<p> Diabetes mellitus is a major independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and stroke, however the cellular mechanisms by which diabetes contributes to vascular dysfunction are not fully understood. In recent decades, multiple molecular mechanisms have been implicated in hyperglycemia-associated vascular damage and CVD [1]. It is well established that hyperglycemia promotes intracellular glucose flux through the hexosamine pathway where the rate-limiting enzyme, glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) produces glucosamine-6-phosphate [2,3]. We have shown that elevated levels of intracellular glucosamine cause ER stress and activation of the UPR in multiple cell types [4]. Additionally, we have previously shown that ER stress is associated with lipid accumulation, activation of inflammatory pathways, and is associated with atherosclerotic plaque formation in hyperglycemic mice [ 4,5]. We hypothesize that the accumulation of intracellular glucosamine, observed in conditions of hyperglycemia, promotes atherogenesis via a mechanism that involves the hexosamine pathway, protein glycosylation and ER stress.</p> <p> Using in vitro over-expression studies, we investigated the role of GFAT in hyperglycemia-associated ER stress. We developed methods to increase GFAT expression in both HepG2 cells and HASMC. However, we found that GFAT over-expression is insufficient to induce an ER stress response. Further investigation of this system suggests that the over-expressed GFAT does not increase intracellular glucosamine levels to sufficiently promote ER stress.</p> <p> We have also investigated the role of protein glycosylation in glucosamine-induced ER stress. We have shown that O-linked glycosylation plays a role in ER stress induction. We have also shown that N-linked protein glycosylation is affected by elevated cellular glucosamine levels. Thus, dysregulated glycosylation of newly synthesized proteins may contribute to the accumulation of unfolded protein in the ER and lead to the activation of the UPR.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which results from the aggregation of misfolded proteins in the ER, has been implicated in many forms of kidney injury, including hypertensive nephrosclerosis. ER stress induction increases levels of active TGFβ1, a pro-fibrotic cytokine, which can lead to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in renal proximal tubular cells. EMT occurs when epithelial cells undergo phenotypic changes, which can be prevented by inhibiting ER stress. Further, the ER stress protein TDAG51 is essential for the development of TGFβ1-mediated fibrosis. The low molecular weight chemical chaperone 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA) can protect against ER stress-mediated kidney injury. It acts directly on the kidney, and can prevent ER stress, renal tubular damage, and acute tubular necrosis. In a tunicamycin-mediated model of kidney injury, this damage is prevented primarily through repression of the pro-apoptotic ER stress protein CHOP. Along with providing renoprotective effects, 4-PBA can inhibit endothelial dysfunction and elevated blood pressure in a rat model of essential hypertension. In addition to lowering blood pressure, 4-PBA reduces contractility, augments endothelial-dependent vasodilation, and normalizes media-to-lumen ratio in mesenteric arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats. Further, ER stress leads to reactive oxygen species generation, which is reduced with 4-PBA. Dahl salt-sensitive rats given 4-PBA are protected from hypertension, proteinuria, albuminuria, and renal pathology. Rats provided with vasodilatory medications demonstrate that lowering blood pressure alone is not renoprotective. In fact, endothelial dysfunction, as demonstrated by an impaired myogenic response, is culpable in the breakdown of the glomerular filtration barrier and subsequent renal damage. As such, alleviating ER stress using 4-PBA serves as a viable therapeutic strategy to preserve renal function and prevent ER stress-mediated endothelial dysfunction, renal fibrosis, glomerular filtration barrier destruction, and progression of hypertensive nephrosclerosis. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Chronic kidney disease is characterized by progressive loss of kidney function, and is a major public health problem. Kidney cells make proteins that help the kidney function properly. However, if the proteins are made improperly, the kidney does not function as well. This can lead to poor filtration and protein in the urine, damage to important kidney structures, and kidney scarring. High blood pressure, a risk factor for kidney disease, is often accused of causing kidney damage. This thesis shows that malfunctioning blood vessels can cause kidney injury, and lowering blood pressure may not prevent this. However, there are pharmacological molecules that can protect the kidney from damage. These molecules help the cells make proteins properly, preventing blood vessel malfunction and kidney damage. Our findings suggest that helping blood vessels and kidney cells create properly functioning proteins is more protective for the kidney than lowering blood pressure alone.

