Submitted by VALTER AKIRA BRAVO (valterovarb@hotmail.com) on 2018-08-10T21:38:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação final - valter com ficha catalográfica e aprovação.pdf: 2060934 bytes, checksum: afdb81670103de47e094031d7f61ba46 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Santulo Custódio de Medeiros null (asantulo@rc.unesp.br) on 2018-08-13T11:39:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 bravo_va_me_rcla.pdf: 1991723 bytes, checksum: 1af34f48af2fad362dcac01855af8018 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T11:39:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 bravo_va_me_rcla.pdf: 1991723 bytes, checksum: 1af34f48af2fad362dcac01855af8018 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-27 / Está bem estabelecido que a contribuição glicolítica anaeróbia é predominante nos eventos próximos a 50 e 100 metros, e que a contribuição aláctica alcança sua maior capacidade de contribuição próximos aos 50 metros. Todavia, pode-se questionar se a taxa de ajuste do metabolismo anaeróbio não seria mais apropriada para analisar os desempenhos de curta duração (50 e 100 metros), ao invés da demanda total. Bem como, pouco se sabe se AOD e as demandas de cada metabolismo (láctico vs. aláctico vs aeróbio) tendem a apresentar respostas diferentes entre sexos. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o déficit acumulado de oxigênio (AOD) nos desempenhos do crawl em distâncias de 50, 100 e 200 metros, comparando-o pelo método da variação da resposta lactacidêmica e perfil aláctico da curva de débito oxigênio. Participaram deste estudo 12 (doze) nadadores homens (16,8 ± 2,2 anos, 179,3 ± 7,0 cm e 69,4 ± 7,8 kg) e 10 (dez) nadadoras (15,5 ± 3 anos, 161,8 ± 6,2 cm e 55,5 ± 6,8 kg). Todos realizaram o desempenho máximo para as distâncias de 50, 100 e 200 metros para a determinação do O2 acumulado. Após 24 horas, os nadadores desempenharam um teste incremental escalonado máximo e descontínuo (TIE: 6x250m e 1x200m, 50 a 100% da v200m) para a avaliação do V̇O2max e obtenção da relação V̇O2 vs. velocidade de nado em intensidades submáximas. A partir desta relação, projetou-se a demanda de O2 nas velocidades correspondentes ao 50, 100 e 200m foi estimada. Em seguida, a permuta gasosa pulmonar também foi analisada durante os desempenhos de 50, 100 e 200m para se obter a oferta de O2 durante e após cada distância. A estimativa de AOD foi realizada pela comparação entre demanda e oferta de O2. A fase rápida de decaimento exponencial da curva de recuperação do O2, após cada distância de nado, estimou a contribuição aláctica. Enquanto que o equivalente de O2 para a variação da resposta do lactato sanguíneo foi utilizada para reconstruir a demanda anaeróbia láctica. Em todos os testes, o V̇O2 foi obtido respiração-a-respiração por uma unidade metabólica automatizada e portátil (CPET K4b2), que esteve acoplada a um snorkel específico e validado na natação (new-AquaTrainer®). O teste ANOVA (uma entrada, com Sidak como post-hoc) comparou as médias do perfil metabólico entre homens e mulheres para cada distância de desempenho (50, 100 e 200 metros). O nível de significância foi estabelecido em ρ≤0,05. Os resultados preliminares indicam que o V̇O2max correspondeu à 4012,3 ± 453,3 ml×min-1 entre homens e à 3043 ± 335,6 ml×min-1 entre as mulheres. a demanda anaeróbia (AOD) é maior entre as mulheres (50m: 26,2  5,6 mlO2×kg-1; 100m: 43,3  10,2 mlO2×kg-1; 200m: 62,8  15,4 mlO2×kg-1) quando comparadas aos homens (50m: 19,7  3,9 mlO2×kg-1; 100m: 33,6  10,6 mlO2×kg-1; 200m: 48,3  15,7 mlO2×kg-1). Todavia, essas diferenças, quando analisada pela relação percentual entre Déficit/Demanda Acumulada de O2, mostram-se significativas em 50m (P=0,05), mas não em 100m (P=0,32) e 200m ( P=0,47). Ao ponderar pela distância de nado, o AOD (em mlO2×kg-1×m-1) evidenciou tendência decrescente entre as distâncias de nado (significativa apenas ao comparar 50m e 100m vs. 200m, P<0,01 e P<0,05, respectivamente), bem como as diferenças entre sexos não foram significativas ao compará-los em 50m (H: 0,39 e M: 0,52 mlO2×kg-1×m-1, P=0,122), em 100m (H: 0,33 e M: 0,43 mlO2×kg-1×m-1, P=0,741) e em 200m (H: 0,24 e M: 0,31 mlO2×kg-1×m-1, P=0,948). Durante o desempenho nas distâncias de 50, 100 e 200 metros, os perfis de ativação e parcela de contribuição de cada metabolismo energético apresenta a taxa absoluta (mlO2×kg-1) aláctica mais elevada em homens, quando comparada à ativação em mulheres, que demonstram desempenho com predomínio láctico nas distâncias. As diferenças na produção energética entre os sexos mostram valores distintos apenas para a produção aláctica em 50m (P=0,039). Assim, mulheres não apresentam restrições para o