The study was aimed to establish the aerobic capacity of women aerobics athletes of different age and different mastership, physiological changes and energetics during competitive activities. The main conlusions are as follows: 1. The aerobic capacity of representatives of aerobic gymnastics is by 25% higher the norm values of girls of similar age but it is considerably (about 35 %)) smaller than the respective indices of athletes developing endurance. The absolute VO2max during continuous incremental treadmill test is 2.5 l/min (95% CI [2.2 – 2.8]; the relative one – 45 ml/kg/min, CI [41.6 – 48.0],the maximum pulmonary ventilation reaches 87 l/min, CI [78.0 – 95.1], and the maximum HR – 190 beats/min, CI [183.6 – 197.0]. The first ventilation threshold VE manifests itself O2 consumption having reached 74% of the maximum wren HR is – 171 beats/min or 90% of the maximum.The maximum and submaximum respiratory gas exchange and HR values during the continuous incremental treadmill test were similar (p>0.05) in groups of aerobic gymnastics with different level of training. 2. The telemetric registration and analysis of respiratory gas and HR has shown that changes in the form of the exponent are typical for all the indices mentioned when after a fast increase at the onset of the exercise they become nearly stabilized. The rate of changes in separate indices is not the same. Thus, the fastest change occur in HR.VO2 changes slower and VE – the slowest with time constant being 17.2... [to full text]

The aim of the present work is to determine power and physiological changes in the body of aerobics competitors with different skills at the moment of exercise performing. 24 aerobic competitors were selected as a research object. All the members of the research group were divided into three groups with reference to their personal data (obtained after the assessment of the relations between their indices and their skills). The groups were as follows: group 1 – highly skilled aerobic competitors, group 2 – moderately skilled aerobic competitors and group 3 – the beginners. The indices have also been analyzed with reference to the exercises preformed by the aerobic competitors. During the assessment the following indices were measured: ventilation of the lungs, circulation of the breathing gasses, heart rate and blood lactate concentration. The research results suggest that all the research groups show high aerobic power consumption (~50%), slightly less anaerobic alactatic power consumption (~30%) and lactatic power consumption appears to be the least (~20%). Highly skilled aerobic competitors proved to consume less anaerobic – alactatic power. The aerobic competitors participating in the aerobic trio exercises showed higher indices of heart rate (p<0,05) comparing with group exercise. Ventilation of the lungs, lungs volume, breathing rate and ratio as well as oxygen consumption were not influenced by the exercise type. All the research groups showed high differences in... [to full text]

Pastaraisiais dešimtmečiais išryškėjo iškastinio kuro vartojimo trūkumai. Pirminei trūkumų aspektai pasireiškia įvertinant ribotus naftos, gamtinių dujų, anglies bei urano išteklius, antra tradicinė energetika į atmosferą išmeta didelį kiekį teršalų. Šio kuro išteklius gamta kūrė keletą šimtų milijonų metų, o per ne visą pastarąjį šimtmetį žmonija sunaudojo jau daugiau kaip pusę. Šiandieniniame pasaulyje nėra svarbesnio klausimo kaip klimato kaitos švelninimas ir apsirūpinimas energija. Alternatyvų ieškojimas iškastiniam kurui pakeisti suteikia galimybę daugiau pažvelgti į atsinaujinančius išteklius. Lietuvos ir Latvijos atveju, šalys privalo ieškoti ir plačiau naudoti alternatyvas; pirma dėl patiriamos priklausomybės nuo importuojamo kuro, antra dėl darnios energetinės plėtros subalansavimo. Lietuva ir Latvija siekia turėti galimybę individualiai rinktis energijos šaltinius, ypač darančius mažesnį poveikį klimatui bei nepriklausomybei nuo išorinių tiekėjų. Todėl didžiausia perspektyva šiose šalyse plėtoti biomasės, hidroenergetikos ir vėjo jėgainių elektrines. Šių išteklių naudojimas turi didžiausią potencialą energetikos srityje, kad būtų pasiektos Lietuvos ir Latvijos nacionalinės energetikos strategijos tikslai ir gairės. Tam, kad būtų įgyvendinti alternatyvūs projektai reikia tvirtos vyriausybių paramos ir ganėtinai vieningos politinės iniciatyvos. Lietuvos ir Latvijos politiniai vidaus ir išorės veiksniais nesuteikia pilnai vystyti energetinę politiką, kadangi... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In recent decades the shortcomings of consumption of fossil fuel has been clarified. The primary aspects of the shortcomings are asserted when evaluating the limited resources of oil, natural gasses, coal and uranium, secondly, the traditional energy eliminates a huge amount of pollution to the atmosphere. The resources of this fuel were created by nature in hundreds millions years, and during not full latter century the humankind has used more than a half of it. In modern-days world the most important question is the buffering of climate change and provision of energy. The finding of alternative ways for the fossil fuel provides a possibility to look wider to the renewable energy resources. In cases of Lithuania and Latvia, the states must find and use wider alternatives; firstly, due to the dependence on the imported fuel, secondly, due to the balancing of the sustainable development of energy. Lithuania and Latvia seek to get possibility choosing energy resources individually, especially those making less impact on the climate and assuring independence from the external providers. Therefore, the biggest perspective in these states is to develop biomass, hydro-energy and wind plants. The usage of the aforementioned resources has the biggest potential in the field of energy, in order to implement the goals and guidelines of the national energy of Lithuania and Latvia. In order to implement the alternative projects, there is a need of strong governmental support and... [to full text]

