Esta dissertação trata de um processo metodológico a ser empregado na etapa de planejamento de rodovias que atravessam áreas urbanizadas. Estuda-se o desenvolvimento de uma análise multicriterial para a seleção de um melhor traçado para a futura rodovia, levando em consideração não apenas questões geométricas de engenharia, historicamente utilizadas para a definição de diretrizes rodoviárias, mas agregando quesitos cada vez mais importantes para a sociedade moderna, como as questões ambientais. Inicialmente realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica de algumas experiências internacionais e uma nacional, onde o estudo de alternativas considerou diversos aspectos, inclusive os ambientais, a fim de embasar a definição de um conjunto de critérios e indicadores para a análise e avaliação de alternativas de traçado. Posteriormente, com o apoio de especialistas rodoviários e ambientais estabeleceu-se um novo conjunto de critérios e indicadores de avaliação para a metodologia proposta. A seguir, o número de critérios e indicadores foi reduzido e revisto para a sua aplicação em um estudo de caso, em função dos dados disponíveis. Assim, o modelo proposto para análise e avaliação das alternativas de traçado foi desenvolvido em etapas sucessivas – desde a pesquisa bibliográfica até a disponibilização de dados – conformando um conjunto hierarquizado de critérios e indicadores. Realizou-se uma aplicação deste método (Estudo de Caso) ao estudo de alternativas de traçado de um trecho do Rodoanel Mario Covas, na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, através de entrevistas com diversos atores da sociedade e aplicação do Método de Auxílio à Tomada de Decisão denominado Método de Análise Hierárquica - MAH. Os resultados obtidos no estudo de caso apresentado permitem considerar o modelo proposto como válido para ser aplicado na etapa de planejamento de uma rodovia que atravessa área urbanizada, ensejando o início de uma avaliação de impactos ambientais em nível estratégico e preliminar, apontando os aspectos ambientais como os mais críticos e determinantes em um estudo de alternativas de traçado deste tipo. Assim, entende-se que as alternativas de traçado recomendadas através da aplicação do modelo proposto foram as que apresentaram impactos ambientais menos críticos, em conformidade com os julgamentos dos atores representantes dos diversos setores da sociedade envolvidos com o assunto. / This dissertation deals with a methodological process to be applied during the planning stage of urban expressways. A multicriterial analysis is proposed to select the most adequate alignment of the future highway, considering not only geometrical engineering factors, usually taken in account in highway design, but including other important questions of a modern society, such as the environmental ones. Initially, a bibliographical review was conducted involving international and brazilian experiences, where the study of alignment alternatives took in account several factors, including the environmental ones, in order to define a set of criteria and indicators to be used in the evaluation of different alternatives. Then, with the support of highway and environment specialists, a new set was proposed. Finally, the number of criteria and indicators was reviewed and reduced to conform to available data and applied in a case study. The model proposed to analyse and evaluate alignment alternatives was developed in successive stages – from bibliographical review to data collection – establishing a hierarchical set of criteria and indicators. This model was applied in a case study related to the study of alignment alternatives of the São Paulo Ring Road, through interviews with different agents and the application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process – AHP. Results obtained indicated that the proposed model is suitable to be applied in the planning stage of an urban expressway, leading to strategic environmental impact assessment, and pointing environmental factors as the most critical and important ones in an alignment alternatives study. It is understood that the selected alternatives under this process are the ones that present less critical environmental impacts, according to judgements expressed by different agents from several society sectors involved with this matter.