suprimento energético anaeróbio, em velocidades supra-máximas de nado, quando essa demanda é estimada pelo método AOD tradicional. Porém, os valores relativos de contribuição dos metabolismos tendem a não serem similares entre homens e mulheres na construção da demanda anaeróbia total (29,2% (50 metros), 15,8% (100 metros) e 29,3% (em 200 metros) superior em homens), causada pela maior ativação do metabolismo aláctico (64,7%, 47,4% e 60,9%) em cada uma destas distâncias. Essa maior contribuição anaeróbia aláctica em homens pode ser um efeito produzido pelas diferenças de massa muscular, sugerindo o desenvolvimento da massa magra para melhorar o desempenho em tarefas com demanda anaeróbia elevada. / It is well established that the anaerobic glycolytic contribution is predominant in events close to 50 and 100 meters, and that the alactic contribution reaches its greatest capacity of contribution close to 50 meters. However, one question that needs to be asked is whether a rate of anaerobic metabolism adjustment is no longer useful for analyzing short-term performance (50 and 100 meters), as opposed to total demand. As well as, little is known if AOD and the demands of each metabolism (lactic vs. alactic vs aerobic) tend to present different responses between genders. Thus, the objective of the present study was to analyze the accumulated oxygen deficit (AOD) in crawl performance at distances of 50, 100 and 200 meters, comparing it by the lactacidemic response and alactic profile of the recovery curve Twelve (12) male swimmers (16.8 ± 2.2 years, 179.3 ± 7.0 cm and 69.4 ± 7.8 kg) and 10 (ten) female swimmers (15.5 ± 3 years old, 161.8 ± 6.2 cm and 55.5 ± 6.8 kg)) participated in this study. All participants were performed a maximal effort at 3 distances (50, 100 and 200 meters) for the determination of accumulated O2 After 24 hours, swimmers performed a maximum and discontinuous step incremental test (TIE: 6x250m and 1x200m, 50 to 100% of v200m) for an evaluation of V̇O2max and obtaining the VO2 vs. swimming speed relationship. From this relation, the demand for O2 at the velocities corresponding to 50, 100 and 200m was estimated. Then, gas exchange was also analyzed during the exercises of 50, 100 and 200m for an O2 supply during and after each distance. The AOD estimate was made by comparing demand and supply of O2. The energy produced from anaerobic alactic metabolism was estimated from the fast component of the post V̇O2. The net energy produced from anaerobic lactic acid metabolism was determined from [La-]net. In all tests, VO2 was obtained breath-by-breath by an automated and portable metabolic unit (CPET K4b2), which was coupled to a specific and validated swimming snorkel (new-AquaTrainer®). The ANOVA test (an entry, with Sidak as a post-hoc) compared the medias of the metabolic profile between men and women for each distance of performance (50, 100 and 200 m). The level of significance was set at ρ≤0.05. Preliminary results indicate that VO2max corresponded to 4012.3 ± 453.3 ml×min-1 for men and 3043 ± 335.6 ml×min-1 for women. Anaerobic demand (AOD) is higher among women (50m: 26,2  5,6 mlO2×kg-1; 100m: 43,3  10,2 mlO2×kg-1; 200m: 62,8  15,4 mlO2×kg-1) than in men (50m: 19,7  3,9 mlO2×kg-1; 100m: 33,6  10,6 mlO2×kg-1; 200m: 48,3  15,7 mlO2×kg-1). However, these differences, when analyzed by the percentage ratio between O2 Accumulated Deficit / Demand, are significant in 50m (P=0,05, but not in 100m (P = 0.32) and 200m (P = 0.47). When considering swimming distance, the AOD (in mlO2×kg-1×m-1) showed a decreasing trend between swimming distances (significant only when comparing 50m and 100m vs. 200m, P <0.01 and P <0.05, respectively), as well as the differences between sexes were not significant when comparing them in 50m (H: 0,39 e M: 0,52 mlO2×kg-1×m-1, P=0,122), in 100m (H: 0,33 e M: 0,43 mlO2×kg-1×m-1, P=0,741) and in 200m (H: 0,24 e M: 0,31 mlO2×kg-1×m-1, P=0,948). During performance at distances of 50, 100 and 200 meters, the activation and contribution profiles of each energy metabolism has the highest absolute (mlO2×kg-1) alactic rate in men, when compared to activation in women, which demonstrate performance with lactic predominance at distances. Differences in energy production between the sexes show different values only for the production in 50 m (P = 0.039). Thus, women do not present restrictions for the anaerobic energetic supply, at supramaximum swimming speeds, when this demand is estimated by the traditional AOD method. However, the relative values of metabolic contribution tend not to be similar between men and women in the construction of the total anaerobic demand total (29,2% (50 m), 15,8% (100 m) and 29,3% (200 m) superior in men), caused by the greater activation of the alactic metabolism (64,7%, 47,4% e 60,9%) at each of these distances. This greater anaerobic alactic contribution in men may be an effect produced by muscle mass differences, suggesting the development of lean mass to improve performance in tasks with high anaerobic demand.