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the organelle responsible for synthesis and folding of secreted and membranous protein and lipid biosynthesis. It also functions as one of the main cellular calcium stores. Pancreatic beta-cells evolved to produce and secrete insulin upon demand in order to regulate blood glucose homeostasis. In response to increases in serum glucose, insulin synthesis represents nearly 50% of the total protein biosynthesis by beta-cells. This poses an enormous burden on the ER, rendering beta-cells vulnerable to agents that perturb ER function. Alterations of ER homeostasis lead to accumulation of misfolded proteins and activation of an adaptive response named the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR is transduced via 3 ER transmembrane proteins, namely PERK, IRE-1 and ATF6. The signaling cascades activated downstream of these proteins: a) induce expression of ER resident chaperones and protein foldases. Increasing the protein folding capacity of the ER; b) attenuate general protein translations which avoids overloading the stressed ER with new proteins; c) upregulate ER-associated degradation (ERAD) genes, which decreases the unfolded protein load of the ER. In severe cases, failure by the UPR to solve the ER stress leads to apoptosis. The mechanisms linking ER stress to apoptosis are still poorly understood, but potential mediators include the transcription factors Chop and ATF3, pro-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 familly, the caspase 12 and the kinase JNK. Accumulating evidence suggest that ER stress contributes to beta-cell apoptosis in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is characterized by a severe insulin deficiency resulting from chronic and progressive destruction of pancreatic beta-cells by the immune system. During this autoimmune assault, beta-cells are exposed to cytokines secreted by the immune cells infiltrating the pancreatic islets. Our group has previously shown that the pro-inflamatory cytokines interleukin-1beta (IL1-beta and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), via nitric oxide (NO) formation, downregulate expression and function of the ER Ca2+ pump SERCA2. This depletes beta-cell ER Ca2+ stores, leading to ER stress and apoptosis. Of note, IL1-beta alone triggers ER stress but does not induce beta-cell death, while IFN-gamma neither causes ER stress nor induces beta-cell death. Together, these cytokines cause beta-cell apoptosis but the mechanisms behind this synergistic effect were unknown. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by both peripheral resistance to insulin, usually as a result of obesity, and deficient insulin secretion secondary to beta cell failure. Obese patients have high levels of circulating free fatty acids (FFA) and several studies have shown that the FFA palmitate induces ER stress and beta-cell apoptosis. In the present work we initially established an experimental model to specifically activate the ER stress response in pancreatic beta-cells. For this purpose, insulinoma cells (INS-1E) or primary rat beta-cells were exposed to the reversible chemical SERCA pump blocker cyclopiazonic acid (CPA). Dose-response and time course experiments determined the best conditions to induce a marked ER stress without excessive cell death (<25%). The first goal of the work was to understand the synergistic effects of IL1-beta and IFN-gamma leading to pancreatic beta-cell apoptosis. Our group previously observed, by microarray analysis of primary beta-cells, that IFN-gamma down-regulates mRNAs encoding for some ER chaperones. Against this background, our hypothesis was that IFN-gamma aggravates beta-cell ER stress by decreasing the ability of these cells to mount an adequate UPR. To test this hypothesis, we investigated whether IFN-gamma pre-treatment augments CPA-induced ER stress and beta cell death. The results obtained indicated that IFN-gamma pre-treatment potentiates CPA-induced apoptosis