<p>Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2007</p>

Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to study the causal relationship between bank sector development and economic growth in four Nordic countries (Sweden, Finland, Denmark and Norway). Method: Our thesis is based on a quantitative method. The study consists of a compilation and analysis of key financial indicators that represent economic growth and bank sector development. A Granger causality test has been conducted on the time series in order to measure the causal link between economic growth and bank sector development. Theoretical framework: The study is based on the theory of endogenous growth and the causal relationship between bank sector development and economic growth also known as the demand following and supply leading hypothesis.  Results: The results of the four countries are ambiguous. Except for Denmark, that follows the supply leading hypothesis, the remaining countries do not show a unanimous result.

本論文在實質與貨幣內生成長模型中探討政府租稅的效果，而其中又以稅制改革政策為主角。 在第二章中，我們將內生生育率的概念引入了Romer (1986)的實質經濟成長模型，並說明當政府在維持稅收中立的原則下將所得稅制轉換為消費稅制時，將可能對經濟成長與社會福利有所傷害。而後我們也提供了一些數值模擬以支持我們的論點。至於第三章，我們將勞動供給內生的概念引入一個有預付現金限制(Cash-in-Advance)的貨幣經濟成模型，在本章中我們得到了所謂「Mundell-Tobin Effect」與「消費稅中立性」的成立與否，將取決於政府稅收的用途；接著我們把焦點放在資本的生產外部性與消費稅所造成的扭曲上並導出最適貨幣政策；最後，在維持政府的支出水準下，我們得到將消費稅制轉換為通膨稅制時，將對經濟成長有正面的效果。 / The dissertation provides a theoretical framework to investigate the effects of tax policies, especially the tax reform, in real and monetary models of endogenous growth. In Chapter 2, by shedding light on the endogenous fertility choice, we set up a simple Romer (1986)-type endogenous growth model and show that, in a departure from the existing literature, a switch from a decrease in income tax rate to an increase in consumption tax rate so as to ensure a revenue-neutrality could be harmful, rather than favorable, to both growth and welfare. In addition, we also conduct a simple numerical analysis to investigate the conditions in which the negative effect on growth and welfare occurs. As to the monetary model, an endogenous growth model with endogenous labor-leisure choice and cash-in-advance (CIA) constraint which is only imposed on consumption is established in Chapter 3. Through the model, we found that the Mundell-Tobin effect and the validity of consumption tax neutrality depend on the usages of tax revenue. Next, focusing on the distortions due to the production externality of capital and consumption tax, the optimal monetary policy is also derived. Finally, we show that a switch from consumption taxation to inflation taxation to finance a given stream of government expenditure, namely tax switch, enhances economic growth through the increase in labor supply in a CIA economy and the qualitative equivalence between MIU and CIA approaches is still valid.

本文主要是探討科技移轉對整合參與國的長期經濟成長率的影響，因為南北整合(North：已開發工業國家；South：開發中國家)的趨勢慢慢形成，不再像過去僅專注在已開發國家間的整合或開發中國家間的整合，故本文探討的主體是兩個不對稱經濟體，想要了解在區域整合後，藉由科技移轉的方式，將已開發國家的科技移轉給開發中國家會如何影響兩個整合參與國的長期經濟成長率。 由過去的文獻探討中發現，大部份探討經濟實力不對稱的兩國區域整合文章大都沒有明確指出國與國間的科技移轉的途徑為何，而是假定科技知識為公共財，當兩國進行經濟整合後，就能夠自由運用整合區域內的科技知識。因此，本研究的目的在於延用Anusua and Hamid (2003)設定科技移轉的概念，加入Jones (1995)的”Non-Scale R&D Growth Model”，建構南北兩國貿易模型(North-South Model)，藉此探討若將Jones Model (1995)放入科技移轉(technology diffusion)和科技模仿的南北兩國貿易模型(North-South Model)中，同樣可排除掉Romer Model (1990)中的「Scale Effect」，並保有Anusua and Hamid (2003)模型中部份有趣的結果。

Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2006 S. 5-11: introduction and summary, s. 15-99: 3 papers

