of responsiveness in the SME context: market sensing, customer linking, and promptness. Moreover, we propose that IT-enabled collaboration should facilitate this capability. We develop a research framework to examine the relations between IT-enabled collaboration, responsiveness, and organizational performance. To verify our research framework, a case study that was deployed in the Mt. Pillow Leisure Agricultural Area in Yilan County. We observe that SMEs can achieve higher level of performance after they have enhanced responsiveness through cooperation via the IT-enabled platforms. The results of this study can also help SMEs improve their performance by realizing the importance of responsiveness and how to enhance responsiveness through IT-enabled collaboration.

Avanços na área da tecnologia de informação proporcionaram mudanças em diversas áreas da atividade humana. A comunicaço cientifica e uma destas áreas. Periódicos científicos, que tradicionalmente utilizam como meio de divulgação a mídia impressa, possuem agora como alternativa a midia eletrônica. Alguns periódicos científicos lançados no final do século XX estão disponíveis exclusivamente no formato eletrônico. Esta tese de Doutorado analisa de forma específica as dinâmicas de acesso e uso dos periódicos científicos eletônicos brasileiros na área da Ciência da Informação. Discutem-se diversos tópicos fundamentais para a compreensão deste assunto. O estudo do acesso dos usuários aos periódicos foi realizado através da análise dos arquivos de log de acesso gerados pelos servidores web onde estão hospedados os periódicos selecionados para a pesquisa. O estudo relacionado ao uso que os usuários fazem dos periódicos foi realizado através da análise de um questionário enviado para os docentes dos programas de pós-graduação em Ciência da Informação, credenciados pela Coordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior CAPES, até a data de 30 de junho de 2001. A pesquisa identifica vários comportamentos dos usários quando do acesso aos periódicos científicos eletrônicos brasileiros, bem como algumas barreiras para uma utilização mais efetiva deste recurso. As conclusões da pesquisa sao relevantes para a elaboraço de novos periódicos cientificos eletrônicos. O prototipo de um sistema de informação eletrônico, voltado para o gerenciamento do processo de elaboração de um periódico científico eletrônico, e apresentado em sugestões para futuras pesquisas. Este protótipo materializa algumas das idéias discutidas ao longo do texto. / Electronic journals, Scientific Communication, Information Science, Information Technology

Exploring surfaces is an essential ability for humans, allowing them to interact with a large variety of objects within their environment. This ability to explore surfaces is also of a major interest in the development of a new generation of humanoid robots, which requires the development of more efficient artificial tactile sensing techniques. The details perceived by statically touching different surfaces of objects not only improve robotic hand performance in force-controlled grasping tasks but also enables the feeling of vibrations on touched surfaces. This thesis presents an extensive experimental study of object surface exploration using biologically-Inspired tactile-enabled robotic fingers. A new multi-modal tactile sensor, embedded in both versions of the robotic fingertips (similar to the human distal phalanx) is capable of measuring the heart rate with a mean absolute error of 1.47 bpm through static explorations of the human skin. A two-phalanx articulated robotic finger with a new miniaturized tactile sensor embedded into the fingertip was developed in order to detect and classify surface textures. This classification is performed by the dynamic exploration of touched object surfaces. Two types of movements were studied: one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) movements. The machine learning techniques - Support Vector Machine (SVM), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Random Forest, Extra Trees, and k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN) - were tested in order to find the most efficient one for the classification of the recovered textured surfaces. A 95% precision was achieved when using the Extra Trees technique for the classification of the 1D recovered texture patterns. Experimental results confirmed that the 2D textured surface exploration using a hemispheric tactile-enabled finger was superior to the 1D exploration. Three exploratory velocities were used for the 2D exploration: 30 mm/s, 35 mm/s, and 40 mm/s. The best classification accuracy of the 2D recovered texture patterns was 99.1% and 99.3%, using the SVM classifier, for the two lower exploratory velocities (30 mm/s and 35mm/s), respectively. For the 40 mm/s velocity, the Extra Trees classifier provided a classification accuracy of 99.4%. The results of the experimental research presented in this thesis could be suitable candidates for future development.

<p>Impressive examples of the generation of hierarchically-patterned, three-dimensional (3-D) structures for the control of light can be found throughout nature. <i>Morpho rhetenor</i> butterflies, for example, possess scales with periodic parallel ridges, each of which consists of a stack of thin (nanoscale) layers (lamellae). The bright blue color of <i>Morpho</i> butterflies has been attributed to controlled scattering of the incident light by the lamellae of the wing scales. Another stunning example is the frustule (microshell) of the <i>Coscinodiscus wailesii</i> diatom, which is capable of focusing red light without possessing a traditional lens morphology. The photonic structures and the optical behaviors of <i>Morpho</i> butterflies and <i>Coscinodiscus wailesii</i> diatoms have been extensively studied. However, no work has been conducted to shift such light manipulation from the visible to the infrared (IR) range via shape-preserving conversion of such biogenic structures. Controlling IR radiation (i.e., heat) utilizing biogenic or biomimetic structures can be of significant utility for the development of energy-harvesting devices. In order to enhance the optical interaction in the IR range, inorganic replicas of biogenic structures comprised of high-refractive-index materials have been generated in this work. Such replicas of <i>Morpho</i> <i>rhetenor</i> scales were fabricated via a combination of sol-gel solution coating, organic pyrolysis, and gas/solid reaction methods. Diatomimetic structures have also been generated via sol-gel coating, gas/solid reaction, and then patterning of pore arrays using focused ion beam (FIB) milling.</p> Throughout the sol-gel solution coating and chemical conversion steps of the processes developed in this study, attention was paid to preserve the starting shapes of the nanopatterned, microscale biogenic or biomimetic structures. Factors affecting such shape preservation included the thicknesses and uniformities of coatings applied to the biogenic or biomimetic templates, nano/microstructural evolution during thermal treatment, and reaction-induced volume changes. A conformal surface sol-gel (SSG) coating process was developed in this work to generate oxide replicas of <i>Morpho rhetenor</i> butterfly scales with precisely-controlled coating thicknesses. The adsorption kinetics and relevant adsorption isotherm of the SSG process were investigated utilizing a quartz crystal microbalance. Analyses of thermodynamic driving forces, rate-limiting kinetic steps, and volume changes associated with various chemical reactions were used to tailor processing parameters for optimized shape preservation.

This thesis proposes a DIY environmental sensing approach that empowers citizens to reinvigorate people's awareness of, and concern for, pollution. Current air pollution measuring techniques are described, and a new concept of participatory sensing is presented. I argue that technological advances in sensing, computation, storage, and communication now have the power to turn the near-ubiquitous mobile phone into a global mobile sensing device, and commence the participatory paradigm employing amateurs in environmental data collection. To test the thesis, PAIR, a prototype with interchangeable sensor, was developed. It aims to enable people to sense environment on-the-go and provide users with immediate feedback. Such data can make people learn about their environment, make them aware of air pollution causes, and eventually even bring behavioral changes. Consequently, a user survey and interviews identify strengths and weaknesses of the mobile sensing device, and based on the usability requirements, we conclude design recommendations for further development. Finally, we identify the main benefits amateur data collection and participatory sensing represent for urban dwellers, and we evaluate issues and challenges they have yet to overcome.

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