Biopolymer networks play a major role as part of the cytoskeleton. They provide stable structures and act as a medium for signal transport. These features encourage the application of such networks as organic computation devices. While research on this topic is not advanced yet, previous results are very promising. The protein actin in particular appears advantageous. It can be arranged to various stable structures and transmit several signals. In this study aster shaped networks were self-assembled via entropic forces by the crowding agent methyl cellulose. These networks are characterised by a regular and uniquely thick bundle structure, but have so far only been accounted in droplets of 100 μm diameter. We report now regular asters in an area of a few mm2 that could be observed even after months. Such stability outside of an organism is striking and underlines the great potential actin aster networks display.

Cette thèse se concentre sur des aspects multiorbitales des systèmes fermioniques fortement corrélés. En particulier, sur l'existence d'une différentiation orbitale dans laquelle la coexistence de caractère itinérant et localisé peut être associée à différentes orbitales. Cette problématique est examinée dans le contexte des atomes froids et des matériaux, offrant un pont entre les deux communautés.Dans la première partie de la thèse, nous donnons un aperçu du problème des corrélations fortes dans les matériaux, et nous introduisons le concept de 'transition de Mott sélective en orbitales'. Nous fournissons également les principaux outils pour comprendre comment les matériaux peuvent être simulés avec des atomes froids, et nous présentons des résultats importants liés à la transition métal-isolant de Mott. Les aspects techniques, basées sur la théorie du champ moyen dynamique sont également discutés, et la solution de deux principaux modèles de systèmes fermioniques fortement corrélés, à savoir le modèle d'Hubbard (HM) et le modèle de Falicov-Kimball (FKM), sont passés en revue.Ensuite, nous étudions en détail la physique de deux espèces fermioniques en interaction forte avec des masses différentes dans un réseau optique. Nous établissons les différentes phases (avec et sans ordre à longue portée) en termes de la force des interactions (U), du rapport des masses et de la température (T), et aussi nous discutons les variables thermodynamiques, qui sont pertinentes pour les expériences d'atomes froids. Nous montrons que dans la phase métallique (U inférieure à une valeur critique) et avec un certain degré de différence de masses, un 'crossover' apparaît entre un état métallique du type de liquide de Fermi à basse T, et un état avec différentiation orbital à haute T, où les fermions lourds se localisent tandis que les fermions légers restent itinérant. Par conséquent, nous proposons ce modèle minimal pour étudier la physique des systèmes qui présentent une différentiation orbitale avec des expériences d'atomes froids.Basé sur les propriétés du modèle étudié, nous proposons la 'chromatographie entropique' comme une nouvelle méthode pour refroidir des atomes fermioniques dans les réseaux optiques. Nous discutons son efficacité et ses limites, et fournissons quelques idées afin de les surmonter.Dans la dernière partie de la thèse, nous généralisons le modèle précédent aux matériaux corrélés à plusieurs bandes qui permet d'afficher la différentiation orbitale. Nous montrons que l'état de Mott sélectif en orbital peut être stable sous les distorsions du réseau, modélisées par une hybridation locale entre les orbitales. Cependant, l'état de Mott est caractérisé par un pseudo-gap, où les fluctuations de charge sont brusquement réduites, mais l'état reste compressible. En relation au modèle précédent, nous discutons le 'crossover' entre l'état métallique et l'état sélectif induit par des effets température, nous comparons nos résultats avec les expériences de photoémission, et nous prédisons ce qui se passerait dans les matériaux qui présentent une hybridation locale entre les bandes. / This thesis focuses on multiorbital aspects of strongly correlated fermionic systems. In particular, it focuses on the existence of orbital differentiation in which coexistence of itinerant and localized character can be associated to different orbitals. This subject is discussed in the context of cold atoms and materials, providing a bridge between both communities.In the first part of the thesis, we give an insight into the problem of strong correlations in materials, and we introduce the concept of 'orbital-selective Mott transition'. We also provide the main tools to understand how materials can be simulated with cold atoms experiments, and we present important related results in the context of the metal-Mott insulator transition. The technical aspects, based on dynamical mean-field theory are also discussed, and the solution of two key models of strongly correlated fermionic systems, i.e., the Hubbard model (HM) and the Falicov-Kimball model (FKM), are reviewed.Then we study in detail the physics of two interacting fermionic species with different masses in an optical lattice. We establish the different phases (with and without long-range order) in terms of the interactions strength (U), mass ratio and temperature (T), and also discuss the thermodynamic variables, which are relevant in cold atoms experiments. We show that in the metallic phase (U below a critical value) and for some degree of mass imbalance, a crossover appears between a Fermi-liquid metallic state at low T, and an 'orbital-selective' state at higher T, where the heavy fermions effectively localize while the light species remain itinerant. Hence, we propose this minimal model for addressing orbital-selective physics with cold atoms experiments.Based on the properties of the studied model, we propose the 'entropic chromatography' as a new method for cooling fermionic atoms in optical lattices. We discuss its efficiency and limitations, and provide some ideas in order to overcome them.In the last part of the thesis we generalize the previous model to a model relevant for multiband correlated materials that can display orbital differentiation. We show that the orbital-selective Mott state can be stable under lattice distortions modeled by local hybridization between the orbitals. However, the Mott state is characterized by a pseudogap, where charge fluctuations abruptly reduce, but the state remains compressible. In connection with the previous model, we discuss the temperature-induced orbital-selective crossover in this problem, we compare our results with photoemission experiments, and predict what would happen in materials that display local hybridization between the bands.

