Orientadores: Gilberto de Martino Jannuzzi, Guilherme de Castilho Queiroz / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T03:48:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SilvaJunior_HerculanoXavierda_M.pdf: 14025317 bytes, checksum: 59bfdc3617f3d431b323aaa39f4fe0a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: o objetivo desta dissertação é discutir a aplicação das metodologias de Análise do Custo do Ciclo de Vida (ACCV) e de Análise Estatística como ferramentas para propor padrões de eficiência energética, complementares às etiquetas (selos) voluntárias já existentes, nos refrigeradores brasileiros de uma porta. Um outro objetivo é estudar o papel desses instrumentos (Selos e Padrões de Eficiência Energética) como meios de fornecer subsídios técnicos para o estabelecimento de níveis máximos de consumo de energia elétrica para equipamentos consumidores de eletricidade comercializados no Brasil. As metodologias ACCV e Análise Estatística permitem avaliar os impactos do aumento de eficiência energética nesses equipamentos, resultando em economias (de energia, financeiras, redução na emissão de dióxido de carbono, etc.) importantes para os consumidores e para o País. Os resultados alcançados nesse estudo apresentam importantes dados para subsidiar discussões mais aprofundadas com os fabricantes e governo para estipular padrões mínimos de eficiência energética para os refrigeradores brasileiros. Uma das importantes conclusões é que, apesar de existirem outras metodologias como a Análise Estatística, a ACCV que leva em conta os custos tecnológicos permite que se conheça melhor o mercado (custos, capacidades tecnológicas, etc.) e sugere os melhores Padrões Mínimos de Eficiência Energética (MEPS - Minimum Energy Performance Standards) com o máximo retomo econômico para o consumidor. Contudo, quando não é possível coletar todos os dados exigidos para a aplicação da ACCV, recorre-se a uma análise mais simplificada, ou seja, à metodologia de Análise Estatística / Abstract: The objective ofthis thesis is to discuss the application of the methodologies of Life Cycle Cost Analysis(LCCA) and of Statistical Analysis as tools to propose energy efficiency standards, complementally to the voluntary labels already existent in the Brazilian one-door refrigerators. Another objective is to study the role of these instruments (energy efficiency labels and standards) in order to seek technical subsidies for the establishment of maximum level of electric energy consumption for electrical equipments in Brazil. The LCCA and Statistical Analysis methodologies permit to evaluate the impacts of the energy efficiency increase in electrical equipments commercialized in Brazil, resulting in important savings (energy, financial, carbon dioxide emissions avoided etc) for the country and its citizens. The results of this study offer important data to subsidize deeper discussions with manufacturers and the govemment to stipulate minimum energy efficiency standards for the Brazilian refrigerators. One of the important conclusions is that, even though there are other methodologies, such as the Statistical Analysis which does not take technological costs into account, the LCCA allows to better understand the market (costs, technological capacity etc) and suggests the best MEPS (Minimum Energy Performance Standards) with the maximum economic retum for the consumer. Nevertheless, when it is not possible to collect all the necessary data to apply the LCCA, it can be used a more simplified analysis, such as the Statistical Analysis methodology / Mestrado / Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos

Orientador: Luiz Lonardoni Foloni / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T18:46:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_CelsoLuizda_M.pdf: 2466251 bytes, checksum: ec6d5d80bece33b33227f9238012b5f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: A utilização de pesticidas na agricultura é uma prática necessária no controle de pragas, doenças ou de plantas daninhas para se atingir altos índices de produtividade e conseguir desta forma atender a demanda crescente de alimentos. Alguns destes pesticidas aplicados podem apresentar propriedades físico-químicas perigosas, seja ao ambiente e aos próprios seres vivos, podendo causar danos ambientais e problemas de saúde ao homem. Muitas vezes isto ocorre devido à falta de estudos sobre o comportamento e destino destes produtos no ambiente e estudos toxicológicos. Uma ferramenta importante para procurar evitar estes tipos de danos são os modelos matemáticos que permitem antecipar para o qual ou quais compartimentos esta molécula tende a caminhar e também, auxiliar no desenvolvimento de pesquisa no campo, diminuindo os gastos e esforços. O objetivo deste projeto foi utilizar um modelo matemático de fugacidade (nível) I na análise de risco do comportamento, como auxílio na avaliação preliminar da distribuição ambiental, dos principais pesticidas registrados junto ao Ministério da Agricultura, usados e aplicados de acordo com as recomendações de seus fabricantes, nos sistemas de produção convencional e plantio direto, nas principais culturas brasileiras: algodão, arroz, café, cana-de-açúcar, citros, milho e soja. A metodologia utilizada foi baseada nas fórmulas matemáticas descritas por Mackay (1991). Como resultados, foram selecionados os 10 produtos que mais se distribuíram nos compartimentos ambientais (ar, água, solo, sedimento, biota, folhas das plantas, caule e raiz) aqui apresentados em ordem decrescente de preferência. Estes pesticidas foram para o compartimento ar: acetochlor> disulfuton> acephate> thiodicarb> quinclorac> thiram> tolifluanid> pendimenthalin> trifluralin> endosulfan; para a água: nicosulfuron> metsulfuron methyl> monocrotofós> bispyribac sodium> metamidofós> thiamethoxam> halosuluron methyl> chlorimuron etílico> imazapic> imidacloprid; para o solo: diquat> paraquat> hexythiazox> parathion metil> benomyl> tiofanato metílico> msma> iprodione> epoxiconazole> propargite; para o sedimento: diquat> paraquat> hexythiazox> parathion metil> benomyl> tiofanato metílico> msma> iprodione> epoxiconazole> propargite; para a biota: propanil> acetochlor> disulfoton> pendimenthalin> bifenthrin> carboxin> endosulfan> clorpirifós> tolyfluanid> thiram; para a folha: aldicarb> fluazifop-p-butil> metconazole> diflubenzuron> tolyfluanid> disulfuton> fludioxonil> difenoconazole> acetochlor> tebuconazole; para a raiz e caule: lambdacyhalothrin> zetacypermethrin> cypermethrin> alfacipermetrina> bifenthrin> acrinathrin> permethrin> lactofen> betacyflutrin> chlorfluazuron. Os pesticidas estudados também foram comparados pelo critério de GUS (índice de vulnerabilidade de águas subterrâneas). Os produtos que apresentaram potencial de lixiviação em ordem alfabética foram: acetochlor, aldicarb, atrazina, bispyribac-sodium, carbendazim, carbofuran, clorimuron, etílico, cyproconazole, difenoconazole, fipronil, flumioxazin, fomezafen, hexazinone, imazapic, imazaquim, imazetapir, metalacloro, metomyl, metribuzin, metsulfuron-methyl, monocrotofós, nicosulfuron, quinclorac, simazine, tebuthiuron, thiamethoxam e triclorfon. As conclusões deste trabalho permitiram verificar que o compartimento ambiental que apresentou maior vulnerabilidade na preferência da distribuição dos pesticidas foi o compartimento água. A avaliação preliminar do risco de contaminação por pesticidas de uma área agrícola pode ser feita a partir das características físico-químicas dos pesticidas utilizando o modelo de fugacidade Mackay nível I (1991). Este modelo pela simplicidade e rapidez nas respostas mostra ser uma excelente ferramenta, como fator de decisão na utilização do pesticida. O critério de GUS também se apresentou como mais um mecanismo para ser utilizado quando não se dispõe de todas as informações, como tomada de decisão na escolha da utilização de um pesticida visando monitorar ou até mesmo impedir a contaminação de águas subterrâneas / Abstract: The utilization of pesticides in agriculture is a necessary practice to control pests, diseases or weeds to reach an excellent index of productivity