in INS-1E and primary beta-cells. This effect was specific for IFN-gamma since neither IL1-beta nor a low dose CPA pre-treatment potentiated CPA-induced apoptosis in INS-1E cells. These effects of IFN-gamma were mediated via the down regulation of genes involved in beta cell defense against ER stress, including the ER chaperones BiP, Orp150 and Grp94 as well as Sec61, a component of the ERAD pathway. This had functional consequences as evidenced by a decreased basal and CPA-induced activity of a reporter construct for the unfolded protein response element (UPRE) and augmented expression of the pro-apoptotic transcription factor Chop. We next investigated the molecular regulation of the Chop gene in INS-1E cells in response to several pro-apoptotic and ER stress inducing agents, namely cytokines (IL1-beta and IFN-gamma), palmitate, or CPA. Detailed mutagenesis studies of the Chop promoter showed differential regulation of Chop transcription by these compounds. While cytokines (via NO production)- and palmitate-induced Chop expression was mediated via a C/EBP-ATF composite and AP-1 binding sites, CPA induction required the C/EBP-ATF site and the ER stress response element (ERSE). Cytokines, palmitate and CPA induced ATF4 protein expression and further binding to the C/EBP-ATF composite site, as shown by Western blot and EMSA experiments. There was also formation of distinct AP-1 dimers and binding to the AP-1 site after exposure to cytokines or palmitate. The third objective of this work was to obtain a broad picture of the pancreatic beta-cell molecular responses during and after (recovery period) a severe ER stress. For this purpose, we utilized an “in home” spotted microarray, the APOCHIP, containing nearly 600 probes selected for the study of beta-cell apoptosis. Time-dependent gene expression profiles were measured in INS-1E cells exposed to CPA. CPA-induced ER-stress modified expression of 183 genes in at least one of the time points studied. Most of theses genes returned to control levels 3h after CPA removal from the culture medium. We observed full beta-cell recovery and survival, indicating that these cells trigger efficient defenses against ER stress. Beta-cell recovery is associated with a sustained increase in the expression of ER chaperones and a rapid decrease of pro-apoptotic mRNAs following CPA removal. Two groups of genes were particularly affected by CPA, namely those related to the cellular responses to ER stress, which were mostly up-regulated, and those related to differentiated beta-cell functions, which were down-regulated. Among this last group, we observed a 40-90% decrease of the mRNAs for insulin-1 and -2. These findings were confirmed in INS-1E cells exposed to cytokines or thapsigargin (another SERCA blocker), and in primary beta-cells exposed to the same treatments. This decrease in insulin mRNA expression is due to transcript degradation, most probably caused by IRE-1 activation and triggering of its endoribonuclease activity, as recently described in Drosophila cells. In conclusion, our work enabled a better understanding of the pancreatic beta-cell responses to ER stress: 1.)We identified a sensitizing effect of IFN-gamma to ER stress in beta-cells via downregulation of key ER chaperones. 2.)We observed a differential regulation of Chop transcription by different treatments suggesting distinct responses of pancreatic beta-cells to diverse ER stress inducers. 3.)We provided the first global analysis of gene expression modifications in pancreatic beta-cells following ER stress. 4.)We demonstrated a high capacity of beta-cells to cope and recover from a severe ER stress. 5.)We identified a new protective mechanism against ER stress, namely the degradation of insulin mRNA which limits the load posed on the ER by insulin synthesis. This, coupled to a marked increase in ER chaperones and a fast degradation of pro-apoptotic mRNAs, enables beta cells to recover from ER stress after the causes of this stress are removed.