Le but de la thèse est de développer d’une part, une méthode permettant de quantifier la chaleur générée par la cellule de manière précise. D’autre part, il s’agit d’évaluer la performance thermique d’un panel de solutions de refroidissement pour les batteries destinées à des applications HEV/PHEV/EV. La première partie de ce rapport présente une méthode d’estimation de la chaleur globale de la cellule, permettant de prendre en compte la chaleur ohmique et la chaleur entropique. Ce modèle d’estimation de perte est couplé à un modèle thermique 2D afin d’estimer la température de la cellule. La température obtenue par simulation pour une cellule LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2/graphite 22 Ah correspond très bien aux mesures expérimentales. Dans la deuxième partie du rapport, la performance thermique de plusieurs solutions de refroidissement (refroidissement à air, refroidissement par matériau à changement de phase (MCP) et refroidissement par caloduc) pour la batterie a été évaluée expérimentalement sous plusieurs puissances de perte et plusieurs conditions de ventilation. Le refroidissement par caloduc s’est révélé d’être une solution efficace, même sous des conditions de ventilation critiques. Quant à la solution de refroidissement par MCP, le prototype qui a été expérimenté a une faible performance thermique. Cela est principalement dû à la faible conductivité thermique de la formulation MCP utilisée. Toutefois, l’utilisation d’autres formulations alternatives de MCP est envisageable. Les résultats de simulation montrent que ces formulations permettraient une amélioration significative de la performance thermique du système de refroidissement par MCP. / Lithium-ion batteries, characterized by their high energy and power density, are highly recommended as power sources for electrified vehicles (HEV/PHEV/EV). However, lithium-ion batteries are very sensitive to their environment and are prone to thermal runaway at high temperature. The goals of this thesis are to develop an accurate lithium-ion cell heat loss calculation method and to investigate the thermal performance of several cooling solutions for HEV/PHEV/EV batteries. The first part presents a global heat calculation procedure for lithium-ion cell which takes into account both the polarization heat and the entropic heat. This heat generation model was coupled with a cell two-dimensional thermal model in order to predict the cell’s temperature. Temperature estimations obtained by simulation for a 22 Ah LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2/graphite cell showed a very good agreement with experimental results. In the second part, thermal performances of several cooling solutions for HEV/PHEV/EV batteries (air, phase change material (PCM) and heat pipe) were evaluated experimentally under several heat rates and cooling conditions. Heat pipe cooling was found to be a promising cooling solution which works efficiently even under low rate ventilation cooling condition. The experimented PCM cooling system had very poor thermal performance, mainly due to the low thermal conductivity of the used PCM formulation. However, simulations showed that significant improvement could be achieved by using another alternative PCM formulation.

Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es die Fick-Jacobs Näherung, welche eine genaue Beschreibung zahlreiche Transporteigenschaften von Brownschen Teilchen in räumlich beschränkten Geometrien liefern kann, auf experimentell vorherrschende Gegebenheiten, z.B., sich stark ändernde Geometrien, komplizierte Kraftfelder, Teilchenausdehnung und endliche viskose Reibung, zu erweitern. Dazu wird zuerst die exakte Lösung für die stationäre Wahrscheinlichkeitsdichte mittels Entwicklung in einem geometrischen Parameter, der die Kanalmodulation misst, berechnet. Die höheren Entwicklungsterme ermöglichen die Berechnung von Korrekturen zu den Transportkoeffizienten für sich stark ändernde Geometrien. Ferner kann die Fick-Jacobs Näherung mittels der Entwicklungsmethode auf beliebige Kraftfelder verallgemeinert werden. Am Beispiel des mikrofluidischen Kanals zeigen wir, dass das Zusammenspiel von externen Kräften (skalare Potentiale) und Strömungen (Vektorpotentiale) zur effizienten Trennung von Objekten, mittels des Effektes des hydrodynamisch induzierten entropischen Einsperrens, genutzt werden kann. Da das effiziente Sortieren nach Größe eine der wichtigsten Ziele in der Grundlagenforschung ist, zeigen wir wie die Teilchenausdehnung in die Fick-Jacobs Näherung integriert werden kann. Abschließend wird der Einfluss der Mediumsviskosität auf den Teilchentransport untersucht. Wenn die Zeitskalen separieren, führt adiabatische Eliminierung auch für endliche Reibung zu einer Fick-Jacobs ähnlichen Beschreibung. Diese ist unweigerlich mit Energiegleichverteilung und mit verschwindender Geschwindigkeitskorrelation verbunden. Numerische Simulationen zeigen, dass diese Beschreibung für moderate bis starke Dämpfung und schwache externe Kräfte akkurat ist. Für starke Kräfte wird die angenommene Energiegleichverteilung infolge von Teilchen-Wand Kollisionen verletzt. Dies führt zu einer nichtlinearen Abhängigkeit der Teilchengeschwindigkeit und des effektiven Diffusionskoeffizienten von der Kraftstärke. / This work intends to show how experimentally relevant issues such as strong channel corrugation, sophisticated external force fields, particle size, and the solvent''s viscosity can be incorporated into the commonly used Fick-Jacobs approach which provides a powerful tool to capture many properties of Brownian particles'' transport in confined geometries. First, we derive exact solutions of the stationary probability distribution in terms of an expansion parameter specifying the channel corrugation. Thereby, the leading order is equivalent to the Fick-Jacobs approach. By means of higher expansion orders, which become significant for strong channel corrugation, we obtain corrections to the key particle transport quantities. Going one step further, we generalize the Fick-Jacobs approach to the most general forces. As an exemplary application, we consider microfluidic devices in which the interplay of conservative forces and pressure-driven flows (vector potentials) offers a unique opportunity to efficiently separate Brownian particles of the same size using the newly discovered effect of hydrodynamically enforced entropic trapping. Since separation and sorting by size is a main challenge in basic research, we demonstrate that within certain limits the analytic expressions for the key transport quantities, derived for point-like particles, can be applied to extended objects, too. Lastly, we study the impact of the solvent''s viscosity on particle transport. If the time scales separate, adiabatic elimination results in an effective description even for finite damping. The possibility of such description is intimately connected with equipartition and vanishing velocity correlation. Numerical simulations show that this approach is accurate for moderate to strong damping and for weak forces. For strong external forces, equipartition may break down due to reflections at the boundaries. This leads to a non-monotonic dependence of the particle mobility on the force strength.