and get attend the increasing necessity of food. Some of this pesticides applied, show dangerous physical-chemical proprieties to the environmental and health human. Many times it happen because we haven¿t enough studies of the toxicity and behavior or destination of pesticides in the environmental. One of important tool to try avoid this type of damage are the mathematics models, which permit anticipated for which behavior of this molecule tend walk and also help in the development of field research reduce expense and effort. The goal of this project was use a mathematics calculus based on mathematics models of fugacity level 1, which help in the analysis of risk the main environmental behavior of all pesticides, registered in the Ministry of Agriculture, used and applied according to the recommendation of manufactures pesticides industry (WIN FIT; 2000), at the system of conventional production, and no till system of cotton, rice, coffee, sugar-cane, citrus, corn and soybean cultivation. The utilized methodology was mathematics formula describe by Mackay (1991) to figure out of fugacity (¿, Pa), capacity of fugacity (Z, mol m-3 Pa-1) , concentration (C, g mol-1) in the compartment air, water, soil, sediment, biota, leaves, root, stem of plant. It was used the physical-chemical parameters to each pesticides applied to each culture studied (cotton, rice, sugar-cane, coffee, citrus, corn and soybean) with data of each compartment: volume (m³), fraction organic (%) and density (?, g m-3) got from the Mackay (1991). As the results of mathematics calculus it were chose the 10 products which were more distributed in the compartment environmental present such as following the preference, where from the air compartment: acetochlor> disulfuton> acephate> thiodicarb> quinclorac> thiram> tolifluanid> pendimenthalin> trifluralin> endosulfan; from the water compartment: nicosulfuron> metsulfuron-methyl> monocrotofos> bispyribac-sodium> metamidofos> thiamethoxam> halosuluron methyl> chlorimuron etílico> imazapic> imidacloprid; from the soil compartment: diquat> paraquat> hexythiazox> parathion metil> benomyl> tiofanato metílico>msma>iprodione> epoxiconazole> propargite; from the sediment compartment: diquat> paraquat> hexythiazox> parathion metil> benomyl> tiofanato metílico> msma> iprodione> epoxiconazole> propargite; from the biota compartment: propanil> acetochlor> disulfoton> pendimenthalin> bifenthrin> carboxin> endosulfan> clorpirifós> tolyfluanid> thiram; from the leave compartment: aldicarb> fluazifop-p-butil> metconazole> diflubenzuron> tolyfluanid> disulfuton> fludioxonil> difenoconazole> acetochlor> tebuconazole; from the trunk and root compartments: lambdacyhalothrin> zetacypermethrin> cypermethrin> alfacipermetrina> bifentrhin> acrinathrin> permethrin> lactofen> betacyflutrin> chlorfluazuron. The pesticides studied too were also by the GUS (Groundwater Ubiquity Score) where the index is calculated through the half-life value of the compose on the soil and coefficient of adsorption and organic tissue of the soil. The products that showed lixiviation potential by GUS alphabetical order were: acetochlor, aldicarb, atrazina, bispyribac sodium, carbendazim, carbofuran, clorimuron, etilico, cyproconazole, difenoconazole, fipronil, flumioxazin, fomezafen, hexazinone, imazapic, imazaquim, imazetapir, metalacloro, metomyl, metribuzin, metsulfuron-methyl, monocrotofos, nicosulfuron, quinclorac, simazine, tebuthiuron, thiamethoxam and triclorfon. In conclusion, the environmental compartment showed more vulnerability in the preference of pesticide distribution in the compartment water. The preliminary evaluation of risk contamination in agriculture area by pesticides can be made based on physical-chemical pesticide characteristic used in the fugacity model Mackay level 1 (1991). This fugacity model Mackay level 1 (1991) is an excellent tool to be used as a factor of decision in the pesticides use. The GUS criteria showed itself as one more mechanism to be used dire the lack of information, as decision make skill in