Submitted by Antonio Carlos Castro Louro (aclouro83@gmail.com) on 2015-03-10T17:03:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 IMPACTOS DA POLÍTICA FISCAL E TRIBUTÁRIA NO CRESCIMENTO ECONÔMICO.pdf: 607721 bytes, checksum: 9c2c765ac0744945192c1bf7e50e09c5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2015-03-10T17:14:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 IMPACTOS DA POLÍTICA FISCAL E TRIBUTÁRIA NO CRESCIMENTO ECONÔMICO.pdf: 607721 bytes, checksum: 9c2c765ac0744945192c1bf7e50e09c5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-10T17:18:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IMPACTOS DA POLÍTICA FISCAL E TRIBUTÁRIA NO CRESCIMENTO ECONÔMICO.pdf: 607721 bytes, checksum: 9c2c765ac0744945192c1bf7e50e09c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-11 / Using an adaptation of Telles and Mussolini model (2014), this paper aims to discuss the characterizations of the tax code, discussing how the changes in the tax code could impact fiscal policy. Is discussed on the basis of tax differentiation into five groups, namely: payroll taxes, investment taxes, consumption taxes, income and wealth taxes, and taxes on international trade, from which it is argued that their impacts fiscal policy, for the interaction of economic variables and the evolution of these variables, as well as the relationship between preference for a particular tax structure and the debt of a country. After the theoretical discussion, it is a descriptive analysis of the evolution of these variables for each tax tax category, relating to its evolution in time for a group of 64 countries, taken from the work of Telles and Mussolini (2014) and linking their intertemporal evolution. Finally, it is an analysis of the tax structure of these countries, arguing, in the analysis of panel data, the results for the estimates of fixed effects models and random effects, the estimation results for the Arellano-Bond model, and utilizando- the instrumental approach the Generalized Method of Moments, which concludes that the tax on wealth and taxes on international trade for purposes of financing the excess government spending impacts negatively on the growth path, among other results. / Utilizando uma adaptação do modelo de Telles e Mussolini (2014), o presente trabalho busca discutir as caracterizações da matriz tributária, discutindo como as variações na matriz tributária podem impactar na política fiscal. Discute-se com base na diferenciação dos impostos em cinco grupos, a saber: impostos sobre salários, impostos sobre investimentos, impostos sobre consumo, impostos sobre renda e riqueza, e impostos sobre comércio internacional, a partir dos quais argumenta-se quais seus impactos para a política fiscal, para a interação das variáveis econômicas e a evolução destas variáveis, assim como a relação entre a preferência por uma determinada estrutura tributária e o endividamento de um país. Após a discussão teórica, faz-se uma análise descritiva da evolução destas variáveis tributárias para cada categoria de tributo, relacionando a sua evolução no tempo para um grupo de 64 países, tomados a partir do trabalho de Telles e Mussolini (2014), assim como relacionando a sua evolução intertemporal. Por fim, faz-se uma análise da estrutura tributária destes países, discutindo, na análise dos dados em painel, os resultados para as estimativas em modelos de efeitos fixos e efeitos aleatórios, os resultados da estimação pelo modelo Arellano-Bond, e utilizando-se a abordagem instrumental pelo Método Generalizado dos Momentos, onde se conclui que a taxação sobre a riqueza e a taxação sobre o comércio internacional com fins de financiar o excesso de gastos do governo impacta de forma negativa na trajetória de crescimento, entre outros resultados.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:49:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TesePC.pdf: 1226746 bytes, checksum: 6e28a577602ab7e22a786c2228dfde88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-02-27 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / This work concerns the research field on agribusiness and local development. The importance of the agribusiness in the Brazilian economy has justified the wide discussion on forms of promoting the invigoration of the sector. The technological evolution of agriculture in the world and, in particular in Brazil, has induced the accomplishment of changes in the structure and in Agro industrial operation, resulting in a new organizational dynamic based on some key factors as specialization and flexibility. Those factors have been inducing the search for forms of productive organizations that favor the increase of competitiveness under the point of view of efficiency and of productive effectiveness, that is, to offer a product in the amount and in the quality disputed, and at the right moment. On the other hand, the development of agribusiness has also been seen under another angle, other than that addressing the economic growth purely. The need to understand and to minimize the present socioeconomic disparities in the Brazilian territory, has been guiding actions of development of agribusiness in the sense of seeking the satisfaction of economic and social factors present in each territory. For such, the social and cultural characteristics start to have greater influence in the detailing of actions of economical invigoration of a given territory. Thus, this work seeks to investigate theoretical approaches and practical cases associated to the concept of Local System of Production, based on the organization of productive activities based on proximity economies and on the interaction logic. For such, the methodology used incorporates the method of study of multiple cases and the techniques of direct and indirect documentation, and intense direct observation. This work proposes a model of development of the competitiveness of local systems of production, especially based on agribusiness. The model identifies factors relevant to the competitiveness of these systems, resulting from the interaction between factors of organizacional, institucional and social-cultural order present in the local environment. The results extend the knowledge of the social-economical dynamics of these types of productive systems, identifying the importance of the human capital and of the institutional capital in the development of the competitiveness of the local companies, especially those which are small sized, and in the economic and social growth of the territory, under the perspective of sustainable development. / Este trabalho se insere no campo de pesquisa sobre agronegócio e desenvolvimento local. A importância do agronegócio na economia brasileira tem justificado a ampla discussão sobre formas de se promover o fortalecimento do setor. A evolução tecnológica da agricultura no mundo e, em particular no Brasil, induziu a realização de mudanças na estrutura e no funcionamento dos Sistemas Agroindustriais, resultando numa nova dinâmica organizacional baseada em alguns fatores chaves como a especialização e a flexibilidade. Esses fatores têm induzido a busca por formas de organizações produtivas que favoreçam o aumento da competitividade sob a ótica da eficiência e da eficácia produtiva, isto é, oferecer um produto na quantidade e na qualidade demandadas, e no momento certo. Por outro lado, o desenvolvimento do agronegócio também tem sido visto sob outro ângulo, além daquele direcionado puramente ao crescimento econômico. A necessidade de compreender e de minimizar as disparidades sócio-econômicas presentes no território brasileiro tem orientado ações de desenvolvimento do agronegócio no sentido de buscar a satisfação de fatores econômicos e sociais presentes num território. Para tanto, as características sociais e culturais passam a influenciar mais efetivamente no delineamento de ações de fortalecimento econômico de um dado território. Sendo assim, este trabalho procura investigar abordagens teóricas e casos práticos associados ao conceito de Sistema Local de Produção, fundamentado na organização de atividades produtivas com base nas economias de proximidade e na lógica da interação. Para tanto, a metodologia utilizada incorpora o método de estudo de múltiplos casos e as técnicas de documentação direta e indireta. Este trabalho propõe um modelo de desenvolvimento da competitividade de sistemas locais de produção, especialmente calcados no agronegócio. O modelo identifica fatores relevantes à competitividade desses sistemas, decorrentes da interação entre fatores de ordem organizacional, institucional e sócio-cultural presentes no meio local. Os resultados obtidos ampliam o conhecimento da dinâmica sócio-economica desses tipos de sistema produtivo, identificando a importância do capital humano e do capital institucional no desenvolvimento da competitividade das empresas locais, notadamente as de pequenas dimensões, e no crescimento econômico e social do território, obtidos sob a ótica do desenvolvimento auto-sustentável.

