This article presents a framework within which the effects of demographic change on both agglomeration and growth of economic activities can be analyzed. I introduce an overlapping generation structure into a New Economic Geography model with endogenous growth due to learning spillovers and focus on the effects of demographic structures on long-run equilibrium outcomes and stability properties. First, life-time uncertainty is shown to decrease long-run economic growth perspectives. In doing so, it also mitigates the pro-growth effects of agglomeration resulting from the localized nature of learning externalities. Second, the turnover of generations acts as a dispersion force whose anti-agglomerative effects are, however, dampened by the growth-linked circular causality being present as long as interregional knowledge spillovers are not perfect. Finally, lifetime uncertainty also reduces the possibility that agglomeration is the result of a self-fulfilling prophecy. (author's abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

Zugl.: Diss. Univ. Duisburg-Essen, 2006.

In this paper, we analyze, estimate and compare five prototypic models of innovation, from a simple learning-by-doing model to an elaborated model that includes financial, organizational and technological determinants of innovation. From the comparison of the five models we conclude that institutions - in particular the national system of innovation - and organizations matter. The importance of networks and the importance of information flows from different economic actors add to the explanatory power and gives the best model fit among all models specified. / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

The diploma thesis deals with Europe 2020 strategy and its targets in the context of growth theories. The thesis aims at relating the measures suggested by the strategy to the implications of the growth theories. First, the targets are compared with the current situation in EU member states and problem areas of European competitiveness are identified. Growth models described in the first chapter yield some normative recommendations with respect to growth policies. Based on these conclusions, the thesis discusses the policies designed in the Europe 2020 strategy and their implications for economic growth in the EU.

In this thesis, the effects that state sector relocations have on regional development in Sweden are investigated. In January 2017, a government report was released, suggesting the relocation of 10 000 state sector jobs from the capital of Stockholm to other parts of Sweden in order to enhance the preconditions for regional development in the destination localities. This thesis aims to investigate which effects that state sector relocations and state sector jobs have on regional development. Three determinants were used to find these effects: the share of state sector employees, the state sector employee growth rate and a dummy variable which denoted four separate occasions of larger relocations. Three of those relocations were executed as a compensation for military base closures. With a fixed effect panel data analysis, it was possible to investigate the effects of these three determinants and a number of control variables on two regional development variables: average income growth and net migration rate. The data used consists of panel data for the years 2006-2015 on a municipality level, with 264 included municipalities, in Sweden and derived from Statistics Sweden. The results showed that the state sector employee growth rate-variable had a positive effect on average income growth. However, the state sector relocation dummy had a negative effect on average income growth. These contradictory results, might be due to the military base closures which occurred a couple of years before the relocations, blurring the positive effects from the relocations. The state sector job-variables had no significant effect on net migration rate, and no obvious long-term effects were found as the share of state sector employees did not show any significant effects on average income growth.

Magister Commercii - MCom / Nearly half a century after independence, the Cameroon economy has experienced little or no growth in per capita incomes in spite of the enormous natural and human potentials of the country and in spite of the huge packages of aid and subsequent debt relief received from the international donor community, suggesting a more profound cause to the development problems facing the country. Under the current WTO rules-based system of multi-lateral trade management, Cameroon, like other poor countries, is left with limited scope for effective implementation of industrial and trade policies that could bail her out of her present predicament. Against this backdrop, this study seeks to explore the fundamental determinants of sustainable growth within the context of the Cameroonian economy. While acknowledging the role of openness to international markets in promoting growth, its effects could only be maximised with the attainment of certain threshold conditions such as the availability of basic skills, provision of vital infrastructure services and public goods, and good governance. In a nutshell, for development to happen, the country needs not only well functioning markets, but also good governments that do not steal the fruits of workers' labour. Drawing on the endogenous growth models, the study suggests that incentives for investment in knowledge capital, for infrastructure provision and for good governance could bail the country out of its low level traps, setting it on the path of sustainable growth in an evermore globalising world economy.

本文主要目的在探討政府部門支出規模對經濟體系長期成長的影響，並且輔以實證分 析研究。 本文的特色著重於對內生成長(Endogenous Growth) 理論的評述，其主要總結為，當 廣義可累積資本為固定報酬時，換言之，資本的邊際報酬固定不變，使得經濟體系不 須依賴外在力量，即能夠穩定自發的成長。 本文結論證明了理論基礎的成立，對臺灣地區、韓國及日本之實證研究結果發現，政 府支出規模（政府總支出占國內生產總額比重）增加時對經濟成長造成不良的影響， 顯見此三國之政府部門規模似乎過度膨脹（若以追求經濟成長率最大為目標的話）， 另外政府投資性支出比率愈大其愈有利經濟成長率提高。