L’adaptation cellulaire au stress dépend en partie de changements dans l’expression de gènes de réponse au stress, souvent accompagnés par des modifications dans la structure chromatinienne. Des facteurs chromatiniens pourraient être à l’origine de ces modifications mais leurs mécanismes d’action restent mal connus au cours du développement. La réponse aux protéines malconformées (UPR) est une réponse à des conditions de stress physiologique qui ciblent le réticulum endoplasmique (RE) ; l’UPR a été impliquée dans de nombreuses maladies humaines incluant le cancer et différents composants de cette réponse pourraient être de potentielles cibles pharmaceutiques. Nous avons démontré que HPL-2, l’homologue de la protéine HP1 chez Caenorhabditis elegans, est nécessaire pour la réponse au stress du RE. L’inactivation d’HPL-2 montre une résistance accrue au stress du RE qui dépend d’une part de la voie XBP-1 de l’UPR et d’autre part d’un flux autophagique augmenté. La résistance accrue des vers dépourvu d’HPL-2 est associée avec une augmentation de l’activation d’XBP-1 et de chaperonnes du RE en conditions physiologiques. L’expression d’HPL-2 est ubiquitaire et nous avons déterminé qu’HPL-2 joue un rôle antagoniste dans les cellules neuronales et intestinales pour influencer la réponse au stress du RE. Nous avons également montré qu’une modulation de l’état de la chromatine par une inhibition chimique d’histones déacétylases donnait le même phénotype que l’absence d’HPL-2. De plus, l’augmentation ou la diminution de la méthylation de la lysine 4 de l’histone 3 (H3K4me) joue également un rôle dans la réponse au stress du RE. Ces travaux contribuent ainsi à une meilleure compréhension du lien entre l’UPR, le stress du RE et la structure chromatinienne aussi bien dans un processus normal que dans certaines pathologies. / Cellular adaptation to environmental changes and stress relies on a wide range of regulatory mechanisms which are tightly controlled at several levels, including transcription. Chromatin structure and chromatin binding proteins are important factors contributing to the transcriptional response to stress. However, it remains largely unknown to what extent specific chromatin factors influence these distinct responses in a developmental context. One of the best characterized stress response pathways is the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is activated by accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Here, we show that Caenorhabditis elegans HPL-2, the homologue of the HP1 chromatin associated protein, is required for the ER stress response. Inactivation of HPL-2 results in enhanced resistance to ER stress dependent on the XBP-1 branch of the UPR and the closely related process of autophagy. Increased resistance to ER stress in animals lacking HPL-2 is associated with increased basal levels of XBP-1 activation and ER chaperones under physiological conditions. Using tissue specific rescue experiments, we find that HPL-2 plays antagonistic roles in intestinal and neuronal cells to influence the ER stress response. We further show that chemical inhibition of histone deacetylase activity mimics the HPL-2 loss of function phenotype, and that increasing or decreasing histone H3 lysine 4 methylation (H3K4me) has antagonistic effects on animal survival in response to ER stress. Altogether our results point to an important function for specific chromatin factors and chromatin modifications in maintaining ER homeostasis in a developmental context.

A neurodegeneração é o resultado da destruição progressiva e irreversível dos neurônios no sistema nervoso central, apresentando causas desconhecidas e mecanismos patológicos não totalmente elucidados. Fatores como a idade, o aumento da formação de radicais livres e/ou estresse oxidativo, defeito no metabolismo energético, a inflamação e acúmulo de elementos neurotóxicos e de proteínas malformadas no lúmen do retículo endoplasmático (RE) contribuem para o desenvolvimento dos processos neurodegenerativos. O sistema canabinoide tem sido proposto como neuroprotetor em diversos modelos de neurodegeneração como hipóxia aguda e epilepsia, isquemia cerebral, lesão cerebral e modelos de estresse oxidativo. