Wikipedia is no longer just another source of knowledge about the world. It is fast becoming a central source, used by other powerful knowledge brokers like Google and Bing to offer authoritative answers to search queries about people, places and things and as information infrastructure for a growing number of Web applications and services. Researchers have found that Wikipedia offers a skewed representation of the world that favours some groups at the expense of others so that representations on the platform have repercussions for the subjects of those representations beyond Wikipedia's domain. It becomes critical in this context to understand how exactly Wikipedia's representations come about, what practices give rise to them and what socio-technical arrangements lead to their expression. This ethnographic study of Wikipedia explores the values, principles and practices that guide what knowledge Wikipedia represents. It follows the foundational principles of Wikipedia in its identity both as an encyclopaedia and a product of the free and open source software and internet freedom rhetoric of the early 2000s. Two case studies are analysed against the backdrop of this ideology, illustrating how different sets of actors battle to extend or reject the boundaries of Wikipedia, and in doing so, affect who are defined as the experts, subjects and revolutionaries of the knowledge that is taken up. The findings of this thesis indicate that Wikipedia's process of decision-making is neither hierarchical nor is it egalitarian; rather, the power to represent on Wikipedia is rhizoid: it happens at the edges rather than in the centre of the network. Instead of everyone having the same power to represent their views on Wikipedia, those who understand how to perform and speak according to Wikipedia's complex technical, symbolic and policy vocabulary tend to prevail over those who possess disciplinary knowledge about the subject being represented. Wikipedians are no amateurs as many would have us believe; nor are they passive collectors of knowledge held in sources; Wikipedians are, instead, active co-creators of knowledge in the form of facts that they support using specially chosen sources. The authority of Wikipedia and Wikipedians is garnered through the performative acts of citation, through the ability of individual editors to construct the traces that represent citation, and through the stabilization and destabilization of facts according to the ideological viewpoints of its editors. In venerating and selecting certain sources among others, Wikipedians also serve to reaffirm traditional centres of authority, while at the same time amplifying new centres of knowledge and denying the authority of knowledge that is not codified in practice. As a result, Wikipedia is becoming the site of new centres of expertise and authoritative knowledge creation, and is signalling a move towards the professionalization of the expertise required to produce factual data in the context of digital networks.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-07T19:21:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-04-30. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-03-07T19:25:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000858349.pdf: 2159393 bytes, checksum: a67f67abc7624fb34bdadacd322ed456 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Propõe-se, nesta pesquisa, analisar o tratamento lexicográfico na microestrutura de um conjunto de unidades lexicais heterogenéricas no par de línguas português e espanhol em dicionários bilíngues escolares de espanhol para aprendizes brasileiros. As unidades lexicais heterogenéricas são aquelas que, embora possuam grafia igual ou semelhante, apresentam gêneros diferentes entre as duas línguas em questão. Os heterogenéricos são o objeto de estudo deste trabalho, porque no caso do ensino da língua espanhola para brasileiros estas palavras costumam apresentar-se como uma dificuldade em seu processo de aprendizagem, sobretudo nas habilidades de produção oral e escrita. Ao produzir seus enunciados em língua espanhola, o aprendiz brasileiro com frequência se equivoca no uso dos gêneros dos substantivos. Para este estudo foi selecionada uma amostra de unidades lexicais heterogenéricas de um corpus composto por gêneros textuais veiculados em livros didáticos de espanhol, especificamente as três coleções eleitas pelo PNLD (Programa Nacional do Livro Didático) 2011/2012. A presente pesquisa fundamenta-se nas teorias e práticas da Lexicografia Pedagógica Bilíngue e Linguística de Corpus e o objetivo central é analisar como são apresentadas as informações lexicográficas e se trazem indicações que sirvam de apoio para a aprendizagem dos substantivos heterogenéricos em espanhol por aprendizes brasileiros. Os resultados indicam que os dicionários bilíngues analisados, em geral, não