L'exploitation artisanale, à petite échelle du diamant se pratique dans tous les pays de l'Union du Fleuve Mano (Côte d'Ivoire, Guinée, Libéria et Sierra Leone) de façon rudimentaire et parfois de façon informelle. L'exploitation minière artisanale du diamant offre cependant une importante stratégie de subsistance aux communautés locales car elle constitue l'activité principale de la plupart des travailleurs mineurs dans l'Union du Fleuve Mano (UFM). Il ressort de nos études de terrain et des enquêtes auprès des artisans mineurs que ce type d'exploitation minière a des impacts directs sur les galeries forestières, le sol et les cours d'eau. De plus, nous montrons que la réduction des impacts environnementaux engendrés par l'exploitation artisanale, à petite échelle de diamants n'est pas ressentie comme une nécessité ni comme une préoccupation majeure au sein de la communauté des artisans mineurs. Il y a souvent de la part des artisans mineurs un manque de compréhension des problèmes environnementaux et une insuffisante capacité à y faire face, comme le révèle notre étude menée sur trois sites Bobi, Toubabouko et Tortiya en Côte d'Ivoire. Les aires protégées au titre de leurs biodiversités, qui revêtent une importance écologique et socioéconomique majeure pour les populations des pays de la région de l'UFM, subissent malheureusement des pressions importantes du fait de cette exploitation minière artisanale du diamant. D'autant que bien souvent la population des artisans mineurs des sites enquêtés se révèle être en situation socio-économique très précaire et être souvent préoccupée par sa survie dans des conditions très difficiles. Ces dernières années, le Processus de Kimberley a pris l'initiative de concentrer sa réflexion et son action sur les questions environnementales. En 2012, la Déclaration de Washington, relative à l'intégration du développement de l'extraction artisanale et à petite échelle de diamants dans la mise en application du Processus de Kimberley, a souligné l'importance de prendre en considération les ramifications et conséquences environnementales de l'extraction minière artisanale. Dans cette optique, une enquête auprès des artisans mineurs en Côte d'Ivoire et une auto-évaluation de cette déclaration effectuée en 2014 en Côte d'Ivoire ont permis de comprendre que le cadre juridique, social, institutionnel et politique, constaté dans l'État Ivoirien, n'était pas toujours adapté au règlement des problèmes sociaux des artisans mineurs ni au règlement des questions environnementales soulevées par leurs activités minières. Ce travail de diagnostic de la déclaration devrait servir de modèle aux autres États de l'UFM. Les impacts des activités minières artisanales sur l'environnement existent donc mais il semble aussi que la remédiation des sites miniers artisanaux soit possible. En effet, le secteur de l'exploitation artisanale, à petite échelle de diamants a besoin de procédures de remédiation environnementale simples et de protocoles adaptés au niveau d'éducation des artisans mineurs et de leurs réalités financières. A ce sujet, la Sierra Leone a été un terrain privilégié d'expérimentation de la remédiation des sites miniers abandonnés à travers des projets gouvernementaux et des projets pilotes comme "Life after diamonds: Land Reclamation for Agriculture and Advocacy Pilot Initiative ". Ces projets ont contribué à protéger l'environnement et à améliorer les conditions socio-économiques des exploitants miniers. Cependant ces projets de remédiation quoique salutaires, ont eu aussi des limites qui méritent d'être prises en compte dans les futures initiatives des autres pays de l'UFM. / Artisanal and small-scale diamond mining is practiced in all countries of the Mano River Union (Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone) in a rudimentary and informal manner. However artisanal diamond mining is an important means of livelihood for most local communities in the Mano River Union. Based on our field research and surveys of miners, this type of mining has direct impacts on the forest ecosystem, soil and watercourses. In addition, the research shows that reducing the environmental impacts of artisanal and small scale diamond mining is not seen as a necessity or a major concern in the mining communities. There is often a lack of understanding and insufficient capacity to deal with environmental problems among artisanal miners, as revealed in our study of three mining sites in Côte d'Ivoire; Bobi, Toubabouko and Tortiya. Protected areas, which are of major ecological and socioeconomic importance for the populations of the Mano River Union countries, are unfortunately under pressure because of artisanal diamond mining. Especially since artisanal miners at the surveyed sites are often in precarious socio-economic situations more preoccupied by means of survival under very difficult working conditions. In recent years, the Kimberley Process has been focusing on environmental issues. In 2012, the Washington Declaration on Integrating Development of Artisanal and Small-Scale Diamond Mining in the implementation of the Kimberley Process highlighted the importance of considering the ramifications and environmental consequences of artisanal mining. To this end, a survey of artisanal miners in Côte d'Ivoire in 2014 made it clear that the legal, social, institutional and political framework of the Ivorian government, was neither adapted to the solution of the social problems of miners nor to the settlement of environmental problems caused by mining activities. This diagnosis should serve as a model for the other countries of the Mano River Union. The reclamation of artisanal mining sites is therefore possible in spite of the environmental impacts of artisanal mining. In fact there is a need for reclamation procedures and protocols adapted to the educational and financial realities of artisanal miners. In this regard, Sierra Leone has been a model in reclamation of abandoned mining sites through pilot projects such as "Land after Diamonds: Land Reclamation for Agriculture and Advocacy Pilot Initiative". These projects have helped to protect the environment and improve the socio-economic conditions of artisanal miners. However, these reclamation projects, although salutary, also have limitations which deserve to be taken into account in future initiatives of the other countries of the Mano River Union.