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar o papel do sistema canabinoide em uma linhagem de neuroblastoma (Neuro 2a) submetida a condições de estresse oxidativo (H2O2), inflamação (LPS) e estresse do RE (tunicamicina), avaliando parâmetros de viabilidade celular e vias de sinalização envolvidas. Nossos resultados mostram que o agonista canabinoide ACEA foi capaz de proteger as células da morte celular causada pela inflamação e pelo estresse de retículo endoplasmático, mas não pelo estresse oxidativo. Esse efeito neuroprotetor exercido pelo ACEA parece pelo menos em parte ocorrer via receptor CB1 no modelo de inflamação e ser independente deste receptor no modelo de estresse de RE. Os efeitos neuroprotetores observados envolveram a modulação dos níveis de proteínas pré-apoptóticas, CHOP e Caspase 12, e da proteína relacionada à sobrevivência celular ERK 1/2. Nossos dados sugerem um papel neuroprotetor do sistema canabinoide em mecanismos relacionados aos processos neurodegenerativos e propõem a manipulação desse sistema como possível alvo terapêutico. / Neurodegeneration is the result of progressive and irreversible destruction of neurons in the central nervous system, with unknown causes and pathological mechanisms not fully elucidated. Factors such as age, increased formation of free radicals and/or oxidative stress, defects in energetic metabolism, inflammation and accumulation of neurotoxic factors and misfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contribute to the development of neurodegenerative processes. The cannabinoid system has been proposed as neuroprotector in several models of neurodegeneration such as acute hypoxia and epilepsy, cerebral ischaemia, brain injury and oxidative stress models. This work aimed to investigate the role of the cannabinoid system in a neuroblastoma line (Neuro 2a) submitted to oxidative stress (H2O2), inflammation (LPS) and ER stress (tunicamycin) conditions, assessing cell viability parameters and signaling pathways involved. Our results show that the ACEA cannabinoid agonist was able to protect cells from cell death caused by inflammation and ER stress, but not from oxidative stress. This neuroprotective effect exerted by ACEA appears to occur at least in part via the CB1 receptor in inflammation model and it seems to be independent of this receptor in the ER stress model. The neuroprotective effects observed involved the modulation of the levels of pre-apoptotic proteins CHOP and Caspase 12 and the cell survival related protein ERK 1/2. Our data suggest a neuroprotective role of the cannabinoid system in mechanisms related to neurodegenerative processes and propose it as possible therapeutic target.

A doença renal crônica (DRC) é um problema de saúde pública caracterizado por alta morbidade e mortalidade e com enorme impacto social e econômico no sistema de saúde. Uma das consequências mais graves da progressão da DRC é a albuminúria, que se deve principalmente a lesões no epitélio tubular proximal e na membrana basal glomerular. O aumento da permeabilidade da barreira de ultrafiltração glomerular à albumina está diretamente relacionado à lesão podocitária, principalmente devido à perda de processos podais, estresse oxidativo, estresse de reticulo endoplasmático e eventos apoptóticos. No entanto, os mecanismos celulares envolvidos em tais processos ainda não foram elucidados. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os mecanismos pelos quais a albumina participa na lesão de podócitos, considerando a contribuição da caveolina-1, IRE-1 fosforilado, PKC fosforilada, p38 MAPK fosforilada e caspase-12 clivada. Para isso, utilizamos podócitos de camundongos diferenciados, os quais foram distribuídos em quatro grupos experimentais: controle e tratados com albumina nas concentrações de 1, 5 e 10 mg/mL, em RPMI 1640 sem soro, durante 24 horas. Após o tratamento, a apoptose foi avaliada por citometria de fluxo. Para os experimentos de imunofluorescência, as células foram tratadas com albumina fluorescente conjugada à isotiocianato de fluoresceína (FITC) 1 mg/mL durante 30 min, 1h, 3h e 24h. As imagens foram obtidas por microscopia confocal, objetivo de 63x. A expressão de proteínas foi analisada por western blotting; GRP78, PKC , p38 MAPK e caspase-12 clivada foram avaliados 30 min, 1h, 3h e 24h após o tratamento das células com albumina 1 mg/mL. GAPDH foi usado como controle endógeno. A análise estatística foi avaliada pela ANOVA one-way seguida do pós teste de Bonferroni. Valores de p<0,05 foram considerados