The current work focused on defining the material science options to fabricate novel, high performing ethylene/ethane (C₂H₄/C₂H₆) separation carbon molecular sieve (CMS) dense film membranes. Three polymer precursors: Matrimid®, 6FDA-DAM and 6FDA:BPDA-DAM were used as precursors to the CMS membranes. CMS performances were tailored by way of tuning pyrolysis conditions such as the pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, pyrolysis atmosphere etc. The CMS dense film membranes showed attractive C₂H₄/C₂H₆ separation performance far exceeding the polymeric membrane performances. Semi-quantitative diffusion size pore distributions were constructed by studying the transport performance of a range of different penetrant gases as molecular sized probes of the CMS pore structure. This, in conjunction with separation performance data, provided critical insights into the structure-performance relationships of the CMS materials. The effects of testing conditions, i.e. the testing temperature, pressure and feed composition on C₂H₄/C₂H₆ separation performance of CMS dense films were also analyzed. These studies were useful not just in predicting the membrane behavior from a practical stand-point, but also in a fundamental understanding of the nature of CMS membrane separation. The study helped clarify why CMS membranes outperform polymeric membrane performance, as well as allowed comparison between CMS derived from different precursors and processing conditions. The effects on C₂H₄/C₂H₆ separation in the presence of binary gas mixture were also assessed to get a more realistic measure of the CMS performance resulting from competition and bulk flow effects. The current work thus establishes a framework for guiding research ultimately aimed at providing a convenient, potentially scalable hollow fiber membrane formation technology for C₂H₄/C₂H₆ separation

Le but principal de ce manuscrit est celui de présenter une nouvelle méthode d'interpolation entre des probabilités inspirée du problème de Schrödinger, problème de minimisation entropique ayant des liens très forts avec le transport optimal. À l'aide de solutions au problème de Schrödinger, nous obtenons un schéma d'approximation robuste jusqu'au deuxième ordre et différent de Brenier-McCann qui permet d'établir la formule de dérivation du deuxième ordre le long des géodésiques Wasserstein dans le cadre de espaces RCD* de dimension finie. Cette formule était inconnue même dans le cadre des espaces d'Alexandrov et nous en donnerons quelques applications. La démonstration utilise un ensemble remarquable de nouvelles propriétés pour les solutions au problème de Schrödinger dynamique :- une borne uniforme des densités le long des interpolations entropiques ;- la lipschitzianité uniforme des potentiels de Schrödinger ;- un contrôle L2 uniforme des accélérations. Ces outils sont indispensables pour explorer les informations géométriques encodées par les interpolations entropiques. Les techniques utilisées peuvent aussi être employées pour montrer que la solution visqueuse de l'équation d'Hamilton-Jacobi peut être récupérée à travers une méthode de « vanishing viscosity », comme dans le cas lisse.Dans tout le manuscrit, plusieurs remarques sur l'interprétation physique du problème de Schrödinger seront mises en lumière. Cela pourra aider le lecteur à mieux comprendre les motivations probabilistes et physiques du problème, ainsi qu'à les connecter avec la nature analytique et géométrique de la dissertation. / Main aim of this manuscript is to present a new interpolation technique for probability measures, which is strongly inspired by the Schrödinger problem, an entropy minimization problem deeply related to optimal transport. By means of the solutions to the Schrödinger problem, we build an efficient approximation scheme, robust up to the second order and different from Brenier-McCann's classical one. Such scheme allows us to prove the second order differentiation formula along geodesics in finite-dimensional RCD* spaces. This formula is new even in the context of Alexandrov spaces and we provide some applications.The proof relies on new, even in the smooth setting, estimates concerning entropic interpolations which we believe are interesting on their own. In particular we obtain:- equiboundedness of the densities along the entropic interpolations,- equi-Lipschitz continuity of the Schrödinger potentials,- a uniform weighted L2 control of the Hessian of such potentials. These tools are very useful in the investigation of the geometric information encoded in entropic interpolations. The techniques used in this work can be also used to show that the viscous solution of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation can be obtained via a vanishing viscosity method, in accordance with the smooth case. Throughout the whole manuscript, several remarks on the physical interpretation of the Schrödinger problem are pointed out. Hopefully, this will allow the reader to better understand the physical and probabilistic motivations of the problem as well as to connect them with the analytical and geometric nature of the dissertation.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2017-09-20T19:09:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Lucas Nunes Jorge - 2017.pdf: 5873752 bytes, checksum: 804e244800839331e5594855dcd427a8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-09-21T10:49:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Lucas Nunes Jorge - 2017.pdf: 5873752 bytes, checksum: 804e244800839331e5594855dcd427a8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-21T10:49:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Lucas Nunes Jorge - 2017.pdf: 5873752 bytes, checksum: 804e244800839331e5594855dcd427a8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-04 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / In this work, we used a refined entropy sampling technique based on the Wang- Landau method and finite-size scaling techniques to study variations of the Baxter-Wu model, namely: spin-$1/2$, spin-$1$, spin-$1$ with the crystal field interaction