<p>Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att ta reda på hur och i hur stor utsträckning chattspråket påverkar ungdomars skriftspråk. Då chattspråket ofta är svårt att särskilja från ungdomsspråket behandlas även ungdomsspråkets inverkan på skriftspråket. En följdfråga är om ungdomar har förmågan att inse när det är viktigt att använda korrekt standardspråk och när det passar att använda ett mer avslappnat språk.</p><p>Skrivandet undersöks både i skolan och på chattspråkets rätta forum, Internet. Enkäter lämnades ut till svensklärare som besvarade frågor om förekomsten av chattspråk och ungdomsspråk, och ett av Sveriges mest välbesökta Internetcommunity för ungdomar besöktes. Dessutom gjordes elevtextundersökningar. Alla undersökningar har gjorts både 2004 och 2008 vilket tillåter en jämförelse mellan chatt/ungdomsspråkstendenser med fyra års mellanrum.</p><p>Undersökningen visar att chatt/ungdomsspråket har inflytande över ungdomars skriftspråk men även att många elever har förmågan att kodväxla.</p>

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<p>Open access to scientific literature on Internet is a concept which is supposed to change librarians' work. The aim of the thesis was to examine librarians' perception of Open access. A questionnaire survey was conducted among librarians at libraries with specialisation in technique, natural sciences, medicine and pharmacy in Sweden. Even though Open access can be regarded as an alarming for librarians' work, the results of the survey showed that the future of the librarians' profession can be positive if they flexibly adopt their work routines according to changes in publication forms and library users' needs.</p>

<p>Aim.</p><p>The purpose of this paper was to investigate physical activity questionnaires, and to examine studies of their reliability and validity, focusing on the variable frequency. The research questions were following:</p><p>1. What are the methods and the results of the investigated questionnaires’ validity and reproducibility studies?</p><p>2. How is the frequency of physical activity assessed and validated in different PA questionnaires?</p><p>Method.</p><p>The 16 (out of 24) first questionnaires concerning individuals from 18-69 years were selected from a collection of physical activity questionnaires. The topical International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), both the long and the short version were also included in the investigation. Additional searches for articles were done in PubMed. Information about the design of the in total 18 questionnaires were structured in a scheme toclarify similarities and differences. How the frequency of physical activity (PA) was assessed was of particular interest. To evaluate methods and statistics the first validity and reliability study from each questionnaire’s reference list was selected and reviewed. This based on certain statistical criteria, regarding within-subject variation, test-retest, changes of mean, linear regression analysis, and criterion/construct methods for the validation.</p><p>Results.</p><p>The common approach is to compute correlation coefficients (n=18). One validity study out of 18 investigates systematic changes. No study presents results of changes of mean. In many studies, within-subject variation is calculated (n=14). Common validity measures areVO2 max (n=8), PA record (n=7), accelerometer (n=9) and to validate the questionnaire against other questionnaires (n=7). The correlation coefficient is at best r =0.30. Direct assessment of accuracy of reported frequency of PA was not measured in any study. One questionnaire assesses seasonal variations of physical activity.</p><p>Conclusions.</p><p>The accuracy of the investigated PA questionnaires is low. There are areas for improvements in the construct and administration of PA questionnaires, and the assessment of PA will need a combination of measurement instruments to cover all aspects of PA. Reliability and validity studies must focus on detecting the order effect and the systematic error of the questionnaire. Until then interpretations of reported physical activity data will be misleading. Current physical activity recommendations may have to be redesigned.</p>