significativos. Nossos resultados mostram que o tratamento das culturas celulares de podócitos com albumina, na concentração de 1 mg/mL, durante 24h resultou em um aumento significativo na taxa de apoptose total em comparação com o controle. Com relação à imunofluorescência, colocalizações entre albumina FITC e caveolina-1 foram observadas no período de 30 min, 1h, 3h e 24h. Em relação à expressão proteica, observou-se um aumento significativo na expressão da proteína GRP78 no período de 1 hora após o tratamento com albumina, o que indica um possível estresse de retículo endoplasmático. No caso da proteína IRE-1 fosforilada houve aumento da expressão em 30 min, 1h, 3h e 24h em relação ao grupo controle. Além disso, um aumento significativo na expressão das proteínas PKC fosforilada, p38 MAPK fosforilada e caspase-12 clivada foi observado nos períodos de 1h, 3h e 24h após o tratamento com albumina. Estes dois últimos parâmetros foram reduzidos pelo co-tratamento das células com SB203580 (10-6 M), um inibidor específico da p38 MAPK. Estes resultados sugerem que a proteína caveolina-1 tem um papel importante na internalização da albumina nos podócitos. Além disso, a albumina induz a apoptose por ativação do estresse de retículo nessas células, principalmente através da via PKC /p38MAPK/caspase-12 clivada. / Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a public health problem characterized by high morbidity and mortality and with enormous social and economic impact on the health system. One of the most serious consequences of CKD progression is albuminuria, which is mainly due to lesions in the proximal tubular epithelium and the glomerular basement membrane. Increased permeability of the glomerular ultrafiltration barrier to albumin is directly related to podocyte lesion, mainly due to loss of foot processes, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptotic events. However, the cellular mechanisms involved in such processes have not yet been elucidated. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the mechanisms by which albumin participates in podocyte injury, considering the contribution of caveolin-1, phosphorylated IRE-1, phosphorylated PKC, phosphorylated p38 MAPK, and cleaved caspase-12. For this, we used mice differentiated podocytes, which were distributed in four experimental groups: control and treated with serum concentrations of 1, 5 and 10 mg/mL in serum-free RPMI 1640 for 24 hours. After treatment, apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry. For the immunofluorescence experiments, the cells were treated with 1 mg/mL fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated (FITC) albumin for 30 min, 1h, 3h, and 24h. The images were obtained by confocal microscopy, 63x objective. Protein expression was analyzed by western blotting; GRP78, PKC , p38 MAPK and cleaved caspase-12 were evaluated 30 min, 1h, 3h and 24h after treatment of the cells with 1 mg/mL albumin. GAPDH was used as an endogenous control. Statistical analysis was assessed by one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-test. Values of p<0.05 were considered significant. Our results show that the treatment of cell cultures of podocytes with albumin at a concentration of 1 mg/mL for 24h resulted in a significant increase in the total apoptosis rate compared to the control. Regarding immunofluorescence, colocalizations between FITC albumin and caveolin-1 were observed in the period of 30 min, 1h, 3h and 24h. Regarding protein expression, a significant increase in GRP78 protein expression was observed within 1 hour of albumin treatment, indicating potential endoplasmic reticulum stress. In the case of the phosphorylated IRE-1 protein, expression increased in 30 min, 1h, 3h and 24h in relation to the control group. In addition, a significant increase in the expression of phosphorylated PKC, phosphorylated p38 MAPK and cleaved caspase-12 proteins was observed at 1h, 3h and 24h after albumin treatment. These latter two parameters were reduced by co-treatment of the cells with SB203580 (10-6 M), a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK. These results suggest that caveolin-1 protein plays an important role in the internalization of albumin in podocytes. In addition, albumin induces apoptosis by activating the reticulum stress in these cells, mainly through the PKC / p38MAPK / caspase-12 pathway.