and was done a three-dimensional proposal for the model. It was also verified characteristics in the order parameter to be adopted in the simulations. The universality class and the critical temperature were calculated for the spin-$1/2$ case, and the results founded were in good agreement with the exact ones found in the literature. We sought to determine the kind of the phase transition that the model suffers for the spin-$1$ case, being carried out a detailed study for continuous and discontinuous phase transitions. The Baxter-Wu model with crystal field, $D$, had its phase diagram constructed, as well as the determination of the point at which discontinuous transitions finalizes. The critical exponent, $\nu$, was evaluated for several values of the crystal field, where we verified is variation along the critical line, with the existence of a peak, corroborating the existence of a multicritic behavior of the model. We also observed the existence of an anomaly in the specific heat, associated to the Schottky defect. This anomaly appears more clearly for values of $D \geq 1.990$. In the study of the order parameter, we verified that in the simulations one should not, when considering lattice sizes multiple of three, use the order parameter as the total magnetization of the lattice, but to consider the magnetization by sub-lattices. When working with sizes of lattices that are not multiples of three, it is not a problem to adopt the order parameter as the total magnetization of the lattice. A three-dimensional proposal was also made for the Baxter-Wu model, and its phase transition was characterized. / Neste trabalho, utilizamos uma técnica de amostragem entrópica com refinamentos baseada no método de Wang-Landau e técnicas de escala de tamanho finito para estudar variações do modelo de Baxter-Wu, a saber: spin-$1/2$, spin-$1$, spin-$1$ na presença de anisotropia de campo cristalino, onde também foi feita uma proposta tridimensional para o modelo. Foram verificadas também características no parâmetro de ordem a ser adotado nas simulações. A classe de universalidade e a temperatura crítica foram calculadas para o caso spin-$1/2$, e os resultados encontrados tiveram boa concordância com os resultados exatos que constam na literatura. Buscou-se determinar o tipo de transição de fase que o modelo descreve para o caso spin-$1$, sendo feito um detalhado estudo para transições de fases contínua e descontínua. O modelo de Baxter-Wu com interação do campo cristalino, $D$, teve o seu diagrama de fases construído, bem como a determinação do ponto em que terminam as transições descontínuas. O expoente crítico, $\nu$, foi avaliado para diversos valores do campo cristalino, onde verificamos a sua variação ao longo da linha crítica, com o aparecimento de um pico, corroborando a existência de um comportamento multicrítico do modelo. Observamos também uma anomalia no calor específico, que pode ser associada ao defeito Schottky. Essa anomalia aparece de maneira mais significativa para valores de $D\geqslant1.990$. No estudo do parâmetro de ordem, verificamos que nas simulações não se deve, ao considerar tamanhos de redes múltiplos de três, utilizar o parâmetro de ordem como a magnetização total da rede, mas tomar a magnetização por sub-redes. Ao se trabalhar com tamanhos de redes que não sejam múltiplos de três, não há problema em adotá-lo como a magnetização total da rede. Foi feita também uma proposta tridimensional para o modelo de Baxter-Wu, e foi caracterizada a sua transição de fases.

En physique des plasmas, le transport des électrons peut être décrit d'un point de vue cinétique ou d'un point de vue hydrodynamique.En théorie cinétique, une équation de Fokker-Planck couplée aux équations de Maxwell est utilisée habituellement pour décrire l'évolution des électrons dans un plasma collisionnel. Plus précisément la solution de l'équation cinétique est une fonction de distribution non négative f spécifiant la densité des particules en fonction de la vitesse des particules, le temps et la position dans l'espace. Afin d'approcher la solution de ce problème cinétique, de nombreuses méthodes de calcul ont été développées. Ici, une méthode déterministe est proposée dans une géométrie plane. Cette méthode est basée sur différents schémas numériques d'ordre élevé . Chaque schéma déterministe utilisé présente de nombreuses propriétés fondamentales telles que la conservation du flux de particules, la préservation de la positivité de la fonction de distribution et la conservation de l'énergie. Cependant, le coût de calcul cinétique pour cette méthode précise est trop élevé pour être utilisé dans la pratique, en particulier dans un espace multidimensionnel.Afin de réduire ce temps de calcul, le plasma peut être décrit par un modèle hydrodynamique. Toutefois, pour les nouvelles cibles à haute énergie, les effets cinétiques sont trop importants pour les négliger et remplacer le calcul cinétique par des modèles habituels d'Euler macroscopiques. C'est pourquoi une approche alternative est proposée en considérant une description intermédiaire entre le modèle fluide et le modèle cinétique. Pour décrire le transport des électrons, le nouveau modèle réduit cinétique M1 est basé sur une approche aux moments pour le système Maxwell-Fokker-Planck. Ce modèle aux moments utilise des intégrations de la fonction de distribution des électrons sur la direction de propagation et ne retient que l'énergie des particules comme variable cinétique. La variable de vitesse est écrite en coordonnées sphériques et le modèle est défini en considérant le système de moments par rapport à la variable angulaire. La fermeture du système de moments est obtenue sous l'hypothèse que la fonction de distribution est une fonction d'entropie minimale. Ce modèle satisfait les propriétés fondamentales telles que la conservation de la positivité de la fonction de distribution, les lois de conservation pour les opérateurs de collision et la dissipation d'entropie. En outre une discrétisation entropique avec la variable de vitesse est proposée sur le modèle semi-discret. De plus, le modèle M1 peut être