Cette thèse étudie les effets des régimes politiques et de l'inégalité socioéconomique sur les institutions économiques et la croissance. Le chapitre 1 considère une version du modèle d'échelles de qualité avec des agents hétérogènes dans le niveau de richesse, de revenu et de savoir-faire. Les instruments de politique économique incluent des barrières à l'entrée sur les marchés des biens et le niveau de la redistribution. Trois types d'équilibres politiques sont considérés. Le chapitre 2 analyse l'effet de la démocratisation sur l'émergence des barrières à l'entrée et la redistribution des revenus. On montre qu'une distribution plus égale du pouvoir politique parmi les individus diminue les barrières à l'entrée seulement si les savoir-faire sont à un niveau élevé et si l'inégalité des savoir-faire et des revenus est faible. Le cas contraire, où les plus riches et les plus pauvres constituent une majorité, conduit à une redistribution élevée, mais aussi à la présence des barrières à l'entrée. Ce chapitre peut expliquer les trajectoires différentes de pays en cours de démocratisation. Le chapitre 3 considère un modèle de croissance endogène, qui décrit la transition de la stagnation pré-industrielle à une croissance stable. Selon le modèle, la qualité des institutions économiques est déterminée par le conflit entre les deux composantes de l'élite (propriétaires fonciers et capitalistes). Le modèle explique les sources politiques de la stagnation et de la croissance, ainsi que la relation entre le conflit social et le développement pendant la période de transition. / This thesis studies the effect of political regimes and economic inequality on the level of barriers to entry, redistribution, and economic growth. Barriers to entry are economic institutions, which protect incumbent firms from competition with new entrants. This is one of the form of economic institutions, which provide gains for a narrow group of agents at the cost of economic efficiency. In Chapter 1 I consider the problem of finding sufficient conditions for political support of liberal, growth-enhancing policy in a quality-ladders model with heterogeneous agents differing in their endowment of wealth and skills. The policy set is two-dimensional: agents vote for the level of redistribution as well as for the level of entry barriers preventing the creation of more efficient firms. I show that under the majority voting rule there are three possible stable political outcomes: full redistribution, low redistribution and free entry (liberal order), high redistribution and high barriers to entry (corporatism). Key variables that determine political outcome include an expected gain from technological adoption, the ratio of total profits to total wages, and the skewness of skills distribution.Chapter 2 extends the analysis of the previous chapter by considering the effect of democrati-zation on barriers to entry and economic outcomes. Democratization shifts the political power from the narrow class of wealthy elites to a broader group of agents. Even if political institutions change towards democratization, under certain conditions this leads only to the rise of redistribution, rather than to the elimination of barriers to entry. This argument is particularly relevant for countries with low human capital level and high inequality in incomes and skills.Chapter 3 considers the two-side relationship between the level of industrialization and the quality of economic institutions, which stimulate the technological adoption and growth. It provides a simple two-sector endogenous growth model of transition from pre-industrial stagnation to modern economic growth regime. The model underlines the role of political conflict between new elite (capitalists) and old elite (landowners) during the whole period of transition. The level of efforts in the political conflict is chosen endogenously by both groups. The model generates a long period of stagnation with a low-intensified conflict between capitalists and landowners, which is followed by industrial revolution with high conflict intensity and higher probability of institutional changes. The model describes political origins of stagnation and growth and interconnections between the political conflict and economic structure.