apresentam informações suficientes para auxiliar o aprendiz em seu processo de aprendizagem das unidades lexicais heterogenéricas / The objective of this research is to analyze the lexicographical treatment given to a set of heterogeneric lexical units in the microestructure of Portuguese-Spanish School Dictionaries for Brazilian learners. Heterogeneric lexical units are those which have the same or similar spelling, but different genres in each of the two languages considered. The heterogenerics are the object of study of this work, mainly because in the Spanish language learning process Brazilians usually find these words difficult to learn and use, especially in the speaking and writing production. When expressing themselves in Spanish, Brazilian learners often make mistakes in the use of noun genders. This study was conducted by selecting a sample of heterogeneric lexical units in a corpus composed by different text genres from Spanish language teaching textbooks, more specifically from three Spanish teaching collections pre-selected by the PNLD (National Textbook Program) 2011/2012. This research is based on the theories and practices of Bilingual Pedagogical Lexicography and Corpus Linguistics and it focused on analyzing how the lexicographical information is presented to serve as a support for the learning of heterogenerics nouns in Spanish by Brazilian learners. The results indicate that the bilingual dictionaries analyzed, generally do not have enough information to assist the learner in the learning process regarding heterogeneric lexical units

Orientador: Odair Luiz Nadin da Silva / Banca: Regiani Aparecida Santos Zacarias / Banca: Maria Helena de Paula / Resumo: Propõe-se, nesta pesquisa, analisar o tratamento lexicográfico na microestrutura de um conjunto de unidades lexicais heterogenéricas no par de línguas português e espanhol em dicionários bilíngues escolares de espanhol para aprendizes brasileiros. As unidades lexicais heterogenéricas são aquelas que, embora possuam grafia igual ou semelhante, apresentam gêneros diferentes entre as duas línguas em questão. Os heterogenéricos são o objeto de estudo deste trabalho, porque no caso do ensino da língua espanhola para brasileiros estas palavras costumam apresentar-se como uma dificuldade em seu processo de aprendizagem, sobretudo nas habilidades de produção oral e escrita. Ao produzir seus enunciados em língua espanhola, o aprendiz brasileiro com frequência se equivoca no uso dos gêneros dos substantivos. Para este estudo foi selecionada uma amostra de unidades lexicais heterogenéricas de um corpus composto por gêneros textuais veiculados em livros didáticos de espanhol, especificamente as três coleções eleitas pelo PNLD (Programa Nacional do Livro Didático) 2011/2012. A presente pesquisa fundamenta-se nas teorias e práticas da Lexicografia Pedagógica Bilíngue e Linguística de Corpus e o objetivo central é analisar como são apresentadas as informações lexicográficas e se trazem indicações que sirvam de apoio para a aprendizagem dos substantivos heterogenéricos em espanhol por aprendizes brasileiros. Os resultados indicam que os dicionários bilíngues analisados, em geral, não apresentam informações suficientes para auxiliar o aprendiz em seu processo de aprendizagem das unidades lexicais heterogenéricas / Abstract: The objective of this research is to analyze the lexicographical treatment given to a set of heterogeneric lexical units in the microestructure of Portuguese-Spanish School Dictionaries for Brazilian learners. Heterogeneric lexical units are those which have the same or similar spelling, but different genres in each of the two languages considered. The heterogenerics are the object of study of this work, mainly because in the Spanish language learning process Brazilians usually find these words difficult to learn and use, especially in the speaking and writing production. When expressing themselves in Spanish, Brazilian learners often make mistakes in the use of noun genders. This study was conducted by selecting a sample of heterogeneric lexical units in a corpus composed by different text genres from Spanish language teaching textbooks, more specifically from three Spanish teaching collections pre-selected by the PNLD (National Textbook Program) 2011/2012. This research is based on the theories and practices of Bilingual Pedagogical Lexicography and Corpus Linguistics and it focused on analyzing how the lexicographical information is presented to serve as a support for the learning of heterogenerics nouns in Spanish by Brazilian learners. The results indicate that the bilingual dictionaries analyzed, generally do not have enough information to assist the learner in the learning process regarding heterogeneric lexical units / Mestre