généralisé au modèle MN en considérant N moments donnés. Le modèle aux N-moments obtenu préserve également les propriétés fondamentales telles que les lois de conservation et la dissipation de l'entropie. Le schéma semi-discret associé préserve les propriétés de conservation et de décroissance de l'entropie. / In plasma physics, the transport of electrons can be described from a kinetic point of view or from an hydrodynamical point of view.Classically in kinetic theory, a Fokker-Planck equation coupled with Maxwell equations is used to describe the evolution of electrons in a collisional plasma. More precisely the solution of the kinetic equations is a non-negative distribution function f specifying the density of particles as a function of velocity of particles, the time and the position in space. In order to approximate the solution of such problems, many computational methods have been developed. Here, a deterministic method is proposed in a planar geometry. This method is based on different high order numerical schemes. Each deterministic scheme used presents many fundamental properties such as conservation of flux particles, preservation of positivity of the distribution function and conservation of energy. However the kinetic computation of this accurate method is too expensive to be used in practical computation especially in multi-dimensional space.To reduce the computational time, the plasma can be described by an hydrodynamic model. However for the new high energy target drivers, the kinetic effects are too important to neglect them and replace kinetic calculus by usual macroscopic Euler models.That is why an alternative approach is proposed by considering an intermediate description between the fluid and the kinetic level. To describe the transport of electrons, the new reduced kinetic model M1 proposed is based on a moment approach for Maxwell-Fokker-Planck equations. This moment model uses integration of the electron distribution function on the propagating direction and retains only the energy of particles as kinetic variable. The velocity variable is written in spherical coordinates and the model is written by considering the system of moments with respect to the angular variable. The closure of the moments system is obtained under the assumption that the distribution function is a minimum entropy function. This model is proved to satisfy fundamental properties such as the non-negativity of the distribution function, conservation laws for collision operators and entropy dissipation. Moreover an entropic discretization in the velocity variable is proposed on the semi-discrete model. Moreover the M1 model can be generalized to the MN model by considering N given moments. The N-moments model obtained also preserves fundamental properties such as conservation laws and entropy dissipation. The associated semi-discrete scheme is shown to preserve the conservation properties and entropy decay.

Dans cette thèse, nous analysons l’écoulement et les transferts thermiques convectifs dans des modèles géométriques d’échangeurs de chaleur multi-rangs de tubes à ailettes planes continues. Dans un premier temps, les phénomènes Aérauliques qui s’y développent sont mis en évidence par des mesures PIV et LDA. Une étude locale de la génération, du développement, de l’évolution spatiale etde la dissipation des enroulements tourbillonnaires produits dans l’échangeur est effectuée. Dans un second temps, des simulations numériques U-RANS sont réalisées et validées par comparaison de la structuration de l’écoulement et de la dynamique tourbillonnaire aux mesures expérimentales. Dansun troisième temps, l’influence de ces tourbillons sur le transfert thermique est mise en exergue. Les performances d’échange sont caractérisées selon une analyse de synergie entre le champ de vitesse, les gradients de vitesse et de température ainsi qu’en évaluant les irréversibilités thermoaérauliques produites dans l’écoulement. Dans un quatrième temps, une analyse de l’influence de la forme du tube sur les performances thermoaérauliques locales et globales de l’échangeur est effectuée selon le premier et le second principe de la Thermodynamique. Les transferts thermiques, les pertes visqueuses ainsique les taux de production d’entropie thermique et visqueuse dans le fluide sont évalués. Enfin une méthode d’optimisation géométrique globale basée sur l’analyse factorielle de TAGUCHI est utilisée pour sélectionner les paramètres les plus influents sur les performances thermoaérauliques globales dans l’optique d’une conception optimisée des surfaces d’échange pour une application à la climatisationferroviaire. / In this thesis, we analyze the flow and convective heat transfer in multi-row plain fin and tube heat exchangers. The aeraulic phenomena that occur in these devices are first highlighted by means of PIV and LDA measurements. A local study of horseshoe vortices production, development, spatial evolution and dissipation is therefore performed. Secondly, Unsteady RANS modeling of the flow is carried out by means of numerical simulations and the results are validated by comparing theflow structure and the vortex dynamics with experimental data. In a third step, the influence of these vortices on heat transfer is highlighted. The thermalhydraulic performances are characterized on the basis of an analysis of synergy between the velocity field, velocity gradients and temperature gradients.The thermal and viscous entropy rate generated in the flow are locally characterized. In a fourth step, an analysis of the influence of the tube pattern on thermalhydraulic performances is performed by considering the first and the second law of thermodynamics. The convective heat transfer and wallviscous friction losses are evaluated as well as thermal and viscous entropy production rates. Finally an overall geometrical optimization process based on the factorial analysis of TAGUCHI is used to select the major parameters that affect the thermalhydraulic performances aiming to optimize the design ofmultirow plain fin-and-tube heat exchangers for HVAC applications in rail transport.