Os receptores toll-like (TLR) reconhecem agentes invasores ou moléculas indicativas de injúria tecidual. Neutrófilos expressam a maioria dos receptores TLR e quando ativados desencadeiam a produção de citocinas e inicia-se o processo inflamatório. A ativação da via de TLR4 promove um aumento do estresse de retículo endoplasmático devido a alta demanda na produção de proteínas, principalmente citocinas e quimiocinas. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a resposta neutrofílica ao LPS e a interação das vias de TLR4 e UPR frente a duas condições: a obesidade e o diabetes tipo 2 (GK). Wistar alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica apresentaram um quadro de obesidade com diminuição da sensibilidade a insulina, enquanto animais GK apresentaram todo o fenótipo diabético tipo 2. Neutrófilos de animais GK e HFD produziram menos citocinas e migraram menos para o sítio de inflamação por mecanismos distintos. Por fim, neutrófilos dos grupos GK e HFD mostraram-se resistentes ao LPS por deficiência na via do TLR4. / Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize invading agents or molecules indicative of tissue injury. Neutrophils express most TLR receptors and when activated trigger the production of cytokines and initiate the inflammatory process. Activation of the TLR4 pathway promotes an increase in endoplasmic reticulum stress due to high demand in the production of proteins, mainly cytokines and chemokines. The aim of this study was to evaluate the neutrophilic response to LPS and the interaction of the TLR4 and UPR pathways in two different conditions: obesity and type 2 diabetes (GK). HFD fed Wistar rats had a decrease in insulin sensitivity, whereas GK animals had the full type 2 diabetic phenotype. Neutrophils from GK and HFD produced lower cytokines and migrated less to the site of inflammation by different mechanisms. Finally, neutrophils from the GK and HFD groups were resistant to LPS because of deficiency in the TLR4 pathway.

Recentemente, verificou-se que diferentes protocolos de overtraining (OT) com mesma carga externa, mas realizados em declive (OTR/down), aclive (OTR/up) e sem inclinação (OTR) levaram ao acúmulo de gordura hepática. Sabe-se que perturbando a homeostase do retículo endoplasmático (ER) ocorre o estresse do RE que também está associada com presença de gordura hepática em modelos animais. Com isso, verificamos os efeitos desses modelos de OT nas proteinas relacionadas ao estresse do RE (BiP, IRE1, PERK, eIF2alpha, ATF6beta, and GRP94), apoptose (CHOP, Caspase-3, 4 and 12, Bax and TRAF2) e inflamação (SAPKJNK and IKK) no fígado de camundongos C57BL/6. Uma vez que o treinamento aeróbio pode diminuir o estresse do RE cardíaco e aumentar a capacidade do exercício, também verificou se a queda de desempenho induzida pelos protocolos de OT estaria relacionada com o estresse do RE e apoptose no coração dos animais. Os animais foram divididos em naive (N, animais sedentários), controle (CT, animais sedentários submetidos as avaliações de desempenho), treinado (TR), OTR/down, OTR/up and OTR. Os testes de rotarod, incremental, exaustivo e força de preensão foram usados para avaliar o desempenho. Trinta e seis horas após o teste de força de preensão, os fígados e corações (ventrículo esquerdo) foram removidos e usados para técnica de immunoblotting. Todos os protocolos de OT levaram a respostas similares em relação aos parâmetros de desempenho e mostraram valores significativamente menores de ATF6beta hepática quando comparados com o grupo N. O grupo OTR/down exibiu valores inferiores de caspase-3 clivada no fígado quando comparado com o grupo CT. As proteínas cardíacas relacionadas ao estresse do RE, apoptose e inflamação não foram moduladas nos grupos experimentais. / Newly, we verified that different running overtraining (OT) protocols with same external load but performed in downhill (OTR/down), uphill (OTR/up) and without inclination (OTR), directed to hepatic fat accumulation. Knowing the disruption of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis is linked to animal models of fatty liver, we explored the effects of these OT models on the proteins related to ER stress (i.e., BiP, IRE1, PERK, eIF2alpha, ATF6beta, and GRP94), apoptosis (CHOP, Caspase-3, 4 and 12, Bax and TRAF2) and inflammation (SAPKJNK and IKK) in livers of C57BL/6 mice. Because aerobic training can diminish cardiac ER stress and increase exercise capacity, we also verified whether the performance decrease induced by our OT protocols is linked to ER stress and apoptosis in mouse hearts. Rodents were divided into naive (N. sedentary mice), control (CT, sedentary mice submitted to the performance evaluations), trained (TR), OTR/down, OTR/up and OTR groups. Rotarod, incremental load, exhaustive and grip force tests were used to estimate performance. Thirteen six hours after the grip force test, the livers and cardiac muscles (i.e., left ventricle) were removed and used for immunoblotting. All OT protocols led to similar responses of the performance parameters and showed significantly lower values of hepatic ATF6beta compared to the N group. The OTR/down group exhibited inferior values of liver cleaved caspase-3 compared to the CT group. The cardiac proteins related to ER stress and apoptosis were not modulated in the experimental groups.