Orientador: Roberto Romano / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T13:26:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pires_BrunaTorlay_M.pdf: 872423 bytes, checksum: be8c8d08a94b8036f9de854463720614 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Este trabalho procura assinalar traços da filosofia de Francis Bacon na Enciclopédia francesa do século XVIII. Estes traços se manifestam nas teses que defendem o intercurso entre avanço técnico e progresso do conhecimento, e o ideal de ciência como conquista indefinida que escapa ao gênio individual, e sobrevive como patrimônio comum da humanidade. Compreensivamente, mostra que o ¿utilitarismo¿ de Francis Bacon e dos enciclopedistas na verdade se fundamenta na idéia capital de que a existência produz-se mediante engenho / Abstract: This work search after some traces of Francis Bacon¿s thought in eighteenth century¿s French Encyclopaedia. These traces are manifest on the thesis that defend the intercourse between technical improvement and advancement of learning, and the ideal of science as an undefined acquisition not due to individual genius, but thought of as mankind¿s common inheritance. As a whole, it points that Bacon¿s and enciclopaedists¿ ¿utilitarianism¿ is in fact grounded on the capital idea that existence is made through ingenuity / Mestrado / Filosofia / Mestre em Filosofia

Orientador: Lygia Arcuri Eluf / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T21:32:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moreschi_Bruno_M.pdf: 3230662 bytes, checksum: 8bd825c129f981c4cf9b4a22628dac32 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa propõe o estudo do processo de legitimação do autor e de suas obras nas artes visuais em duas frentes complementares de trabalho. A primeira, de natureza artística, é a criação de uma enciclopédia de artistas que, em um primeiro momento, não se difere de outras publicações desse tipo, mas que, na verdade, possui uma característica bastante peculiar. A segunda frente de trabalho, de natureza mais teórica, é a escrita de uma dissertação que analisará o processo de criação dessa enciclopédia e algumas das questões levantadas em sua produção. Entre elas, o papel da fotografia do objeto artístico e do texto crítico na validação de obras e de artistas no campo das Artes Visuais / Abstract: This research proposes a study about the author and his works' process of legitimation in the visual arts on two complementary work fronts. The first, from artistic nature, is the creation of an encyclopedia of artists which, at first, does not differ from other publications of this type, but in fact has a very peculiar feature. The second work front, more theoretical, is the writing of a dissertation that will examine this encyclopedia's creative process and some of the issues raised in its production, among them the roles photography, art object and critic text concerning the validation of works and artists in the visual arts / Mestrado / Artes Visuais / Mestre em Artes Visuais

Le Secret des Secrets est l’un des textes les plus diffusés à la fin du Moyen Âge. On propose l’édition et le commentaire de la version diffusée au XVe siècle à partir des vingt-quatre manuscrits conservés. Le premier volume offre, outre le texte original, une présentation de son histoire, l’étude justifiant le choix d’un manuscrit de base, suivie des outils habituels : étude de la langue, glossaire et index des noms propres.Le deuxième volume présente des notes et des éclaircissements : comparaisons avec les versions antérieures du Secret des Secrets, éclaircissements sur des domaines de la pensée médiévale, précisions sur des références explicites ou cachées.Le troisième volume commente l’oeuvre. Une approche du substantif « secret » cerne l’importance de cette notion paradoxale, à la fois parole et mutisme, à l’intérieur d’une oeuvre qui met en avant son hermétisme pour être mieux diffusée. L’aspect publicitaire du titre du traité apparaît comme une raison de son succès. Le Secret des Secrets fait écho à un corpus de textes antérieurs et invite à suggérer la catégorie de « littérature des secrets », dans laquelle le traité pseudo-aristotélicien cherche à apparaître comme le texte hermétique par excellence. Les secrets qu’il livre, évanescents et incomplets, sont dépassés par la promesse d’une toute-puissance. L’étude de l’énonciation vise enfin à résoudre le paradoxe du secret qui doit être transmis tout en restant caché. Elle fait apparaître des choix de traduction significatifs par rapport aux versions latines et arabes antérieures : un glissement s’opère visant à faire émerger un lecteur plus autonome et moins princier. / The Secret of Secrets is one of the most spread text at the end of the Middle Ages. Our thesis gives an edition based on twenty-four manuscripts of the fifteenth-century version with a commentary. Together with the original text, the first volume presents its history, a