Limiter les émissions de dioxyde de carbone (CO2) est devenu un enjeu d’envergure internationale, notamment pour les industries des secteurs énergétique, chimique et métallurgique. À cette fin, des technologies de captage de CO2 ont été développées durant ces dernières décennies. Dans cette étude, nous nous intéressons à trois types de technologies de captage de CO2 : par absorption chimique à la MEA, par séparation membranaire et par adsorption sur charbon actif. Le CO2 considéré est émis par une centrale à charbon puis directement valorisé au sein d’un procédé de fabrication sur le même site. L’objectif de cette étude est de quantifier les bénéfices environnementaux de l’installation d’une technologie de captage de CO2, en comparaison à la configuration actuelle, sans captage du CO2. Notre approche associe modélisation systémique des procédés et analyse de cycle de vie (ACV). La méthodologie adoptée consiste à modéliser le système complet (la centrale, le procédé de fabrication et les différentes unités de captage) en utilisant un logiciel de diagrammes de flux (Aspen Plus), puis à déterminer les impacts environnementaux par une ACV. Les résultats montrent que le procédé par adsorption chimique à la MEA est fortement pénalisé par l’utilisation du solvant, tant en ce qui concerne la consommation énergétique que les impacts environnementaux. Le procédé membranaire montre des impacts environnementaux importants, malgré une consommation énergétique bien plus faible, en raison de l’utilisation massive de polymères (matériaux membranaires). Enfin, le procédé par adsorption au charbon actif présente des impacts environnementaux moins élevés que les deux autres procédés dans la grande majorité des catégories d’impact. / Limiting carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is a major global issue, particularly for the energy, chemical and metallurgical industries. To this end, CO2 capture technologies have been developed in recent decades. In this study, we focused on three types of CO2 capture technologies: chemical absorption by MEA, membrane separation and activated carbon adsorption. The CO2 considered is emitted by a coal-fired power station and then directly valorized within a manufacturing process on the same site. The objective of this study was to quantify the environmental benefits of installing a CO2 capture technology in comparison to the current configuration, without CO2 capture. Our approach combined process modeling and life cycle assessment. The methodology adopted was to model the complete system (the power plant, the manufacturing process and the various capture units) using a flowsheeting software (Aspen Plus), then to determine the environmental impacts by LCA. The results show that the MEA chemical adsorption process is strongly penalized by the use of the solvent, both regarding the energy consumption and the environmental impacts. The membrane process exhibits significant environmental impacts, despite a much lower energy consumption, due to the massive use of polymers (membrane materials). Finally, the activated carbon adsorption process has lower environmental impacts than the other two processes in the vast majority of impact categories.

Maud Island (Te Hoiere - "a long paddle or mighty pull") is a moderately sized island of 309 hectares, located in the Pelorus Sound (41°, 02 'S, 173° 54 'E) Marlborough, at the north-east end of the South Island of New Zealand. It has a long history of human modification and impacts since its colonisation by Maori and early Europeans. The vegetation of Maud Island has been studied in the 1980's and again in the early 1990's. The objectives of this study were to (1) describe how the vascular plant communities vary in species composition across Maud Island, (2) determine which environmental factors are important predictors of the variation in species composition of Maud Island plant communities, and (3) describe the pattern of succession of the plant communities on Maud Island over the last twenty years. In this 2001 study, I comprehensively sampled the vegetation on Maud Island using a Reconnaissance Description Procedure in a total of 158 plots across the island and compared these results to previous descriptions. I also retook photos at permanent photo points to provide a visual comparison of vegetation change. In total, 219 plant species were identified; 177 species occurred within the plots and 42 additional species were observed while walking around the coastline and walking tracks. Six dominant plant species occurred in over 70% of the plots. They were Pteridium esculentum, Pseudopanax arboreus, Hebe stricta var. stricta, Melicytus ramiflorus, Ozothamnus leptophylla and Coprosma robusta. Two-Way Indicator Species Analysis resulted in the description of eight different plant communities on the island. Detrended correspondence analysis showed a high degree of turnover in species composition among these communities. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that slope and moisture were particularly important predictors of variation in plant species composition. The environmental factors that best predicted to variation communities were slope, moisture, and a gradient in historical disturbance. Comparisons of present and past vegetation maps and photos (ground and aerial) showed, in terms of the successional pathways of the vegetation on Maud Island, that over time, the vegetation is reverting from short stature grassland and scrub to predominantly forest scrub and young secondary forest.