This thesis develops a macroeconomic model with monopolistic competition and considers the search cost for consumption in order to analyze how advertising influences the major macroeconomic variables and causes the entry barriers. In the short run, we find that advertising will raise aggregate output. The higher the sensitivity of advertising elasticity of search cost, the greater the rising of aggregate output. Further, whether the price level rise or fall is dependent on the magnitude of the advertising elasticity of search cost. The higher sensitivity of this elasticity on advertising, the higher the price level. Moreover, advertising does not influence the market power in the short run. In the long run, we find that whether advertising causes the barriers to entry is determined by the sensitivity of the advertising elasticity of search cost. When this elasticity is small, advertising will create the entry barriers and further strengthen the monopoly power for firms. Furthermore, how advertising affects the price level and aggregate output depends not only on the advertising elasticity of search cost, but also the sensitivity of the elasticity of substitution on the number of firms.

In 2001 the Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF) was created by some of the world’s leading natural gas producing and exporting countries in order to promote their mutual interests through cooperation, in particular with regard to extracting the maximum value from their natural gas exports. My core research question is: Does cooperation among GECF member countries explain those exporters’ market power in highly import-dependent natural gas consuming countries? To determine the influence of the GECF’s cooperative actions and policies, I study the GECF’s cooperative behaviour and measure the role of (collusive) producer conduct in terms of its contribution to achieving the main GECF objective: attaining gas prices that are measurably above the cost of production and hence help producers earn significant economic rents. I employ a variety of methods from the international relations literature on cooperation and cartelisation, collective action theory and an economic measurement model in three case studies. I find that cooperation among GECF members partly explains their market power in a number of import-dependent gas markets. This is so despite the GECF’s weak degree of institutionalisation. The reasons for the GECF’s influence on effective cooperative results are: first, conducive structural conditions in many gas importing markets favouring cartelisation; second, GECF members use methods such as artificial market entry barriers (e.g. long-term term contracts negotiated in a non-transparent way) to secure their market power and third, the GECF faces less severe internal procedural challenges that plague other cartels such as collective action problems, especially cheating. Cooperation among GECF exporters hence contributes to high(er) prices of natural gas. This causes economic inefficiencies and a transfer of wealth—and political power—from gas consumers to producers. It also hinders climate change mitigation as cleanerburning gas remains too expensive to replace ‘dirty’ coal in power generation.

Studien analyserar effekterna av inträdesregleringar på svenska industriers produktivitetstillväxt och om det föreligger någon skillnad i effekten mellan tillverkningsindustrin jämfört med övriga industrier. Variablerna för inträdesregleringar, hämtade från Doing Business av World Bank Group, är kostnaden för att starta upp ett företag samt det inbetalda minimikapitalet som krävs av en entreprenör för att starta upp ett företag. Syftet besvaras ekonometriskt där data från Statistiska centralbyrån och World Bank Group under tidsperioden 2004-2013 struktureras som paneldata. Totalt inkluderar studien data från 154 industrier. Resultatet visar att inträdesregleringar har en positiv effekt på förädlingsvärdestillväxten hos de svenska industrierna. Den positiva effekten av variabeln kostnad på förädlingsvärdestillväxten är större hos tillverkningsindustrin jämfört med hos övrig industri. Däremot finns det ingen signifikant skillnad i effekten av inbetalt minimikapital på förädlingsvärdestillväxten mellan tillverkningsindustrin och övrig industri. Resultatet är i medhåll med public choice teorin samt Bains teori kring inträdesregleringar, där hårdare, mer kostsamma regleringar leder till en ökad produktivitetstillväxt. / This study analyzes the effects of entry regulations on industries’ productivity growth in Sweden, measured as value added growth, and if there exists some differences in the effect between manufacturing industries compared to other industries. Two regulatory variables are used in this study, the cost to start up a business and the paid-in minimum capital required for an entrepreneur to start up a business, both from World Bank Group’s Doing Business. The study is an econometric study of Swedish industries during the time period 2004-2013. Data is structured as a panel data taken from the Statistics Sweden and World Bank Group. The result shows a positive effect of entry regulations on the value added growth in Swedish industries. The positive effect of the cost variable on value added growth is greater in the manufacturing industry compared to other industries. There is no significant difference in the effect of paid-in minimum capital on the value added growth between the manufacturing industry and other industries. The results are consistent with the public choice theory and Bain’s theory of entry regulations, where more strict regulations such as higher entry costs lead to an increase in productivity.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:00:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FACE.pdf: 89333 bytes, checksum: 9fe2d3791aae56820ee8b6646c8b46fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-06-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Trata-se de uma abordagem teórica sobre Propriedade Intelectual com ênfase em Trade Secrets como barreira à entrada. Os avanços em criptologia no campo da matemática podem vir a se somar aos esforços teóricos desenvolvidos em Microeconomia em Organização Industrial. Neste contexto, a criptologia é resgatada historicamente e são apresentadas suas principais funções na Propriedade Intelectual, em especial no Trade Secrets. Questiona-se aqui: Por que as empresas criptografam seus processos produtivos? A propriedade intelectual em especial os Trade Secrets tem desempenhado importante papel, enquanto barreira à entrada na economia contemporânea? Como a criptologia e seus respectivos desenvolvimentos na matemática podem contribuir para o fortalecimento do segredo industrial? Percebe-se que apesar da presença marcante da criptografia e dos bens incorpóreos na Economia Contemporânea, ainda são escassas as análises teóricas, os estudos de caso e os bancos de dados sobre Propriedade Intelectual e principalmente, sobre Trade Secrets. Contribui ao explicitar seus conceitos e alertar para a importância de intensificação de pesquisa científica sobre o tema possibilitando, dessa forma, uma melhor compreensão da dinâmica econômica empresarial na atualidade. / This work presents a theoretical approach on intellectual property with emphasis in trade secrets as entry barriers. Progress in cryptology in the field of the mathematics can be added to the theoretical efforts developed in microeconomics in industrial organization. In this context, cryptology is rescued historically and its main functions are presented in the intellectual property, especially in trade secrets. This research questions: Why do the firms cryptograph their productive processes? Has intellectual property, especially trade secrets, been playing an important role as a barrier to entry in the contemporary economy? How can cryptology and its respective developments in mathematics contribute to the strengthening of the industrial secret? It is noticed that in spite of the outstanding presence of cryptography and of the incorporeal goods in the contemporary economy, the theoretical analyses are still scarce, as are case studies and databases on intellectual property and mainly, on trade secrets. This research contributes to explication of its concepts and warns about the importance of intensification of scientific research on this topic, in order to reach a better understanding of managerial economical dynamics at the present time.