study that justifies the choice of a manuscript, and traditionnal tools : a study of the language, a glossary and an proper name index.The second volume presents notes and explanations : comparisons with the previous versions of the Secret of Secrets, explanations on some parts of medieval knowledge, precise details on explicit hidden references.The third volume is a commentary. A study of the word « secret » shows how important this paradoxical notion is, all at once word and silence, in a work that emphasises its hermetism in order to be spread out. The title of the treaty appears to be a reason of it success. The Secret of Secrets refers to many previous texts and invites us to create a new category : the « literature of secrets », in which the Secret of Secrets tries to appear as the hermetic text. The evanescent or incomplet secrets this treaty reveals are overcomed by the promise of becoming almighty. We also study how the enunciation overcomes the paradoxe of the secret, to be hidden and shown. Some significative choices in the translation are made between the previous arabic and latin versions : a change takes place in order to turn the reader into a more autonomous and popular individual

No description available.

Thesis (DPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Alhoewel woordeboeke op spesifieke teikengebruikers gerig is, het die leksikografie slegs 'n baie beperkte bydrae gelewer om hulpmiddels vir vertalers te ontwikkel. Veral die bestaande vakwoordeboeke gee min blyke van 'n teoretiese fundering en nog minder van 'n erkenning van die behoeftes van een van die tipiese gebruikersgroepe, te wete die professionele vertaler. Vertalers is 'n gebruikersgroep met eiesoortige behoeftes en benodig woordeboeke wat spesifiek op hierdie behoeftes gerig is. In hierdie proefskrif word daar eerstens aandag gegee aan die ontwikkeling van die leksikografie met spesifieke verwysing na die vakleksikografie en die belangrikste rolspelers op hierdie gebied sowel as aan die ontwikkeling van die vertaalteorie wat insluit die linguistiese, tekslinguistiese en funksionalistiese benaderings tot vertaling en die onderskeie rolspelers binne elk van die benaderings. Daar word ook gekyk na die probleem van ekwivalensie binne die vertaalteorie sowel as binne die leksikografie. Daarna word daar gekyk na die woordeboekgebruiker, die gebruikersperspektief en die verskillende woordeboekfunksies wat tydens die beplanning en samestelling van woordeboeke in gedagte gehou en in ag geneem moet word. Daar word vervolgens aandag gegee aan vertalers as woordeboekgebruikers en daar word aangedui watter soort probleme vertalers met bestaande vertalende vakwoordeboeke het. Daarna word die fokus geplaas op die leksikografiese behoeftes van en vereistes wat professionele vertalers aan vertalende vakwoordeboeke stel. Laastens word 'n teoreties gefundeerde model ontwikkel vir die beplanning en opstel van vertalende vakwoordeboeke wat aan 'n wye reeks eiesoortige probleme aandag gee en aan die spesifieke behoeftes van professionele vertalers voldoen. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Although dictionaries are aimed at specific target users, lexicography has only made a very limited contribution to developing resources for translators. Existing language for special purposes dictionaries (LSP dictionaries) in particular show very little evidence of a theoretical foundation and even less evidence of recognising the needs of one of the most typical user groups, namely the professional translator. As a user group translators have distinctive needs and they are therefore in need of dictionaries specifically targeting these needs. In this dissertation the development of lexicography with specific reference to LSP lexicography and the most important role players in the field as well as the development of translation theory which includes the linguistic, text linguistic and functionalistic approaches to translation and the various role players with regard to each of these approaches are dealt with first. Furthermore the problem of equivalence with regard to translation theory as well as lexicography are also investigated. Thereafter attention is given to the dictionary user, the user perspective and the different dictionary functions that should be kept in mind during the planning and compilation of dictionaries. Translators as dictionary users are also explored and the type of problems translators have with existing translation LSP dictionaries is indicated. Then the focus falls on the lexicographical needs and requirements that professional translators have with regard to translation LSP dictionaries. Lastly a theoretically founded model is developed for the planning and compilation of translation LSP dictionaries that address a wide range of problems and meet the specific needs of professional translators.