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the variation in empirical estimates of the income and price elasticities of energy demand. The evidence presented, through a meta-analysis, allows identification of the weighted average of the income and price elasticities, shows that the estimates are very heterogeneous, that there is publication bias, and that factors such as region, energy sector, among others, affect its volatility. The evidence also indicates that income elasticity in Latin America is greater than in the OECD countries, and that the price elasticity of energy demand is lower in Latin America than in the OECD countries. Therefore, continued economic growth in Latin America will be accompanied by a growth in energy demand. Moreover, the establishment of a tax in Latin America, under the current elasticities, is less effective and will be insufficient to control the increase in energy consumption. / El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la variación de las elasticidades ingreso y precio de la demanda de energía. La evidencia presentada, con un metaanálisis, permite identificar la media ponderada de estas elasticidades ingreso y precio, muestra que las estimaciones son muy heterogé- neas, que existe sesgo de publicación y que algunos factores como la región, el sector del consumo de energía, entre otros, inciden en su volatilidad. La evidencia también indica que la elasticidad ingreso en América Latina es mayor que aquella de los países de la OCDE y, simultáneamente, que la elasticidad precio de la demanda de energía es menor en América Latina que en los países de la OCDE. Así, un crecimiento económico continuo en América Latina vendrá acompañado de un crecimiento de la demanda de energía y que el establecimiento de un impuesto en América Latina, bajo las actuales elasticidades, es menos efectivo y en general sería insuficiente para controlar el aumento del consumo de energía.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-08-24T14:13:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando Henrique de Lima Gadelha.pdf: 1102866 bytes, checksum: b14eb93f089f44419eee96c6feee0824 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-24T14:13:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando Henrique de Lima Gadelha.pdf: 1102866 bytes, checksum: b14eb93f089f44419eee96c6feee0824 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-18 / This study aimed to evaluate the volumetric efficiency and energy produced by three different hybrid clones of Eucalyptus sp: C39 Hybrid E. urophylla (natural crossing); C41 Hybrid E. urophylla (natural crossing) and C11 Hybrid E. brassiana (natural crossing). The survey was conducted in the industries Alliance Araripe Plaster and Plaster Saint Gerard, both in the city of Trindade – PE. The wood came from an experiment in the Experimental Station Araripina which belongs to the Agronomic Institute of Pernambuco (IPA). To quantify the amount of wood it was used the Smalian method. The basic wood density and calorific value were determined in accordance with their respective Brazilian Association of Technical Standards. The firewood consumption was obtained through the monitoring the calcination of gypsum in the factories. The statistical analysis was a complete randomized design. The volumetric productivity of these 7.5 year old clones were, respectively, 158.46, 132.20 and 164.89 m³/ha. The performances during the gypsum calcinationwere 0.28, 0.24 and 0, 24 wood stereos, in form of lap, per ton of gypsum produced. Whem chips were used, the results were 0.20, 0.19 and 0.18 wood stereo per ton.. This results were better than the best result obtained using the wood of native vegetation, 0.30 wood stereos per tonne. According to the values found, it can be stated that the use of wood coming from Eucalyptus plantations in the calcination of gypsum increases the productivity and reduces the area under the intervention required to meet the demand for wood industries in the calcination of gypsum. / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o rendimento volumétrico e energético produzido por três diferentes clones de híbridos de Eucalyptus sp: C39 Híbrido de E. urophylla (cruzamento natural); C41 Híbrido de E. urophylla (cruzamento natural) e C11 Híbrido de E. brassiana (cruzamento natural). A pesquisa foi realizada nas