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The acceleration of the global economy and shifting demographic changes has caused an uncontrolled exploration of the worlds natural renewable and non-renewable resources. Not only have the levels of these resources decreased but so has the quality. In addition to these changes, the future development of natural ecosystems could also be compromised as they are finite. In order to establish a harmonious equilibrium between population, economic growth and natural resources, emerged the necessity of appraising under the view of the environmental economy, the economie value of environmental profits.Studies and techniques have been designed to help us understand such relationships. One model is known as the environmental Passive. This one is defined as group of real or potential debts that the man, the company or the property possesses with the nature for being in disconformity with relationship the legislation or proposed environmental procedures. The objective of evaluating and to quantifying the impacts that man is causing to the nature is to make that the value found be used to compensate the negative impacts. This study intended to develop a methodology which would be technical, scientific, useful and effective for quantification environmental passives in rural properties and, through the determination of the degree of deterioration of the Rural Property corresponding to the Micro basin, using the matrix of Leopold-Rocha methodology (2002); calculate the environmental passive as the result of the human actions that occured in a propertie in the Flowers Island - Porto Alegre - RS, applying the proposal methodology in this propriety grouping analisys of the achieved values in the environmental impact assessement, by WARD Method, using the statistic SAS SYSTEM 8.2, and do the cmparsion of the values obtained in the environmental passive. The real deterioration degree obtained by the Leopold-Rocha matrix reach 7,95%, this values demand urgent mitigation and compensatory mesures, for this percentage decrease, known that for rates under 10%, the environment is capable to recover. The price calculate of the Environmental Passive is R$ 81.606,72. In grouping analisys by the WARD method as resoult 2 distinct groups (A e B). The group A is compose by: Modification of the Regime and Transformation of the territory and construction with magnitude average (4,92%) e importance (8,45%), this is the group with more influent impacts. The environemental factors were separated in 3 distintc groups (A, B e C). The group A, Factors, present a magnitude (2,34%) and importance (3,76%), that values are the most higth, then this factor is suffer more impact than the outhers. In comparison the deterioration values of the environmental impact, the grouping analisys and the Passive, it may say that the actions with more impact were the one which had the high value of calculated Passive. Therefore this value should be used to revert caused impacts. / O acelerado crescimento econômico e demográfico em todo mundo levou a uma exploração descontrolada dos recursos naturais renováveis e não renováveis, gerando um comprometimento da qualidade e quantidade destes recursos, incapacitando o potencial de recomposição da natureza, al-terando assim, os ecossistemas. Para estabelecer um equilíbrio harmonioso entre crescimento popu-lacional, consumo e recursos naturais surgiu à necessidade de se avaliar, sob a ótica da economia ambiental, o valor econômico dos ativos de bens e serviços ambientais. Alguns métodos e técnicas de valoração ambiental já foram desenvolvidos, e uma delas é o passivo ambiental. Este se define como conjunto de dívidas reais ou potenciais que o homem, a empresa ou a propriedade possui com relação à natureza por estar em desconformidade com a legislação ou procedimentos ambientais propostos. O objetivo de se avaliar e quantificar os impactos que o homem vem causando na nature-za é fazer com que o valor encontrado seja utilizado para compensar tais impactos. Para isso este trabalho se propôs a desenvolver uma metodologia técnica, científica, útil e eficaz para a quantifica-ção de passivos ambientais em propriedades rurais e, através da determinação do grau de deteriora-ção da Propriedade Rural em relação à Microbacia, utilizando a Metodologia da Matriz de Leopold-Rocha (2002), calcular o passivo ambiental resultante das ações antrópicas ocorridas em uma Pro-priedade Rural, aplicando a metodologia proposta no trabalho, fazer análise de Agrupamento dos va-lores encontrados na avaliação de impacto, pelo Método WARD, com o pacote estatístico SAS SYS-TEM 8.2 e comparando-a com os valores do passivo ambiental encontrado. O grau de deterioração real obtido pela matriz de Leopold-Rocha foi de 7,95%, exigindo medidas compensatórias, para a di-minuição deste valor, uma vez que a taxa aceitável de deterioração na ambiência é de 10%. O valor do Passivo Ambiental a ser pago foi de R$ 81.606,72. Em a análise de agrupamento pelo Método WARD foi possível à separação das ações propostas em 2 grupos distintos (A e B). Constituem o grupo A: Modificação do Regime e Transformação do território e construções com média de magnitu-de (4,92%) e importância (8,45%), sendo o grupo de ações mais impactantes da microbacia. Tam-bém foi possível a separação de três grupos distintos para os fatores ambientais (A, B e C). O grupo A, de fatores apresentou magnitude (2,34%) e importância (3,76%), tendo este valor mais alto em re-lação aos demais. Isso significa que, este grupo de fatores sofreu maior impacto das ações sobre ele. Comparando-se tais valores de deterioração do impacto ambiental, análise de agrupamento e o valor do Passivo, pode-se dizer que as ações que mais impactaram a propriedade, foram as que tiveram maior valor de passivo ambiental calculado. Sendo assim este valor deverá ser utilizado para com-pensar tais impactos causados.