Thesis (DLitt (Ancient Studies))--University of Stellenbsoch, 2008. / Two main problems that confront existing Biblical Hebrew (BH) dictionaries can be identified. Firstly, there is a lack of adequate semantic models for the analysis and description of lexemes. Secondly, data is structured in ways that do not enhance optimal retrieval of desired information from the dictionary. The failure to take cognizance of the insights from theoretical lexicography partly explains the state of BH dictionaries. This investigation hypothesizes that current insights from theoretical lexicography can improve existing lexica and create better ones. Accumulated insights from the academic community have resulted in the formulation of a theory of lexicography or metalexicography. In this light, a general lexicographic theory of components and structures of dictionaries is selected and investigated in order to establish the aspects of BH that can be improved. The point of departure is the notion of “dictionary criticism”, which focuses on the critical evaluation of existing dictionaries with the goal of improving them. Though there are other approaches to assess lexica critically, theoretical lexicography provides justified heuristics for an objective appraisal of BH dictionaries. These heuristic include notions of “frame structure”, “lexicographic function,” and “microstructure.” The frame structure focuses on the structural components of the dictionary book. The lexicographic function places emphasis on the goals that the dictionary purports to fulfill in the light of its target users. The microstructure hosts the data that is provided as part of the lexicographic treatment of the lemma sign. In addition, it is the centre of user’s look up activities, and it hosts other important structural components. The above selected notions directly affect the extent to which the user benefits from the dictionary and the success of the dictionary in general. The criticism of selected BH dictionaries in the light of the above-mentioned reveals that most dictionaries fall short in certain critical areas. Data types that are provided are either unnecessary or are not structured in ways that allow optimal and successful retrieval of desired information. Such inadequacies present evidence that existing BH dictionaries can benefit from the insights of theoretical lexicography. A model that seeks to ameliorate BH dictionaries is developed primarily for Bible translators based on selected insights from theoretical lexicography. A trial of this model of BH lexemes that are selected from different lexical classes demonstrates improved lexica in terms of the lexicographic function, the selection, and the organization of data. The trial of the model also highlights areas that need further investigation in the light of current trends in theoretical lexicography in order to better the quality of BH dictionaries.

Many dynamical systems in nature and technology involve delays in the interaction of variables forming the system. Furthermore, many of such systems involve external inputs or perturbations which might force the system to have arbitrary initial function. The conventional way to model these systems is using delay differential equations (DDE). However, DDEs with arbitrary initial functions has serious problems for finding analytical and computational solutions. This fact is a strong motivation for considering abstractions and approximations for dynamical systems involving delay. In this thesis, the piecewise linear systems with delay on piecewise constant part which is a useful subclass of hybrid dynamical systems is studied. We introduced various representations of these systems and studied the state transition conditions. We showed that there exists fixed point and periodic stable solutions. We modelled the genomic regulation of fission yeast cell cycle. We discussed various potential uses including approximating the DDEs and finally we concluded.