長久以來，經濟成長一直是各國努力追求的目標，而經濟成長模型則提供解釋經濟成 長過程的理論基礎。此外各國經濟成長率的差異亦是成長模型所關心的問題。以往， 新古典的成長理論解釋長期的經濟成長率是外生技術進步所造成，財政政策扮演無關 緊要的角色，僅僅影響過渡動態調整。直到近幾年，Romer(1986b)提出內生性成長模 型後，長期的經濟成長率決定於偏好與技術的參數。而Barro(1990) 利用此內生性成長模型的概念，導出政府財政政策是內生性經濟成長的主要因素。 本文擬介紹數種包含政府部門在內的內生性成長模型，首先假設在封閉經濟體系下， 單一資本累積的成長模型。透過以政府支出影響生產函數以及Cobb-Douglas型態生長 函數的假設，我們可以討論單調遞增，遞減以及固定成長率的經濟成長模型，因此本 文模型延伸了Romer)1986b),Barro(1190),Xie(1991),Rebelo(1991) 等人的內生性成 長模型。從這些模型中可看出政府支出對每人消費，資本及產出成長率的影響。由於 政府支出與租稅具有外部性，使得競爭經濟下所求出的投資報酬與經濟成長率低於社 會計劃經濟下所求得的結果。 / The conventional neoclassical growth models attribute the long-run steady-state growth to the exogenous technological progress, and government’s fiscal pol-icy can only affect the dynamic transitional path toward the steady state. In recent years, Romer (1986b)first proposed a growth model in which the long-runrate of growth is endogenized. Following Romer, Barro (1990) examined that the fiscal policy may be one of the major factors influencing the country’s long-runrate of growth. Building on Barro’s model, this thesis presents three models of endogenous growth. Each recognizes that government spending can influence the aggregate production function. The aggregate production function exhibits an overall de-creasing return to scale, constant return to scale, and increasing return to scale. These models show that the fiscal policy has effects on the growth paths of pre capita consumption, private capital stock, and output in a competitive eqilib-rium. Furthemore, the competitive rate of return of capital may be lower than that under the central planning economy, because the external effects of govern-ment spending are excluded from the individual household’s perspective.

本論文試圖在一個內生成長的理論架構下，去探討分紅制度所扮演的角色。在第二章中，我們設立一個商品市場不完全競爭的內生成長模型。在分紅比率為外生給定的情況下，我們發現分紅比率越高，對於就業越有利，但對經濟成長的效果則是不確定。此外，我們也探討在規範分析下的最適稅率。在第三章，分紅比率經由廠商與工會協商談判決定，藉著這樣的設定，我們成功的解釋為何失業與經濟成長率之間存在正向的關係。並且，在一個分紅制度的經濟體系之下，工會化的程度與經濟成長之間並不存在一個單調的關係，而是取決於談判的方式。為了解釋廠商為何會有動機去採行分紅制度，第四章我們將效率工資引進一個採行分紅制度的成長模型中。經由分紅制度的採行，我們發現，效率工資可視為一個使經濟成長的動力。並且，我們發現，資本使用與經濟成長率之間存在一同向關係，但勞工的努力程度和經濟成長之間的關係則是不確定的。 / This dissertation is a theoretical attempt to examine the role played by share-based schemes in an endogenous economic growth model. In Chapter 2 we set up an endogenous growth model with monopolistic competition in the goods market. Given an exogenously-determined worker share, we show that while a higher revenue-sharing ratio attributable to workers will promote employment, it will have an ambiguous effect on the balanced-growth rate. In addition, we investigate the optimal tax policy response to a revenue-sharing scheme and market imperfections, which are two market distortions. In Chapter 3, the worker’s share is determined via the negotiation between a trade union and an employer federation. By shedding light on the role of revenue sharing and the bargaining institution, we successfully provide a theoretical explanation as to why unemployment can be quite compatible with high economic growth. In addition, in a share economy, unionization does not exhibit a monotonic relationship with growth. It also depends on the presence of revenue sharing and the bargaining institution. To explain why firms themselves could be motivated to accept revenue sharing, we introduce the efficiency wage into our analytical framework and focus on the incentive effects of revenue sharing and their consequences on economic growth in Chapter 4. Specifically, our model comprises work effort and capital utilization. By virtue of the characteristics of modeling, we show that work effort can serve as an engine of economic growth. Of interest, we find that the balanced-growth rate is procyclical in relation to capital utilization, but it may be countercyclical in relation to work effort.

隨著知識經濟的崛起以及許多社會現象與研究文獻的證實，人力資本對一國的經濟成長而言，已是不可或缺的動力；因此，本文沿用Barro (1990)模型，將人力資本要素引進生產函數，並設定政府部門對私部門的人力資本投資有特定比例的補貼，據此探討加入人力資本要素後，Barro (1990)模型是否有不同的結果？而人力資本與其補貼對於經濟成長的影響又為何？ 本文分析的結果發現，租稅政策對經濟體系的影響大致與Barro (1990)模型的結論相同，分別為：一、所得稅率的變動，為經濟成長率帶來的影響仍是不確定的；二、在給定特定的人力資本補貼率，如果政府所課徵的所得稅率能夠達成經濟成長率的極大，就能夠使社會福利水準達到極大。但與Barro (1990)不同的是，因為本模型的體系中存在著人力資本的補貼，因此在極大化經濟成長率的水準下，所得稅率會較Barro (1990)模型下的所得稅率大。 此外，由於人力資本與補貼的加入，使得本文有所突破之處：一、和一般認知不同的是，政府對於人力資本投資的補貼增加，在其他條件不變下，使得對於經濟成長率的影響並非正向，而是不確定的。二、給定特定的所得稅率，當政府決定的人力資本補貼率能使經濟成長達極大時，亦會使社會福利水準達到極大。