No description available.

Le plasmocyte représente le stade final de la différenciation lymphocytaire B. Il s’agit de la cellule productrice des immunoglobulines (Ig), ce qui en fait l’acteur majeur de la réponse immunitaire humorale. Toutefois, lors d’une prolifération plasmocytaire anormale, l’Ig produite en excès peut devenir pathogène pour l’organisme, s’agréger et conduire à une maladie de dépôt d’Ig monoclonales. Il existe une grande variété de ces maladies de dépôts dont la classification repose sur la nature des dépôts. Nous avons développé dans notre laboratoire un modèle murin pour l’une d’entre elle, la LCDD « Light Chain Deposition Disease », qui reproduit parfaitement les lésions rénales observées chez les patients. Nous montrons grâce à ce modèle qu’en supprimant la production de l’Ig pathogène, nous préservons la fonction rénale de nos souris. Nous montrons aussi grâce à des traitements réalisés avec des inhibiteurs du protéasome (IP) et par l’étude du transcriptome des PCs que ces cellules sont sensibilisées par l’Ig pathogène aux IP via une activation de la voie de réponse au stress du réticulum endoplasmique. Nous nous sommes également intéressés à un patient atteint d’une HCDD « Heavy Chain Deposition disease ». Les études moléculaires et les expériences in-vitro que nous avons réalisées à partir des prélèvements de ce patient nous ont permis de proposer un scénario expliquant la production d’une chaîne lourde tronquée par le clone plasmocytaire : l’apparition d’une mutation au niveau de la chaîne légère aurait conduit à la mutation de la chaîne lourde afin de surmonter un stress du réticulum endoplasmique et ainsi permettre la survie cellulaire. / The plasma cell represents the final stage of B-lymphocytes differentiation. It is the immunoglobulin (Ig) producing cell, making it the major player in the humoral immune response. However, during abnormal plasma cell proliferation, the Ig produced in excess can become pathogenic for the organism, aggregate and lead to a monoclonal Ig deposition disease. There is a wide variety of these deposition diseases whose classification is based on the nature of the deposits. In our laboratory, we have developed a mouse model for one of them, the Light Chain Deposition Disease (LCDD), perfectly reproducing the renal lesions observed in patients. We show by this model that by suppressing the production of the pathogenic Ig the renal function of our mice is preserved. Additionally, thanks to proteasome inhibitors (PI) treatment and plasma cell transcriptome studies, we prove that these cells are sensitized by the pathogen Ig to PI via the activation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response pathway. We also studied a patient with Heavy Chain Deposition disease (HCDD). The molecular studies and in-vitro experiments carried out with the sample from this patient allowed us to propose a new scenario explaining the production of a truncated heavy chain by the plasma cell clone: the appearance of a mutation at the light chain level would led to the mutation of the heavy chain, in order to overcome the endoplasmic reticulum stress and thus allowing cell survival.