O Parque Nacional da Serra do Cipó tem passado por um importante desafio de manejo que é a definição sobre o uso de animais de montaria por parte dos visitantes. Recentemente, o Governo Brasileiro lançou um documento intitulado Diretrizes para visitação em unidades de conservação o qual dita algumas normas para essa atividade de uso público. No entanto, há questões relevantes de incoerências deste com o Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação. A presença dos animais numa unidade de conservação pode causar diversos impactos ambientais, entre eles, a entrada e dispersão de espécies exóticas causando contaminação biológica em área protegida. Os cavalos e muares utilizados pelos visitantes podem ser veículo de entrada dessas espécies exóticas, seja por meio dos pelos, das patas e também das fezes. Esta investigação teve por objetivo investigar se há relação entre o uso de animais de montaria e a contaminação biológica de gramíneas exóticas pelas fezes dos animais no Parque Nacional da Serra do Cipó. Para tanto foram selecionadas duas trilhas do Parque, a do Capão dos Palmitos e a trilha da Farofa, sendo que as mesmas apresentam diferenças relevantes em termos de relevo e de histórico de uso. Com base no trabalho de Campbell e Gibson (2001) definiu-se o método. Em cada uma das trilhas procedeu-se a coleta de fezes eqüinas e de amostras de solo em dois períodos do ano (outono e verão). As amostras foram distribuídas em dois experimentos de germinação, um instalado in situ e outro no Laboratório de Biologia Reprodutiva e Genética de Espécies Arbóreas da ESALQ / USP. Outro experimento, também realizado in situ, verificou a presença de espécies de gramíneas exóticas e de plantas nativas nas áreas de abrangência das duas trilhas. Foram definidos quatro pontos para as amostragens tendo como referência o centro das trilhas, são eles: centro, borda, transição e interior. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas com uso do programa SAS versão 9.3.1. Os resultados mostraram que há maior presença de gramíneas exóticas na trilha da Farofa em relação à trilha do Capão. Na trilha da Farofa houve diferença significativa entre o ponto do centro com os demais. Na trilha do Capão não houve diferença entre os pontos avaliados. As espécies nativas foram encontradas com maior frequência na trilha do Capão. Houve diferença do ponto centro para os demais nas duas trilhas avaliadas. Os resultados obtidos pelas amostras de solos que estavam no experimento controlado em laboratório revelaram que não há diferença na germinação de sementes entre as trilhas. As amostras de fezes, no entanto, mostraram diferença entre as trilhas, sendo que há maior germinação de sementes na trilha da Farofa. Tanto para as amostras de fezes como para as de solo, houve grande diferença para a germinação entre os períodos de outono e de verão. Não houve nenhuma germinação no experimento instalado in situ. / Serra do Cipó National Park has undergone a major management challenge that is the definition of the use of horse riding by the visitors. Recently, the Brazilian Government launched a document entitled Diretrizes para visitação em unidades de conservação (Guidelines for visitation in protected areas) which dictates certain rules for recreation ecology activities. However, there are relevant issues that are incoherent with the Brazilian law for protected areas called the Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação (National System of Conservation Areas). The presence of domestic animals in protected areas can cause several environmental impacts, including the entry of alien species causing biological contamination. The horses used by visitors can be a vehicle of entry of alien species, either through the hair, the legs and also the dung. This research aimed to investigate whether there is a relation between the use of horses and biological contamination of exotic grasses by horses\' dung in the Serra do Cipó National Park. Therefore, we selected two trails of the park which present significant differences in terms of topography and land use history: the Capão dos Palmitos trail and the Farofa trail. The method was defined based on the work of Campbell and Gibson (2001). From each of the tracks were collected equine dung and soil samples in two seasons (autumn and summer). The samples were divided into two experiments, one installed in situ and another at the Laboratory of Reproductive Biology and Genetics of Tree Species of ESALQ / USP. Another experiment, also conducted in situ, verified the presence of exotic grasses and native plants in areas served by the two trails. Four points, which had as reference the center of the trails, were defined for sampling: center, edge, transition and interior. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS software, version 9.3.1. The results showed that there has been an increase in the amount of exotic grasses in the trail of Farofa when compared with the path of Capão. On the trail of Farofa significant difference was found among the center point and the others. On the trail of Capão no difference among the points was assessed. The native species were found more frequently on the trail of the Capão. There was a statistical difference between the center points on both trails. The results obtained from soil samples that were in the controlled experiment in the laboratory revealed that there is no difference in germination between the trails. Dung samples, however, showed differences between the tracks, and there is a greater germination in the trail of Farofa. A significant difference in germination between the periods of autumn and summer was found both in the dung samples and in the soil samples. There was no germination in the experiment installed

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:55:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JaneAA_DISSERT.pdf: 2586341 bytes, checksum: 1e3db2ecc22d866ec62f9b5fcd4aa87b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-01 / The conservation of natural resources is essential and constitutes the main subject of many researches, which characterize important aspects concerning the environmental alterations in the ground, water, landscape and socioeconomic information. This study aimed to investigate the anthropogenic input of heavy metals in the environment, in the area of the Parelhas dump site and in part of the Serid? River and to determine the concentration of heavy metals in the sediments. This can result in risk to the environment and human health. In addition, we sought to establish the socioeconomic profile of rural communities adjacent to Serid? River and to comprehend the perception of these dwellers about the changes in the places they live. The area of this study is located in the city of Parelhas/RN, in the centralsouthern part of the State, in the micro-region of the Oriental Serid?. This area comprehends the place where the dump site is located, next to RN 086, the Caldeir?o dam, the Quintos river called by local citizens Caldeir?o creek and part of Serid? river, perpetuated by the Boqueir?o dam, which crosses the city and it includes the rural communities of Almas, Domingas, Sussuarana II and Colonos. Regarding the study with bottom sediments, the samples were collected and taken to the laboratory of geochemistry, where they were dried, sieved, weighted and submitted to weak acid attack. The analysis of heavy metals was held by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer - Flame AAS. We applied 23 closed questionnaires constituted by 38 questions to collect informations in the rural communities, oriented to establish the socioeconomic profile and the environmental perception of the participants. The participants were distributed in the communities of Almas (1), Domingas (2), Sussuarana II (10) and Colonos (10). Most of them presented similar socioeconomic profiles. They are from 45 to 60 years old and live in these localities for 20 to 30 years or more. The families are composed by 3 or 4 people; the agriculture is the main activity, livestock is the secondary and 48% of them earn the minimal wage. Regarding the environmental perception, the participants can realize some changes in vegetation, soil, water and landscape. People living longer in the community, and with more years of experience on the local reality can perceive the depletion of the soil, pastures and changes in the landscape. These changes portray how the place was previously and what it represents today. The perception of these changes, besides the environmental ones, includes others concerning the increasing number of dwellers in the last years, as well as the number of houses. The changes happened through activities developed by the dwellers over the years, including agricultural practices, livestock, grass planting and even the cultivation of cotton. The study provided the acquisition of new data about the environmental reality of this region. It can subsidize the definition of public policies that can be implemented from the perspective of conservation of water resources and of the coexistence and survival of man in the semi-arid / A conserva??o dos recursos naturais ? essencial e constitui o objeto principal de v?rias pesquisas, que caracterizam aspectos importantes concernentes ?s altera??es ambientais do solo, da ?gua, na paisagem e informa??es socioecon?micas. Este estudo objetivou investigar o aporte antropog?nico de metais pesados para o meio ambiente, na ?rea de influ?ncia do lix?o do munic?pio