Brangstant iškastiniam kurui, vėjo elektrinių ir jų parkų statymas ir prijungimas prie skirstomųjų elektros tinklų šiuo metu darosi labai aktuali tema. Lietuvoje vis plačiau, ne tik pajūryje, yra statomos ir prijungiamos vėjo elektrinės ir jų parkai. Mano darbo tikslas yra ištirti vėjo elektrinių parko prijungimo prie skirstomųjų elektros tinklų galimybes, kas įtakoja jų prijungimo galimybes pasirinktame skirstomojo elektros tinklo taške. Šiame darbe padariau programą-skaičiuoklę, pirminiam vėjo elektrinių ar jų parkų prijungimo galimybei prie skirstomojo elektros tinklo patikrinti. Darbe ištirtos 6 MW vėjo elektrinių parko prijungimo galimybės prie 35 kVir 10 kV tinklo oro linijų, esančių Pakruojo rajone. Apskaičiuoti tnklo kokybės parametrai, kai vėjo elektrinės dirba ir kai ne. Pateikiamos išvados apie tyrimo rezultatus ir tyrimo tęstinumą. / Nowadays fossils start costliness, wind stations and their parks building and connection to Distribution Networks in this time is very actual theme. Over and over broad, not only on the seashore, in Lithuania are builted and connected wind stations and their parks. The aim of my work is the investigation of possibilities to connect the wind stations park to distribution networks, what influence the connect possibilities in the chosen point of distribution networks. I did the programme to the primitive test of possibilities to connect wind stations and their parks to distribution networks in this work. I did the investigation of possibilities to connect 6 MW wind station park to 35 kV and 10 kV distribution networks in Pakruojis district. I calculated the parameters of networks quality, when wind stations park is working and when is stopped. I give conclusion about results and succession of this investigation.

Teorinėje dalyje buvo pateiktas susidarytas holistinis požiūris į darnią plėtrą (DP). Siekiant išnagrinėti energetinį diskursą internetinėje žiniasklaidoje, buvo padaryta internetinės žiniasklaidos raidos apžvalga, išanalizuoti informacijos pateikimo būdai. Naujienų įrėminimo teorijos analizė atskleidė, kaip žiniasklaida suformuoja žinias iš naujienų ir kokią įtaką tai turi politikai, ekonomikai, bei socialinei realybei. Taip pat aprašyti visuomenės manipuliavimo (propagandos) mechanizmai. Parengta energetinio diskurso formavimo ir jo bruožų internetinėje žiniasklaidoje socialiniu ir ekologiniu aspektais empirinio tyrimo metodika bei atliktas kiekybinis bei kokybinis tyrimas, kurio metu analizuoti internetinių naujienų portalų Delfi.lt, Lrytas.lt ir Balsas.lt energetinės tematikos tekstai 2012 m. vasario 1 d. – 2013 m. sausio 31 d. laikotarpiu (iš viso 619 straipsnių). Darbo pabaigoje pateikiamos darbo išvados. / In the theoretical part was made yielded a holistic approach to sustainable development (SD). In order to examine energetical discourse in online media, was made the online media review and analyzed information presentation. News framing theory analysis revealed how the media builds knowledge from the news and how this affects the political, economical and social reality. Also described the manipulation of society (propaganda) mechanisms. Prepared energetic discourse shaping and it’s features, in online media, analysis methodology in social and environmental aspects, also made quantitative and qualitative study, which analyzed online news sites Deli.lt, Lrytas.lt and Balsas.lt energetic-themed text’s in 2012 February 1-2013 January 31 period(a total 619 articles). The conclusion was made in the end of work.

Darbas susideda iš dviejų dalių teorinės bei praktinės. Darbo tikslas – įvertinti vėjo parametrus ir prognozuojamą vėjo elektrinių galią pajūrio ir Tauragės regionams. Teorinėje dalyje aprašoma vėjo energetikos pasiekimai ir perspektyvos Lietuvoje, aptariami vėjo srautų kitimo atmosferos pasienio sluoksnyje dėsningumai, vėjo prognozavimo metodai, vėjo jėgainių konstrukcija ir veikimo principas. Praktinėje dalyje pateikiama vėjo matavimo duomenų statistinė analizė, bei įvertinamas prognozuojamas metinis vėjo jėgainių pagamintos energijos kiekis. / The work consists of two parts: theoretical and practical. The aim of the work is to evaluate the parameters of the wind and prognosticated the power of wind- power- stations for near- shore zones and regions of Tauragė. In the theoretical part the achievements and perspectives of wind energetics in Lithuania are described, the regularity of wind flow changes in atmosphere terminal are discussed, the methods of wind prognostication, the construction and working principle of wind- power- stations. In the practical part the statistical analysis of wind measures is shown and the prognosticated amount of energy produced by wind- power- stations per year is evaluated.