Quando um sistema quântico é acoplado à diversos banhos térmicos de diferentes temperaturas, eventualmente um estado estacionário fora do equilíbrio (NESS), caracterizado por correntes internas de calor é atingido. Por um lado, essas correntes são responsáveis por causar decoerência e produzir entropia no sistema. Entretanto, sua existência também induz correlações entre diferentes partes do sistema. Neste trabalho, nós exploramos este duplo aspecto dos NESSs. Usando técnicas do espaço de fase nós calculamos a produção de entropia de Wigner em redes lineares harmônicas. Trabalhando no célebre limite de fraco acoplamento interno e dissipativo, nós obtivemos expressões simples e frechadas para a contribuição de cada corrente de quasi-probabilidade na entropia. Nossa análise também mostra que, a dinâmica interna (reversével) é exclusivamente responsável em manter a produção de entropia (irreversível) estacionária. Considerando um ponto de vista informacional, nós trabalhamos no problema de como quantificar a informação compartilhada entre partes desconexas de uma cadeia quântica em um estado estacionário fora do equilíbrio. Nós mostramos então que esta é mais precisamente caracterizada utilizando a informação mútua condicional (CMI), um quantificador mais geral de correlações tripartites do que a usual informação mútua. Como aplicação, nós utilizamos o paradigmático problema da transferência de energia em uma cadeia de osciladores sujeita a banhos internos auto-consistentes, que podem ser usados para mudar de um transporte balístico para difusivo. Nós encontramos que a produção de entropia escala com diferentes leis de potência nos regimes balístico e difusivo, permitindo então quantificar o \'\'custo entrópico da difusividade\'\'. Nós também computamos a CMI para cadeias de diversos tamanhos e assim encontramos leis de escala relacionando a informação compartilhada com a difusividade. Finalmente nós discutimos como esta nova perspectiva na caracterização de sistemas fora do equilíbrio pode ser aplicada para entender o problema de equilibração local em estados fora do equilíbrio. / When a quantum system is coupled to several heat baths at different temperatures, it eventually reaches a non-equilibrium steady state (NESS) featuring stationary internal heat currents. From one side, these currents are responsible to cause decorehence and produce entropy in the system. However, their existence also induce correlations between different parts of the system. In this work, we explore this two-folded aspect of NESSs. Using phase-space techniques we calculate the Wigner entropy production on general linear networks of harmonic nodes. Working in the ubiquitous limit of weak internal coupling and weak dissipation, we obtain simple closed-form expressions for the entropic contribution of each individual quasi-probability current. Our analysis also shows that, it is exclusively the (reversible) internal dynamics which maintain the stationary (irreversible) entropy production. From the informational point of view, we address how to quantify the amount of information that disconnected parts of a quantum chain share in a non-equilibrium steady-state. As we show, this is more precisely captured by the conditional mutual information (CMI), a more general quantifier of tripartite correlations than the usual mutual information. As an application, we apply our framework to the paradigmatic problem of energy transfer through a chain of oscillators subject to self-consistent internal baths that can be used to tune the transport from ballistic to diffusive. We find that the entropy production scales with different power law behaviors in the ballistic and diffusive regimes, hence allowing us to quantify what is the \'\'entropic cost of diffusivity\'\'. We also compute the CMI for arbitrary sizes and thus find the scaling rules connecting information sharing and diffusivity. Finally, we discuss how this new perspective in the characterization of non-equilibrium systems may be applied to understand the issue of local equilibration in non-equilibrium states.