choice of a pesticide utilization aiming monitoring or even though avoiding groundwater contamination / Mestrado / Agua e Solo / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:32:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mestrado Luciana Tibirica.pdf: 1411930 bytes, checksum: 421f2e0c72c7edf65107a764ff7b6b66 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-09 / The environmental analysis of impacts caused in the Tucano s Garimpo was carried out from the environmental liabilities of artisanal mining and the association of diverse spheres of the knowledge, integrating the physical, biological and social means. The mercury and his unconscious control were considered the research s central factors, guiding the main chemical analyses: hair of the inhabitants of the garimpo, muscles of fish, sediments of the dam and the stacks of mining. However, as the environment of the garimpo is not isolated from the ecosystem, were considered also the elements that compose and the parameters physical-chemical of the waters from the area represented by the dam and mining area. These analyses brought additional facts, enriching an already traditional methodology of monitoring contaminated and degraded areas by the golden mining in this case, by an artisanal mining. The results indicate localities still not contaminated, that should be frequently monitored and others that should be isolated. Still reveals the good condition of human health and of the ictiofauna regarding the mercury, even surrounded by an unhealthy environment instituted by the artisanal mining. / A análise ambiental dos impactos ocasionados no Garimpo do Tucano foi realizada a partir do passivo ambiental da atividade garimpeira e da associação de diversas esferas do conhecimento, integrando os meios físico, biótico e antrópico. O mercúrio e seu uso descontrolado foram considerados os fatores centrais da pesquisa, norteando as principais análises químicas, realizadas em cabelos dos habitantes da área do garimpo, músculos de peixes, sedimentos da barragem e da pilha de rejeito. Entretanto, como o ambiente do garimpo não está isolado do ecossistema, foram considerados também os elementos que o compõem e os parâmetros físico-químicos das águas da área representados pela barragem e pela cava do garimpo. Estas análises trouxeram dados adicionais, enriquecendo uma metodologia já tradicional de monitoramento de contaminação de áreas degradadas pela mineração de ouro neste caso, por um garimpo. Os resultados indicam locais ainda não contaminados, passíveis de acompanhamento e outros que devem ser isolados. Revelam ainda a boa condição da saúde humana e da ictiofauna em relação ao mercúrio, mesmo cercada por um ambiente insalubre instituído pela atividade garimpeira.

Cities present many opportunities to improve socio-ecological sustainability through efficiencies of scale and access to resources and services. These benefits are often compromised by rapidly increasing urban populations demanding energy, water, resources and food that are sourced, produced and transported from rural areas in unsustainable ways. A systems level approach to understanding the complex challenges cities face is required to strategically plan for the future. Rooftop agriculture is one measure that can help address many sustainability problems cities are currently faced with. Our research aims to identify the role rooftop agriculture can play in moving society towards sustainability, the challenges it currently faces that may prevent it from being widely implemented, and how to overcome these challenges. To structure our research, we used the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development (FSSD), a scientifically rigorous and peer reviewed model designed to manage the complexity of planning and decision-making towards sustainability. The culmination of this paper was the creation of a Sustainable Rooftop Agriculture Guide, a practical resource that can help city stakeholders determine how to best use rooftop agriculture in their movement towards sustainability.