Vienas iš didžiausių iššūkių su kuriais susiduria kompanijos norėdamos panaudoti vandenilio energetikos technologijas įvairiuose prietaisuose – vandenilio saugojimas. Dabartiniu metu egzistuoja trys technologijos, kurios naudojamos vandenilio saugojimui: suspaustas, kriogeninis vandenilis ir vandenilio saugojimas kompleksiniuose junginiuose. Suspaustas ir atšaldytas vandenilis jau pasiekė savo technologinius limitus. Daugiausiai vilčių dedama į vandenilio saugojimą kompleksinėse anglies nanostruktūrose ir metalų hidriduose. Šis darbas yra susijęs su bandymu sintetinti magnio hidridą, panaudojant magnetroninio garinimo sistemą, garinant magnį vandenilio ir argono reaktyvioje aplinkoje. Magnio hidridas yra vienas iš labiausiai tiriamų metalų hidridų vandenilio saugojimui. Deja, dabartiniu metu nėra sukurta technologiškai paprastų patikimų (greita vandenilio absorbcija ir desorbcija, minimalūs nuostoliai ir t.t) ir ekonomiškai efektyvių magnio hidrido sintezės metodų. Darbe gautos struktūros ištirtos panaudojant paviršiaus profilometrijos, SEM, EDS ir XRD metodus. Gauti rezultatai parodė, kad gautos struktūros yra tik dalinai magnio hidridas. / Hydrogen storage is one of the main challenges related with the use of hydrogen energy technologies in daily activities. Three main technologies for hydrogen storage available today: compressed, krio hydrogen and hydrogen storage in different compounds. Compressed and crio hydrogen almost reached its technological limits. A lot of expectations were related with hydrogen storage in carbon nanostructures and metal hydrides. This work is mainly related with magnesium hydride synthesis using magnetron sputtering in reactive hydrogen and argon atmosphere. Magnesium hydride is one of the most promising material. Unfortunately, there is no technologically simple and reliable methods (fast adsorbion/desorption kinetics, minimal losses and etc.) for magnesium hidride synthesis. The magnesium based structures which were received during the work were analyzed using SEM and EDS, surface profilometry and XRD methods. It is shown that received structure only partially transformed to magnesium hydride.

Bakalauro darbo tikslas - sukurti bei sukonstruoti testinį saulės elektrinės parametrų stebėjimo sistemos prototipą. Buvo sukurti du elektroninės įrangos įrenginiai, parašytos dvi programos (įrenginio valdymo ir duomenų apdorojimo kompiuteryje). Sistemos pagrindą sudaro AtMega168 mikrovaldiklis, per SPI sąsają renkantis duomenis iš matavimo įrenginių ir per LAN juos perduodantis į kompiuterį apdorojimui ir saugojimui. Kompiuterio programinė įranga veikia dvigubo serverio principu: priima matavimo įrenginio siunčiamus duomenis per UDP portą ir, kitame procese, per TCP portą aptarnauja interneto užklausas, gražindama pagal šabloną sugeneruotą tinklapį su naujausiais apdorotais duomenimis. / The objective of bachelor’s project was to design, build and test prototype of a Solar Power Plant Monitoring system. Two hardware pieces and two software (monitoring program for PC and firmware for hardware) items were designed. System is based on AtMega168 microcontroller collecting data from via SPI bus attached measurement device and transmitting collected data to PC software via LAN for processing, displaying and saving the data. PC software works as dual server: receives data from hardware using and, in separate process, services requests from internet users, returning webpage template with most recent processed data.

The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the economic importance of energy in the country. Along with this theme are reviewed macroeconomic indicators, which are compared with some of the attributes of the energy sector, so that they can assess their significance and coherence. Impact on GDP is reviewed in terms of electricity production, and also by means of the export of electricity. Impact of energy on the unemployment rate is evaluated from the perspective of people employed in the field of energy. The overall trade balance is evaluated in terms of import and export of electricity and natural gas. Finally, assessment of inflation through the development of prices of both commodities in the wholesale market. To evaluate these indicators are used statistical methods such as regression and correlation analysis. In conclusion, the thesis explains predetermined hypothesis and comprehensive assessment of the actual importance.

The focus of this work is on the economic aspects of using dendromass (logging residues) for energy purposes in the production of energy chips. In defining economic factors, the paper employs as a basis actual manufacturing and sales data from 247 business cases in 2011-2012 at nine forest properties. The data reflect 44,971 m3 of harvested wood, 6671 tons of energy chips with a total energy content of 63.92 TJ. The initial objective of the paper is to derive average and proportional variables using data from actual business cases and then use these to discover the limiting production values, particularly those of the purchase price and energy chips, as well as logging residues and the limiting transport distance. The relationships derived are shown both mathematically and graphically. Results found in the paper are primarily designated for preproduction calculation by economic entities, the valuation of logging residues and as a basis for national policy regarding both forests and energy.