The presented text first summarizes the basic principles and objectives of liberalization in the European Union. Additionally, a short introduction to liberalization of the service sector is presented. In particular, the thesis aims towards two goals. Firstly, it analyses the postal market liberalization on a sample of chosen countries that were first on a way to fully accomplished postal market opening. The analysis regards Sweden, Great Britain, Netherlands, Germany and Estonia. Secondly, the emphasis was given to identification of potential entry barriers, which could distort competition on a seemingly fully liberalized postal market.

The international marketer is challenging new factors in the present globalized world. Such marketer has often to solve conflicts resulting from different laws, cultures and societies, and overcome a variety of constraints when entering or establishing foreign markets. Entering and establishing new markets is a complicated process affected by both, external and internal factors. To be successful in new markets, said marketers must formulate market entry strategy with regard to those factors. This paper was written with the purpose to investigate the relationship between relatedness of core business and business regarding the market in question, government policies and regulations, and entry strategy of companies entering the U.S. renal services market. We have carried out the exploratory research based mainly on secondary data obtained from annual reports from 1995 to 2005. The one case study on the Swedish health care company Gambro was conducted in order to formulate hypotheses, which can be proven in prospective research. The whole paper is written in the context of PSE market entry model developed by Anders Pehrsson. Based on the analysis we suggest that if the perception of barriers is low and the relatedness between core business and business regarding market in question is high, companies prefer a non-organic growth when entering the market.

<p>The international marketer is challenging new factors in the present globalized world. Such marketer has often to solve conflicts resulting from different laws, cultures and societies, and overcome a variety of constraints when entering or establishing foreign markets. Entering and establishing new markets is a complicated process affected by both, external and internal factors. To be successful in new markets, said marketers must formulate market entry strategy with regard to those factors. This paper was written with the purpose to investigate the relationship between relatedness of core business and business regarding the market in question, government policies and regulations, and entry strategy of companies entering the U.S. renal services market. We have carried out the exploratory research based mainly on secondary data obtained from annual reports from 1995 to 2005. The one case study on the Swedish health care company Gambro was conducted in order to formulate hypotheses, which can be proven in prospective research. The whole paper is written in the context of PSE market entry model developed by Anders Pehrsson. Based on the analysis we suggest that if the perception of barriers is low and the relatedness between core business and business regarding market in question is high, companies prefer a non-organic growth when entering the market.</p>