This study is about whether the money supply in South Africa under a monetary policy regime of inflation‐targeting is exogenously or endogenously determined. The proposition of an exogenous money supply has been offered by monetarists, where the Central Bank determines the quantity of money supplied to the economy and this has a causal influence on income and credit extension. The endogenous money theory is a post‐Keynesian proposition whereby the money creation is determined by banks adjusting their responses to demands for credit‐money from economic agents. The data analysis is from 2000Q1 to 2010Q4 and entails the use of the variables monetary base (MB), domestic credit extension (DCE), M3, and gross national product (GDP). All variables are logged. The empirical tests conducted start with the Augmented Dickey‐Fuller unit root test to determine the variables order of integration. Johansen cointegration tests are done followed by Vector Error‐Correction Models (VECMs) and Granger causality tests to determine whether there is unidirectional or bidirectional causality between variables over the long and short‐run. Based on the results of the testing it was discovered that over the inflation‐targeting regime money supply in South Africa was endogenously determined. Furthermore, the data best supports the Accommodationist analysis of endogenous money as opposed to that of Structuralism and Liquidity Preference / Adobe Acrobat 9.53 Paper Capture Plug-in

Despite high rates of unemployment in South Africa, there is little consensus about its origins and solutions to the problem. Job search (how and when people search for work) is one aspect of the unemployment problem. Job search is shown to be a complex process strongly linked to the endogenous structure of the labour market. The flaws in traditional methods (theoretical and measurement) highlight this. Using data from a tailor-made survey in Duncan Village (a peri-urban area in Buffalo City, South Africa) the research examines factors that influence the effectiveness of job search. The results show that mode of search (how people look for work) is used as a signal by employers. Degrees of success are stratified amongst searchers using either ‘word of mouth’, place-to-place or formal modes of search. The thesis provides a method-test to reveal a complex body of evidence that has yet to be fully explored by practitioners in this field.