The development of the human built environment is an essential component to achieving and maintaining a sustainable society. Much has been done to develop tools, techniques and approaches for creating ‘green’ or ‘sustainable’ neighbourhoods yet they rarely demonstrate the capacity to address the wider socio-ecological requirements for achieving success. This paper studies the current approaches to green design and planning, proposes a new approach called Needs Based Design (NBD), and identifies the gaps that exist between the two. Results indicate that NBD is based on a firm foundation, is widely applicable, and can support and spur regional sustainable development initiatives and positive behaviour change within communities. It fills three major gaps identified in current green design by utilising systems thinking and a shared language and framework, and focusing on the needs of individuals within communities. Concerns exist, however, about its reliance on broad community participation and ongoing education. In theory, NBD allows project teams to implement their work within the context of a strategic sustainable development perspective. Recommended now is practical application and testing. / Both a Master's thesis and an introductory guide, as a supplement to the thesis, are included. / <p>Natalie Haltrich 144 1st Boulevard Terrasse-Vaudreuil Quebec J7V 5T1 Canada</p>

Abstract Station-nearness principles as we will discuss in this paper, deals with the coordination of urban functions with the public transportation network. When we talk about functions, we mean residences, workplaces, commercial services, entertainment venues, places of culture, etc. These functions should be high density, there should be a mix of them and they should be pedestrian friendly in nature. Effective integration of functions around train stations brings many benefits and is one of the best means by which you can increase public transport use and increase the accessibility for people in a region. More and more, cities in North America, Europe and other places, are exploring the idea of how this concept can be applied. The Copenhagen region as we will discuss, has placed station-nearness principles at the forefront of their finger plan. Since the Copenhagen region has applied these principles, they have seen clear results with increased public transit ridership, as well on the overall, an increase in the standard of living. As many places are exploring the concept, not everyplace has been able to make the concept work. When we look at Scania, the concept is under utilized to a degree. There continues to be many populated and dense areas in Scania where the coordination of urban functions with public transit is lacking. The automobile is also gaining stronger competition over public transportation; this is a concern in terms of the sustainable future and quality of life for the region. It is not always the solution to simply expand the public transportation network, rather it can be significant to explore more upon the concept of station-nearness principles so that the existing public transit network can be made more effective. It is important to compare places, see in our case study how the concept has worked in the Copenhagen region and look into why the concept is lacking in Scania, as well, what can be done to implement it more in Scania. It is also important how the Öresund region as whole, can play a role with developing the concept, as well, how the concept can benefit the Öresund region vice versa.

The aim of this thesis was to study the Baltic Sea Region (BSR) Programme and the North Sea Region (NSR) Programme within the Transnational Interreg IV B Programme for the period 2007-2013, by making a comparison between Sweden and Denmark. The thesis looked at the level of involvement of both National Planning Authorities in the designing process of the programmes and projects, and investigated whether the Interreg programmes influence the authorities in their work with future policy-making, and the national spatial planning policies in general. The ambition of the thesis was also to clarify the links between the Interreg Programmes, the ESDP document, the Territorial State and Perspectives of the European Union and the Territorial Agenda, and how these documents have influenced the EU Territorial Cohesion debate and the creation of the EU Baltic Sea Strategy. The reason was to better understand the role of the National Planning Authorities in the implementation of the transnational programmes and their work towards territorial cohesion. The methods used for the thesis consisted of secondary research and analysis of the intergovernmental “Territorial Documents”, the Interreg programmes and their specific projects, and not least, the study of books, articles, and other documents and sources of interest for this topic. Interviews were made with people working at Swedish “Boverket”, Danish “By- og Landskabsstyrelsen” (BLST) and “Danske Regioner” (Danish Regions). Some of the main findings have been the different approaches among the Planning Authorities towards their potential leadership in the Interreg projects, the little time dedicated to the Interreg work in general at Swedish Boverket, and Boverket’s scarce intervention in the development-process of the EU Baltic Sea Strategy. On the Danish side there is very little priority given to the diffusion and transfer of knowledge, while in Sweden on the other hand, this is one of the main issues for all the authorities involved. The conclusion is that, even if Sweden and Denmark are close neighbours and are collaborating in many fields, there are some substantial differences in attitude and action towards their role as participators of the Transnational Interreg projects, differences which, if emphasised, could be useful knowledge for both parts in order to develop their own Interreg-work, responding to the growing interest of the EU in territorial concerns. / m.bengtsson@tiscali.it