indústrias Gesso Aliança do Araripe e Gesso São Geraldo, ambas na cidade de Trindade – PE e a madeira foi oriunda de um experimento no Campo Experimental de Araripina, pertencente ao IPA (Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco). Para a quantificação do volume de madeira foi utilizado o processo de cubagem rigorosa pelo método de Smalian. A densidade básica da madeira e o poder calorífico foram determinados de acordo com as respectivas normas da Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas. O consumo de lenha foi obtido por meio do acompanhamento da calcinação da gipsita nas fábricas. Para as análises estatísticas foi considerado o delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. As produtividades volumétricas de tais clones foram, respectivamente, 158,46, 132,20 e 164,89 m³/ha aos 7,5 anos de idade, apresentando rendimentos durante a calcinação da gipsita de 0,28, 0,24 e 0,24 estereo de lenha por tonelada de gesso produzida, quando a lenha foi utilizada em forma de toras. Para a lenha em cavacos os rendimentos foram de 0,20, 0,19 e 0,18 estereo por tonelada, resultados bem acima dos melhores rendimentos da lenha de vegetação nativa, que são de 0,30 stereo por tonelada. De acordo com os valores encontrados se pode afirmar que a utilização de lenha oriunda de povoamentos de eucaliptos na calcinação da gipsita aumenta a produtividade das empresas e diminui a área sob intervenção necessária para atender a demanda de lenha das indústrias calcinadoras de gipsita.

Orientador: Sergio Valdir Bajay / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T05:07:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_ClaudioBezerrade_D.pdf: 1717945 bytes, checksum: 278bbb29104ec96389a1e6616a1dc209 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Este trabalho traz uma avaliação critica do planejamento energético de longo prazo realizado no Pais nos últimos anos e aponta tanto para a necessidade de uma melhor integração entre as atividades de planejamento energético, elaboração de políticas públicas e regulação dos mercados de energia, como para uma premente descentralização do processo de planejamento. Como resultados desta análise e com base em experiências bem sucedidas no exterior, são propostos avanços metodológicos para a elaboração de futuras projeções e o desenvolvimento de um modelo integrado de projeção da demanda e da oferta de energéticos. Como a aplicação de tal modelo está vinculada à utilização de uma base de dados ampla e consistente, é proposto o desenvolvimento de um sistema nacional de informações energéticas, integrado a um sistema de informações executivas, cujo objetivo é servir de suporte para as atividades desenvolvidas pelo Ministério de Minas e Energia. Discute-se os vários métodos de tratamento das incertezas nos modelos energéticos, com destaques para a elaboração de cenários alternativos de desenvolvimento e para o uso da técnica Delphi de levantamento de opiniões de especialistas. Monta-se, por fim, à guisa de um estudo de caso que visa contribuir para o necessário processo de descentralização do planejamento energético no País, cenários alternativos de desenvolvimento para a projeção da demanda energética do Estado da Bahia, de uma forma concatenada com cenários semelhantes no âmbito nacional / Abstract: This work brings a critical evaluation of the long-term energy planning carried out in the country in the last years, pointing out both for the need of a better integration of the activities concerning energy planning, policy making and regulation of energy markets, and for an urgent decentralization of the planning process. As results of this analysis and based on successful experiences abroad,methodological advances are proposed for the elaboration of future forecasts, together with the development of an integrated model for forecasting energy demand and supply. As the application of such a model requires a broad and consistent data basis, setting up a national system of energy information is proposed, integrated to a system of executive information, aimed to support the activities of the Ministry of Mines and Energy. The several methods for treating uncertainties in energy modeling are discussed, with emphasis on the elaboration of alternative development scenarios and the use of the Delphi technique for collecting and processing the opinions of specialists. At the end, alternative development scenarios for forecasting the energy demand in the State of Bahia, linked to similar scenarios at the national level, are elaborated, as a study case aimed to contribute for the necessary decentralization process of energy planning in the country / Doutorado / Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos / Doutor em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos

Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-04-20T13:53:08Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Iliane_Muller_Otto.pdf: 12489294 bytes, checksum: d621835d18813f86f54e4d6917cb3ab8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-04-20T14:22:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Iliane_Muller_Otto.pdf: 12489294 bytes, checksum: d621835d18813f86f54e4d6917cb3ab8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-20T14:22:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Iliane_Muller_Otto.pdf: 12489294 bytes, checksum: d621835d18813f86f54e4d6917cb3ab8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-21 / Sem bolsa / A Colônia de Pescadores Z3 é uma comunidade localizada no sul do Rio Grande do Sul e tem sua economia baseada na pesca artesanal. Contudo, sofre pressões econômicas, sociais e ambientais, que acarretam em êxodo rural e problemas socioambientais. Agravando esse cenário, está à diminuição da oferta de pescado na Colônia, que é relacionada a diversos fatores, como a poluição ambiental. Porém, mesmo nesse contexto com perspectivas pessimistas, existem possibilidades de integração da comunidade, geração de renda e diminuição das problemáticas ambientais. Entre essas possibilidades, estão as alternativas de valorização de resíduos de pescado a partir da transformação dos mesmos em produtos, como farinha e silagem de pescado, óleo e composto orgânico de peixe, e quitina extraída do exoesqueleto de camarões. A partir da análise do potencial competitivo dessas alternativas, observou-se que a quitina apresentava potencial significativo. Desta forma, foram executados 11 tratamentos de obtenção de quitina, baseadas em diferentes metodologias. Posteriormente, verificou-se o rendimento, o investimento em demanda energética, a complexidade e o desempenho como adsorvente de cada tratamento. Seis tratamentos apresentaram possibilidades de aplicação em larga escala: T1, T3, T4, T5, T6 e T8. Cada um destes tratamentos apresentou resultados diferentes para as variáveis analisadas, porém, ao analisar-se o conjunto das variáveis, conclui-se que o tratamento 6 (T6) destaca-se como uma potencial metodologia a ser aplicada na Colônia de Pescadores Z3. Isso ocorre, pois T6 apresentou bons resultados para investimento em consumo energético (R$ 2,22/g), rendimento (22,7%) e adsorção (56%), bem como para a relação entre consumo energético e rendimento e a sua execução envolve menos usos de temperatura, triturações e concentrações elevadas de reagentes químicos, se comparadas a outras metodologias. A presente pesquisa identificou alternativas de valorização de resíduos com potencial de aplicação no local de estudo, ou até em outras Colônias de Pescadores, gerando subsídios para a construção da sustentabilidade nestes locais. Nossos resultados mostram que ao mesmo tempo em que gera novas possibilidades de agregação de renda, de diversificação de atividades para o incentivo da permanência dos jovens e de união da comunidade, a valorização de resíduos, não descaracteriza a localidade e minimiza a destinação incorreta dos resíduos de pescado a partir da alteração da concepção dos seus geradores sobre o seu potencial de geração de renda. / The Colônia de Pescadores Z3 is a community located in the south of Rio Grande do Sul that its economy is based on artisanal fishing. It suffers with economic, social and environmental pressures that lead to rural exodus and socio-environmental problems. Aggravating to this scenario, there is a decrease in the supply of fishing in the region, which is related to several factors, such as environmental pollution. However, even in the context of pessimistic perspectives, there are possibilities of community integration, income generation and reduction of environmental problems. Among these possibilities there are alternatives for the recovery of fish residues from the transformation of the same into products such as fish meal, fish silage, oil and organic compost of fish, and chitin extracted from the shrimp exoskeleton. From the analysis of the competitive potential for the alternatives, it was shown that chitin presented significant potential. Thus, 11 treatments were carried out to obtain chitin, based on different methodologies. Subsequently, it was checked the yield, the investment in energy demand, a complexity and its performance as adsorbent of each treatment. Six treatments presented possibilities of large scale application: T1, T3, T4, T5, T6 and T8. Each of these treatments presented different results for the analyzed variables; however, when analyzing the set of variables, it