This thesis deals with the insurance of environmental risks. Introduction to the whole issue is environmental policy, which is a tool for environmental insurance. The second part is devoted to explain the concepts of risk and environmental risk. This section deals with the specific environmental risks and the possibilities for its management within the insurance company. Another part of the work with insurability of environmental risks and highlights the features of these risks, which it more difficult. The following section deals with legislative responsibility for damage to the environment and is focused mainly on the implementation of Directive 2004/35/EC in the Member States of the European Union. In the part focused on the legislation of the Czech Republic is described environmental harm under the law 167/2008 and marginally also Act No. 353/1999 Coll. as amended č.59/2006 Coll., on the prevention of major accidents. The fifth part is devoted to the modern history of environmental damage with a practical demonstration of selected damage and its consequences. The conclusion focuses on the issue of the insurance market in the Czech Republic. Environmental analyzes offer insurance on the Czech market. It deals with the question of why the market is so small that offer insurance, why is this insurance for insurance companies less attractive, and the effects on the whole issue of the legislation.

Submitted by Adriana Martinez (amartinez@unoeste.br) on 2018-03-01T19:35:13Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) RENAM SERRAGLIO QUAGLIO.pdf: 4813087 bytes, checksum: d84dbcaf6484445e15d3364a5daf62a5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-01T19:35:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) RENAM SERRAGLIO QUAGLIO.pdf: 4813087 bytes, checksum: d84dbcaf6484445e15d3364a5daf62a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-24 / The urban centers produce a large amount of solid waste daily, among them we can highlight the construction and demolition waste (RCD) from the processes of construction, demolition and maintenance of civil works. Civil construction can be identified as one of the sectors that most cause impacts to the environment due to exploitation of natural resources and high rate of waste generation. The creation of irregular provisions in the urban perimeter is observed in public roads and public places, squares, slopes, water courses and areas of permanent preservation. In this context, this study aims to report on the possible environmental impacts caused in the areas of RCD irregularity in the municipality of Presidente Bernardes-SP, presenting its characteristics and spatial analysis. The methodological basis for the characterization of the areas was descriptive statistics. The quantitative and qualitative analyzes evaluated the generation rate and composition of RCDs in the municipality. After a detailed investigation of the urban perimeter and accesses of the municipality were demarcated 40 points of irregular disposal that had more than 3 m³ of deposited RCDs. These points were classified in public, private and permanent preservation areas. Class A, 82.5% of Class B, 47.5% of Class C and D (CONAMA 307/02) were identified in all the analyzed points, it was also verified that 20% of the points had household residues evidencing the power attractiveness of RCDs. The mortar was the most representative material with 22.58% of the analyzed sample, followed by concrete with 19.65%. The identified impacts were to the degradation of the disposal areas evidenced by the RCD composition, sedimentation and compromise of the Guarucaia stream, soil erosion, among others. The evaluation of municipal management pointed to the diagnosis of the system and environmental education as bad and the inspection as bad, based on the parameters analyzed. Such evaluations are fundamental for the identification of the fragilities of the management, and proposition of a management based on the principles of the sustainability. / Os centros urbanos produzem uma grande quantidade de resíduos sólidos diariamente, dentre eles podemos destacar os resíduos da construção e demolição (RCD) oriundos dos processos de edificação, demolição e manutenção de obras civis. A construção civil pode ser identificada como um dos setores que mais causam impactos ao meio ambiente devido à exploração dos recursos naturais e elevado índice de geração de resíduos. A criação de disposições irregulares no perímetro urbano é observada em vias e logradouros públicos, praças, encostas, cursos d’água e áreas de preservação permanente. Neste contexto, este estudo tem por objetivo relatar os possíveis impactos ambientais ocasionados nas áreas de disposição irregular dos RCD no município de Presidente Bernardes-SP apresentando suas características e análise espacial. A base metodológica para a caracterização das áreas foi à estatística descritiva. As análises quantitativas e qualitativas avaliaram a taxa de geração e a composição dos RCD no município. Após uma investigação detalhada do perímetro urbano e acessos do município foram demarcados 40 pontos de descarte irregular que possuíam mais de 3 m³ de RCD depositados. Estes pontos foram classificados em áreas públicas, particulares e em áreas de preservação permanente. Em todos os pontos analisados foram identificados resíduos da Classe A, 82,5% da Classe B, 47,5% da Classe C e D (CONAMA 307/02), também foi verificado que 20% dos pontos apresentavam resíduos domiciliares evidenciando o poder de atratividade dos RCD. A argamassa foi o material com maior representatividade com 22,58% da amostra analisada, seguida pelo concreto com 19,65%. Os impactos identificados foram à degradação das áreas de disposição evidenciadas pela composição dos RCD, assoreamento e comprometimento do córrego Guarucaia, erosão dos solos entre outros. A avaliação da gestão municipal apontou o diagnóstico do sistema e educação ambiental como péssimos e a fiscalização como ruim, a partir dos parâmetros analisados. Tais avaliações são fundamentais para a identificação das fragilidades do gerenciamento, e proposição de uma gestão baseada nos princípios da sustentabilidade.