This thesis deals with the Kosovar agricultural economy and the introduction of new approaches. Kosova is an economy in transition with high unemployment, young population and structural problems. The privatization process promises a better future and economic growth. However, hard work and new approaches are needed. Privatization does not mean immediate growth. Hereby, clusters are considered as an appropriate approach to develop rural areas. Especially the wine sector in Kosova could be an example for cluster development as it is a promising sector. Wine has a long history in Kosova although wine consumption is not widespread. This sector is a rare example where exports are higher than imports. Climate conditions cheep working force and as stated the background make this sector attractive. Foreign agencies and investors are very interested in this sector. This thesis will show the main problems and main opportunities of this sector. It will describe the structural changes and current developments. Cluster creation is not a government function. Further, it is not a tailor-made solution. In fact, clustering involves many roles. Each participant has certain duties but the whole process needs coordination. The monitoring and supervision of the whole process, the identification of needs and permanent exchange of the participants are organized in a cluster. At the end, a win-win situation is created even if competition is raised to a high level. Competition and the functioning of free markets guarantee the success of the sector and as a results regional development. One cluster helps to create another. Starting one process means that many others could follow. By reading this thesis, the reader should recognize potentials and understand the local circumstances. This is the aim of the study. / Faton Deva "Shkodra" 14, Prishtina 10000 Kosova mob: +377(0)44122883 e-mail:faton99d@gmail.com

Hur samverkar de nationella folkhälsomålen med fysisk planering, och på vilket sätt kan folkhälsomålen beaktas för att förbättra förutsättningarna för ökad fysisk aktivitet hos barn? Denna studie är en fallstudie i Hjo kommun. Studien tar utgångspunkt i kommunens folkhälsoproblematik som visar att det finns en hög förekomst av övervikt hos barn. Intentionen är att undersöka vilka organisatoriska processer som kan underbygga det kommunala arbetet med folkhälsomålen, liksom att ta reda på vilka faktorer i den fysiska miljön som skapar förutsättningar för barns fysiska aktivitet. Avsikten med studien har varit att skapa ett underlag för Hjo kommuns översiktliga planering. Resultatet av studien tydliggör vilka strukturella processer som påverkar arbetet med folkhälsa, men även hur utformningen av folkhälsomålen kan påverka den fysiska planeringens beaktande av folkhälsan. Resultatet åskådliggör även faktorer i den fysiska miljön som påverkar barns förutsättningar till fysisk aktivitet, liksom vikten av beaktandet av barnkonventionen. ABSTRACT How does national public health objectives cooperate with spatial planning, and in which way can public health objectives be considered in order to improve the conditions for increasing physical activity in children? This study is a case study in the municipality of Hjo. The starting point of the study is the municipal public health problem which indicates that there is a high prevalence of obesity in children. The intention is to examine the organizational processes that can underpin the municipal work of public health objectives, as well as to find out which factors in the built environment that can establish the conditions for children&apos;s physical activity. The purpose of this study was to provide a basis for the conceptual planning for the municipality of Hjo. Results of the study illustrates the structural processes that affect the work of public health, but also how the design of public health objectives may influence on the physical planning considerations of public health. The result also illustrates factors in the built environment that affect children&apos;s opportunities for physical activity, but also the importance of taking into account of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC).

This master thesis ”Urban Mobility in the 21st Century” gives an insight into the challenges that come with car usage in today’s society. Even though decision makers are trying to encourage people to use other means of transport, the car is still the predominant choice of transport for many people. With this thesis I have tried to answer the question of why people generally prefer to commute and travel by car instead of using public commuting systems. The answers to this question are many. Different scientists have given their view of why people generally prefer to travel by car. One of the explanations is given by Zygmunt Bauman. He argues that we live in a society that demands consumption of both travel and merchandise as well as experiences. In this the car becomes the ultimate choice of transport, due to its apparent sense of speed, flexibility and safety. This appealing sense of speed, flexibility and safety also partly explains why people prefer to use the car, instead of public commuting systems. The society we live in today is complex with many activities spanning a wide geographical area, giving the car many advantages both in flexibility and speed. The decision makers in the European Commission, the Swedish government and the British government have tried to handle this usage of the car in different ways, sometimes by encouragement in using other means of transport, and other times by hard measures like road pricing or increased tax on petroleum. When analyzing these different methods and comparing with the dominating theories on urban mobility, I found that some methods are more successful than others and also that certain methods can have side effects that are less desirable.