was concluded that treatment 6 (T6) stands out as a potential methodology to be applied in the Colony of Fishermen Z3. This is because T6 presented good results for investment in energy demand (R$ 2,22/g), yield (22.7%), and adsorption (56%), as well as for a relation between energy consumption and yield and execution. It involves less temperature uses, crushing and high concentrations of chemical reagents, when compared to other methodologies. The present research identifies alternatives of recovery of residues with potential of non-local application of this study, or even other colonies of fishermen, generating subsidies for the construction of sustainability in these places. Our results show that while generating new possibilities of income aggregation, diversification of activities to encourage the permanence of young people and community unity, a valuation of waste, it does not mischaracterize the locality and it minimize the incorrect destination of waste Fish from the conception of their generators on their potential income generation.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2016-01-25T22:30:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 disserta??o Ana Luiza Guanais.pdf: 971227 bytes, checksum: c1befe0af70f9dc10fa2b94870a2b82f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-25T22:30:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 disserta??o Ana Luiza Guanais.pdf: 971227 bytes, checksum: c1befe0af70f9dc10fa2b94870a2b82f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-11 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Considering the importance of the sanitation sector for the development of a country and energy costs and the potential environmental impacts associated with it, this paper proposes the application of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to calculate the energy intensity and greenhouse gas (GHG) Water Supply System of Feira de Santana (SIAA-FSA). They were identified in the supply chain system steps with higher energy costs and proposed improvement scenarios. The production chain of chemical inputs, transportation of supplies, electricity and replacement of pipes in the network to maintain the system were considered. Energy intensity - IE the total system was 3.51 kWh/m3 of water consumed. The step of capturing and distributing water were the most important in IE, because the consumption of electric pumping energy represented 86% of IE. For the impact category chosen in the IPCC method (2007) 100 years, GHG emissions from the SIAA-FSA were 0.47 KgCO2eq / m3de water actually consumed, 75% resulting from the use of electricity. Alternative scenarios evaluated showed significant improvements over the current setting and more rational use of inputs water, electricity and chemicals. / Considerando a import?ncia do setor de saneamento para o desenvolvimento de um pa?s e os encargos energ?ticos e os potenciais impactos ambientais associados a ele, o presente trabalho prop?e a aplica??o da Avalia??o do Ciclo de Vida (ACV), para o c?lculo da intensidade energ?tica e a emiss?o de Gases de Efeito Estufa (GEE) do Sistema de Abastecimento de ?gua de Feira de Santana (SIAA-FSA). Foram identificadas na cadeia produtiva as etapas no sistema com maiores encargos energ?ticos e propostos Cen?rios de melhoria. A cadeia de produ??o dos insumos qu?micos, transporte dos insumos, energia el?trica e substitui??o dos tubos na rede para a manuten??o do sistema foram consideradas. A intensidade energ?tica ? IE total do sistema foi 3,51 kWh/m3 de ?gua consumida. A etapa de capta??o e distribui??o de ?gua foram as mais relevantes na IE, pois o consumo de energia el?trica do bombeamento representou 86% da IE. Para a categoria de impacto escolhida no m?todo IPCC (2007) 100 anos as emiss?es de GEE do SIAA-FSA foram de 0,47 KgCO2eq/m3de ?gua efetivamente consumida, 75% decorrente do uso de energia el?trica. Os Cen?rios alternativos avaliados demonstraram melhorias significativas em rela??o ao Cen?rio atual, com usos mais racionais dos insumos ?gua, eletricidade e produtos qu?micos.

The thesis is focused on the evaluation of the effectiveness of a residential building. For processing was used itemized budget insulated apartment building created in the program Kros and critique energy performance of buildings. The work evaluates the effectiveness of insulation and return on investment costs.

The aim of this thesis is the evaluation of the effectiveness of a residential building. Theoretical part describes the creating price of construction work, in practical part we focus on design of insulation, creating a budget and evaluating the effectiveness of insulation and return on investment.