Η διατριβή εξετάζει το ρόλο της παραγωγικής αποτελεσματικότητας ως μιας σύνθετης μεταβλητής (τεχνική αποτελεσματικότητα και αποτελεσματικότητα κλίμακας) που αποτυπώνει τη συμπεριφορά των επιχειρήσεων ενός κλάδου.σε επίπεδο διακλαδικής ανάλυσης εξετάζεται ο ρόλος της παραγωγικής αποτελεσματικότητας ως μεταβλητή η οποία αποτυπώνει στρατηγικά διαμορφωμένα εμπόδια εισόδου στους ενεργειοβόρους κλάδους της ελληνικής βιομηχανίας. σε επίπεδο ενδοκλαδικής ανάλυσης εξετάζεται ρόλος της παραγωγικής αποτελεσματικότητας ως μεταβλητή η οποία επηρεάζει την πιθανότητα εισόδου νέων επιχειρήσεων σε ένα κλάδο και την πιθανότητα εξόδου υπαρχόντων επιχειρήσεων απο ένα κλάδο. / It analyses the role of multifaceted productive efficiency (technical and scale efficiency)as a variable that captures the conduct of firms in an industry. at the interindustry level of analysis productive efficiency is analysed as a variable that captures strategic entry barriers in the greek energy intensive manufacturing industries. at the intraindustry level of analysis productive efficiency is analysed as a variable that affects the probability of new firms entering an industry and the probability of existing firms exiting the industry.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:00:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FACE.pdf: 89333 bytes, checksum: 9fe2d3791aae56820ee8b6646c8b46fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-06-26 / CAPES / Trata-se de uma abordagem teórica sobre Propriedade Intelectual com ênfase em Trade Secrets como barreira à entrada. Os avanços em criptologia no campo da matemática podem vir a se somar aos esforços teóricos desenvolvidos em Microeconomia em Organização Industrial. Neste contexto, a criptologia é resgatada historicamente e são apresentadas suas principais funções na Propriedade Intelectual, em especial no Trade Secrets. Questiona-se aqui: Por que as empresas criptografam seus processos produtivos? A propriedade intelectual em especial os Trade Secrets tem desempenhado importante papel, enquanto barreira à entrada na economia contemporânea? Como a criptologia e seus respectivos desenvolvimentos na matemática podem contribuir para o fortalecimento do segredo industrial? Percebe-se que apesar da presença marcante da criptografia e dos bens incorpóreos na Economia Contemporânea, ainda são escassas as análises teóricas, os estudos de caso e os bancos de dados sobre Propriedade Intelectual e principalmente, sobre Trade Secrets. Contribui ao explicitar seus conceitos e alertar para a importância de intensificação de pesquisa científica sobre o tema possibilitando, dessa forma, uma melhor compreensão da dinâmica econômica empresarial na atualidade. / This work presents a theoretical approach on intellectual property with emphasis in trade secrets as entry barriers. Progress in cryptology in the field of the mathematics can be added to the theoretical efforts developed in microeconomics in industrial organization. In this context, cryptology is rescued historically and its main functions are presented in the intellectual property, especially in trade secrets. This research questions: Why do the firms cryptograph their productive processes? Has intellectual property, especially trade secrets, been playing an important role as a barrier to entry in the contemporary economy? How can cryptology and its respective developments in mathematics contribute to the strengthening of the industrial secret? It is noticed that in spite of the outstanding presence of cryptography and of the incorporeal goods in the contemporary economy, the theoretical analyses are still scarce, as are case studies and databases on intellectual property and mainly, on trade secrets. This research contributes to explication of its concepts and warns about the importance of intensification of scientific research on this topic, in order to reach a better understanding of managerial economical dynamics at the present time.

The internet and the rise of e-commerce have changed the foundation for how Swedish fashion companies operates. The shift has simplified for businesses to reach foreign customers who are vital for the fashion companies as the Swedish market is too small to nurture all existing companies. To expand abroad often requires plenty of resources to overcome structural entry barriers. One marketing tool that Swedish fashion companies have used to avoid high expenditures is Affiliate marketing, a cost-effective digital marketing instrument. Therefore, is the purpose of this study to broaden the discussion about Affiliate marketing. Furthermore, this thesis will try to understand how Swedish fashion companies have incorporated Affiliate marketing to overcome market entry barriers. The result from the empirical findings gave indications that Affiliate marketing has had an impact on the Swedish fashion companies’ expansion. It was important for the interviewed companies to collaborate with different bloggers and websites, to create a certain awareness about the companies’ products on the new markets. The study also showed that Affiliate marketing could lower entry barriers by itself but also exposes businesses to new barriers as logistic- and payment solutions that must work simultaneously. The outcome of the study shows that it is significantly important for a Swedish fashion company to have a proper logistics- and payment system in place before a company implements Affiliate marketing, as the method will otherwise prove ineffective. / Enligt en rapport från Tillväxtverket är den svenska marknaden för mode för liten för att mätta allabefintliga bolag. För att nå ut till nya kunder har svenska modeföretag använt sig av e-handel ochonline marknadsföring. Affiliate marketing är en kostnadseffektiv digital marknadsföringsmetod somsvenska modeföretag har använt sig av. Eftersom att det är vitalt för svenska företag att marknadsförasig på och exportera sina produkter till andra marknader är syftet med uppsatsen att breddaforskningen kring Affiliate och försöka förstå Affiliate marketings roll i svenska modeföretagexpansionsstrategi och hur företagen har använt Affiliate marketing i sin expandering. Efter att ha genomfört intervjuer gav resultatet från empirin indikationer om att Affiliate marketinghade haft en påverkan på svenska modeföretags genomförda expansion utomlands. Det var viktigt förde intervjuade företagen att kunna samverka med olika intressenter som kunde agera publicister ochskapade intresse på de nya marknaderna. Resultatet visade att Affiliate marketing inte enskilt kundesänka etableringshinder utan att företag var tvungna att genomföra andra åtgärder samtidigt.Det var av större vikt att som företag ha implementerat en fungerande logistik- och betalningslösningpå plats innan svenska modeföretag använde sig av någon typ av marknadsföring som exempelvisAffiliate marketing.