Detta arbetets syfte var att ta reda på hur grundskolans kursplan i ämnet svenska synliggörs och tillämpas i undervisningen. För att undersöka detta gjordes en analys av kursplanen i svenska i grundskolan, enkätundersökning, intervjuer och observationer genomfördes. Enkätundersökningen hade tio informanter, två lärare intervjuades och observationerna gjordes på två lektioner.          I resultatet framkom att lärarna som deltog i enkätundersökningen ansåg att kursplanen i svenska i grundskolan var något positivt. De nackdelar som kom fram var att kursplanen ansågs som ”luddig” och att den borde konkretiseras något. Alla lärare använde sig av kursplanen i olika utsträckningar och merparten använde den i all planering och undervisning. Observationerna som gjordes skilde sig åt och den ene läraren hade fler punkter i kursplanen som blev synliggjorda i undervisningen. Något som båda observationerna hade gemensamt var att eleverna fick använda sig av sin fantasi i sina skriftliga arbeten. De fick möjligheten att utveckla och utvidga det redan skrivna för att stärka sina språkfärdigheter.          Slutsatsen visar att om lärarna har kursplanen som underlag underlättar det arbetet med planering och undervisning. Även eleverna ska förstå hur kursplanens delar kan förbättra och stärka deras individuella kunskapsutveckling. I kursplanen kan de få tips om vilka mål som behöver uppnås för att eleverna ska kunna få en godkänd utbildning.

No description available.

Enkäter används flitigt idag. Spector (1994) menade att endast en liten del av den förklarade variansen i enkäter utgörs av det som önskas mäta. Bryggan mellan respondenten och enkäten är språket. Enligt Whorf-Safir hypotesen styrs våra tankar av språket. Semin och Fiedler (1988) menade att ordklasserna har olika abstraktionsnivåer. Desto högre abstraktionsnivå ju mer rör den sig bort från kontexten resulterande i stereotyptänkande (Gilbert &amp; Malone, 1995). Denna studie undersökte hur olika ordklasser påverkar svar. Huvudstudien var utformad som ett personlighetstest med påståenden. Resultatet uppvisade en skillnad mellan svaren då påståendena innehöll substantiv eller adjektiv. Respondenterna tenderade att instämma mindre då ordet var ett substantiv, något som förklarades med correspondence bias. Resultatet bekräftade tidigare studier. Replikering med engelsk enkät efterlystes.

Aim. The purpose of this paper was to investigate physical activity questionnaires, and to examine studies of their reliability and validity, focusing on the variable frequency. The research questions were following: 1. What are the methods and the results of the investigated questionnaires’ validity and reproducibility studies? 2. How is the frequency of physical activity assessed and validated in different PA questionnaires? Method. The 16 (out of 24) first questionnaires concerning individuals from 18-69 years were selected from a collection of physical activity questionnaires. The topical International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), both the long and the short version were also included in the investigation. Additional searches for articles were done in PubMed. Information about the design of the in total 18 questionnaires were structured in a scheme toclarify similarities and differences. How the frequency of physical activity (PA) was assessed was of particular interest. To evaluate methods and statistics the first validity and reliability study from each questionnaire’s reference list was selected and reviewed. This based on certain statistical criteria, regarding within-subject variation, test-retest, changes of mean, linear regression analysis, and criterion/construct methods for the validation. Results. The common approach is to compute correlation coefficients (n=18). One validity study out of 18 investigates systematic changes. No study presents results of changes of mean. In many studies, within-subject variation is calculated (n=14). Common validity measures areVO2 max (n=8), PA record (n=7), accelerometer (n=9) and to validate the questionnaire against other questionnaires (n=7). The correlation coefficient is at best r =0.30. Direct assessment of accuracy of reported frequency of PA was not measured in any study. One questionnaire assesses seasonal variations of physical activity. Conclusions. The accuracy of the investigated PA questionnaires is low. There are areas for improvements in the construct and administration of PA questionnaires, and the assessment of PA will need a combination of measurement instruments to cover all aspects of PA. Reliability and validity studies must focus on detecting the order effect and the systematic error of the questionnaire. Until then interpretations of reported physical activity data will be misleading. Current physical activity recommendations may have to be redesigned.

Open access to scientific literature on Internet is a concept which is supposed to change librarians' work. The aim of the thesis was to examine librarians' perception of Open access. A questionnaire survey was conducted among librarians at libraries with specialisation in technique, natural sciences, medicine and pharmacy in Sweden. Even though Open access can be regarded as an alarming for librarians' work, the results of the survey showed that the future of the librarians' profession can be positive if they flexibly adopt their work routines according to changes in publication forms and library users' needs.

No description available.