This study is a part of a poly generation project which will use animal waste or agricultural waste to produce biogas and will provide cooking gas, electricity and arsenic free clean water for drinking in rural areas of Bangladesh.  The study mainly analyzes the cooking and lighting energy demand of households across different income groups in a village named “Pani Para” in the Faridpur district in Bangladesh and also looks at the potential of biogas in the village. It has been done by adopting case study method and conducting a survey in the village using a questionnaire. Fuel mix across different income groups for meeting their cooking and lighting energy needs have also been studied along with socio-economic situation of the villagers and their preferences to change their current cooking fuel utilization patterns. Various scenarios like variation in fuel consumption patterns, priority of income expenditure and access to fuel with income level have been examined. The study also focuses to analyze the awareness of the villagers about biogas technology and their willingness to contribute for the poly generation project along with the willingness of households to pay for embracing change in current cooking and lighting fuels. Biomass potential i.e. cow dung and agricultural waste is also calculated in the surveyed village along with the production of biogas from the available biomass resources. The scenarios to provide the cooking gas, electricity and clean water through biogas poly generation project from the available resources are also investigated. Analysis reveals that the total energy consumption (cooking and lighting) increases with the increase in the income level among the households. Average household cooking and lighting energy demand by low, medium and high income groups is 8492 kWh/yr, 9789 kWh/yr and 14806 kWh/yr respectively. Cooking energy demand and agricultural waste consumption also show an increasing trend with the increase in land holding size. Among the income expenditure priorities food is one of the most important priorities and energy being less important due to availability of biomass at little or no cost. Awareness of biogas technology among the households and willingness to contribute for the poly generation plant shows an increasing trend with the increase in education level. The study shows that there is a positive response of the villagers for being willing to embrace the change in the current cooking patterns as well as welcoming new technologies that could support such a change. It was found that the cow dung resource in the village is not enough to produce sufficient biogas for the poly generation project. With the incorporation of the agricultural waste with the cow dung, biogas production comes quite close to requirement of the poly generation plant but however could not suffice it completely due to the lack of raw material in the studied village. In that case the scenario of providing electricity and clean water to all the villagers and providing all the three facilities to the 2/3rd of households is investigated. 1/3rd of the low income households then could meet their cooking demands by provision of improved cooking stoves as cooking gas could not be provided to them due to limited feedstock. The study shows that despite of the fact that cooking and lighting energy needs increase with income but there is not much variation in the fuel mix and almost everyone in the village rely on biomass to meet their energy demand. It is because there is very limited access to the modern fuel for cooking and no electricity access in the village, so the households have to rely on the traditional fuels. / <p>KTH School of Industrial Engineering and Management, Department of Energy Technology, Division of Energy and Climate studies</p>

Road infrastructure is essential in the development of human society, but has both negative and positive impacts. Large amounts of money and natural resources are spent each year on its construction, operation and maintenance. Obviously, there is potentially significantenvironmental impact associated with these activities. Thus the need for integration of life cycle environmental impacts of road infrastructure into transport planning is currently being widely recognised on international and national level. However certain issues, such as energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the construction, maintenance and operation of road infrastructure, are rarely considered during the current transport planning process in Sweden and most other countries.This thesis examined energy use and GHG emissions for the whole life cycle (construction, operation, maintenance and end-of-life) of road infrastructure, with the aim of improving transport planning on both strategic and project level. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was applied to two selected case studies: LCA of a road tunnel and LCA of three methods for asphalt recycling and reuse: hot in-plant, hot in-place and reuse as unbound material. The impact categories selected for analysis were Cumulative Energy Demand (CED) and Global Warming Potential (GWP). Other methods used in the research included interviews and a literature review.The results of the first case study indicated that the operational phase of the tunnel contributed the highest share of CED and GWP throughout the tunnel’s life cycle. Construction of concrete tunnels had much higher CED and GWP per lane-metre than construction of rocktunnels. The results of the second case study showed that hot in-place recycling of asphalt gave slightly more net savings of GWP and CED than hot in-plant recycling. Asphalt reuse was less environmentally beneficial than either of these alternatives, resulting in no net savings of GWP and minor net savings of CED. Main sources of data uncertainty identified in the two case-studies included prediction of future electricity mix and inventory data for asphalt concrete.This thesis contributes to methodological development which will be useful to future infrastructure LCAs in terms of inventory data collection. It presents estimated amounts of energy use and GHG emissions associated with road infrastructure, on the example of roadtunnel and asphalt recycling. Operation of road infrastructure and production of construction materials are identified as the main priorities for decreasing GHG emissions and energy use during the life cycle of road infrastructure. It was concluded that the potential exists for significant decreases in GHG emissions and energy use associated with the road transport system if the entire life cycle of road infrastructure is taken into consideration from the very start of the policy-making process. / QC 20120229