de Parelhas e em um trecho do Rio Serid?, visando determinar a concentra??o de metais pesados nos sedimentos, o que pode implicar em risco para o meio ambiente e a sa?de humana. Al?m disso, buscou-se conhecer o perfil socioecon?mico dos moradores de comunidades rurais adjacentes ao Rio Serid? e entender a percep??o destes moradores com rela??o a mudan?as nos espa?os onde vivem. A ?rea do estudo situa-se no munic?pio de Parelhas/RN localizado na Por??o Centro-sul do Estado, na Microrregi?o do Serid? Oriental. A ?rea da pesquisa abrangeu o local onde se encontra o lix?o do munic?pio, situado ao lado da RN 086, o A?ude Caldeir?o, o Rio Quintos denominado de Riacho Caldeir?o pelos moradores locais e um trecho do Rio Serid?, importante rio perenizado pela Barragem Boqueir?o, que corta o munic?pio e compreende ?s suas margens as comunidades rurais Almas, Domingas, Sussuarana II e Colonos. No que se refere ao estudo com sedimentos das drenagens, as amostras foram coletadas e levadas ao laborat?rio de geoqu?mica, onde foram secas, peneiradas, pesadas e submetidas a ataque ?cido fraco. A leitura dos metais pesados foi realizada por Espectrofot?metro de Absor??o At?mica AAS-CHAMA. Para coletar os dados das comunidades rurais foram aplicados 23 question?rios constitu?dos de 38 perguntas fixas, voltadas para o perfil socioecon?mico e percep??o ambiental dos participantes. Os participantes foram distribu?dos nas comunidades Almas (1), Domingas (2), Sussuarana II (10) e Colonos (10). A maioria dos entrevistados apresentou perfis socioecon?micos semelhantes, residem no local de 20 a 30 anos, est?o na faixa et?ria de 45 e 60 anos ou mais; as fam?lias s?o compostas de 3 a 4 pessoas, sendo a agricultura a atividade principal e a pecu?ria a secundaria; 48% dos entrevistados ganham um sal?rio m?nimo. Com rela??o ? percep??o ambiental dos entrevistados, estes conseguem perceber algumas mudan?as ocorridas na vegeta??o, solo, ?gua, na paisagem. As pessoas com maior tempo de moradia na comunidade e com mais anos de viv?ncia da realidade local podem perceber o desgaste do solo, das pastagens, e as mudan?as na paisagem que retratam como o local era anteriormente e o que hoje ele representa. A percep??o acerca das mudan?as, al?m das ambientais, inclui outras concernentes ao aumento do n?mero de moradores e de resid?ncias. Essas mudan?as ocorreram atrav?s de atividades desenvolvidas pelos residentes ao longo dos anos, as quais incluem pr?ticas de agricultura, pecu?ria, plantio de capim e at? mesmo a cotonicultura. O estudo propiciou a aquisi??o de novos dados sobre a realidade ambiental da regi?o, os quais podem servir de subs?dio ? defini??o de pol?ticas p?blicas a serem implementadas sob a ?tica da conserva??o dos recursos h?dricos, da conviv?ncia e sobreviv?ncia do homem no semi?rido

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:52:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:57:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

A pesca artesanal de pequena escala (ou subsistência) tem sido historicamente pouco estudada. Poucos estudos buscam compreender os fatores que influenciam a pesca nessa escala. Populações humanas que dependem dos recursos naturais apresentam bom conhecimento sobre o ambiente e os recursos explorados. Barramentos de rios são uns dos principais impactos na pesca de águas interiores, e pouco se sabe sobre esses impactos ao longo do tempo. Portanto, informações das populações locais e da pesca de subsistência podem melhorar e complementar o conhecimento científico sobre a pesca e os impactos causados por barramentos. O objetivo desse estudo é analisar as características da dinâmica da pesca artesanal de subsistência no Baixo Rio Tocantins (Amazônia brasileira) através de entrevistas e desembarques pesqueiros. Testamos a eficiência do conhecimento ecológico local de pescadores através de entrevistas no diagnóstico da dinâmica da pesca e de mudanças ambientais decorrentes de barragens em grandes rios (1º capítulo). Também analisamos o rendimento pesqueiro e as variáveis que influenciam na captura de peixes em cinco comunidades de pescadores artesanais do Baixo Rio Tocantins (2º capítulo). Foram realizadas 300 entrevistas com pescadores de nove comunidades ribeirinhas e registrados 606 desembarques pesqueiros em cinco destas comunidades, em 67 dias de amostragem. Através das entrevistas é possível identificar os peixes mais capturados, as artes de pesca e tamanhos de malhas de redes mais utilizadas pelos pescadores, além da sazonalidade da abundância dos peixes. Houve mudança na composição dos desembarques pesqueiros, 22 anos após o barramento. Através das entrevistas com os pescadores, foi possível identificar também quais espécies de pescado aumentaram (Plagioscion squamosissimus), quais diminuíram (Characidae, várias espécies de pacu), bem como quais desapareceram (Semaprochilodus brama) após o barramento. A produção anual e o rendimento financeiro da pesca foram reduzidos em cerca de 55% após o barramento do rio. A maior parte da variação da biomassa de peixes capturada é explicada pelas variáveis ligadas ao esforço e comportamento do pescador: tempo de pesca (35%), número de pescadores (30%) e a distância até local de pesca (20%). Entrevistas demonstraram ser um método rápido, confiável e de baixo custo para obter importantes informações sobre a pesca e os impactos à jusante de uma hidrelétrica em um grande rio amazônico. O conhecimento ecológico local pode complementar pesquisas ecológicas de longa duração de uma maneira rápida e eficiente. Considerar os pescadores, seu conhecimento e seu comportamento na elaboração de planos de manejo pesqueiro adequados com a realidade local, parece ser a maneira mais promissora de garantir a manutenção da biodiversidade, conservação dos recursos pesqueiros e manutenção da pesca artesanal como atividade econômica. / Small-scale artisanal (or subsistence) fisheries have been little studied. Few studies have attempted to understand the factors that influence the fisheries on this scale. Human populations that depend upon natural resources show good knowledge about the environment and the exploited resources. Dams are among the main impacts affecting inland fisheries and there is little knowledge about the impacts of dams on fisheries over time. Information from local populations and subsistence fishing may improve and complement the scientific knowledge on fisheries and dam’s impacts. The aim of this study is to analyze the dynamics of subsistence fishing in the Lower Tocantins River (Brazilian Amazon) through interviews and fish landings. We tested the efficiency of recording fishermen’s local ecological knowledge through interviews for assessment of the fisheries dynamics and environmental changes caused by dams in large rivers (1st chapter). We also analyzed the fishing income and the variables that influence the biomass of fish caught in five fishing communities of the Lower Tocantins River (2nd chapter). We conducted 300 interviews with fishermen in nine riverine communities and recorded 606 fish landings in five of these communities in 67 sampling days. Through interviews it is possible to identify the most caught fish species, the fishing gear and gillnet mesh sizes used by most of the fishermen, and the seasonal fish abundance patterns. The composition of fish landings changed 22 years after the dam’s closure. Through interviews with fishermen, also it was possible to identify the species of fish that increased (Plagioscion squamosissimus), decreased (Characidae, several species of pacu) and even disappeared (Semaprochilodus brama) after the dam’s closure. The annual production and financial income of fishing have been reduced by about 55% after the dam’s closure. Most of the variation in the biomass of fish caught is explained by variables related to the fishing effort and to the fisherman’s behavior , such as fishing time (35%), number of fishermen (30%) and distance to fishing grounds (20%). Interviews with fishermen showed to be fast, reliable and inexpensive methods to obtain important information about the fisheries and the impacts downstream from a dam in a large Amazonian river. The local ecological knowledge of resource users can complement long-term ecological research efficiently. The fishermen, their knowledge and their behavior should be considered when developing fisheries management plans appropriate to local realities. This seems to be the most promising way to ensure the maintenance of biodiversity, conservation of fishing resources, and maintenance of artisanal fisheries as an economic activity.

At independence and in the post-colonial era most countries embarked on a series of land reform, land redistribution and land restitution with some adopting the land tenure system. This study sought to assess the environmental impacts associated with the land reform in resettlement wards of Matobo District in Zimbabwe. The study adopted both social impact assessment approaches and the environmental assessments. The findings revealed farreaching repercussions resulting from activities associated with land reform in Matobo District which altered the physical landscape. The program is accompanied by inter alia excessive poaching, unsustainable agricultural practises, reduced farm production and ecosystem degradation. Therefore, urgent sustainable measures are recommended to be implemented from this study in order to avoid further environmental damage. / Environmental Management / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)