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<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; Razvojem testova inhibicije rasta na vrstama&nbsp; roda&nbsp;<em> Myriophyllum&nbsp;</em> ispitan je<br />potencijal&nbsp; vrsta <em>Myriophyllum&nbsp; aquaticum</em>&nbsp; (Vell.) Verd.&nbsp; i&nbsp;<em> Myriophyllum spicatum</em>&nbsp; L. u<br />ekolo&scaron;koj proceni rizika&nbsp; od herbicida i kontrole kvaliteta sedimenta. Ispitana je<br />primenljivost&nbsp; kontaktnog testa toksičnosti sedimenta sa vrstom&nbsp; M. aquaticum&nbsp; u<br />retrospektivnoj&nbsp; proceni&nbsp; rizika&nbsp; sedimenta&nbsp; na uzorcima iz prirode&nbsp; &ndash;&nbsp; na sedimentu&nbsp; reka Tami&scaron;, Krivaja i Jegrička.&nbsp; Testom toksičnosti sedimenta obogaćenog atrazinom,<br />analiziran je i potencijal kontaktnog testa u preventivnoj proceni rizika od hemikalija<br />koje pokazuju afinitet vezivanja za sediment. Testovima inhibicije rasta <em>M. aquaticum</em><br />i&nbsp; <em>M. spicatum&nbsp;</em> u voda-sediment sistemu ispitana je osetljivost i mogućnost primene<br />metode u preventivnoj proceni rizika od herbicida i regulatora rasta.<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; Deo rezultata dobijenih u radu uključen je u zavr&scaron;ne izve&scaron;taje internacionalnih<br />testova interkalibracije metoda,&nbsp; a kao rezultat ovih aktivnosti usvojene su nove<br />standardne metode na ukorenjenim akvatičnim makrofitama ISO 16191/2013 i OECD 239/2014.<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Na osnovu istraživanja, zaključeno je da je kontaktni test toksičnosti<br />sedimenta&nbsp; jednostavan i lak za izvođenje, kao i da je vrsta<em>&nbsp; M. aquaticum</em>&nbsp; u jedno-komponentnom sistemu (sediment)&nbsp; adekvatan test model. Rastom kontrolnih biljaka, niskom varijabilno&scaron;ću i visokom osetljivo&scaron;ću biolo&scaron;kih&nbsp; odgovora zadovoljen je kriterijum validnosti testa. Preporučeno je kori&scaron;ćenje dodatne kontrole&nbsp; u&nbsp; slučajevima kada postoje značajna odstupanja u strukturi između&nbsp; standardnog sintetičkog kontrolnog i&nbsp; testiranog prirodnog sedimenta.&nbsp; Kontaktnim&nbsp; testom toksičnosti sedimenta obogaćenog&nbsp; atrazinom&nbsp; pokazano je da se ovaj test&nbsp; može smatrati potencijalno dobrom metodom za pro&scaron;irenje ekolo&scaron;ke procene rizika od hemikalija koje pokazuju afinitet vezivanja za sediment.<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; Ispitivanjem potencijala&nbsp; testa&nbsp; inhibicije rasta vrsta roda&nbsp;<em> Myriophyllum</em>&nbsp; u voda-sediment sistemu&nbsp; utvrđeno je da su testovi&nbsp; izvodljivi u praksi, da pokazuju&nbsp; visoki stepen stabilnosti, statističku snagu i malu varijabilnost&nbsp; većine&nbsp; ispitivanih parametara rasta. Poređenjem testova sa vrstama&nbsp;<em> M. aquaticum</em>&nbsp; i&nbsp;<em> M. spicatum</em>, nije utvrđena značajna&nbsp; razlika u osetljivosti na odabrane herbicide.&nbsp; Osetljivost&nbsp; testova na vrstama roda&nbsp; <em>Myriophyllum</em>&nbsp; i standardnih&nbsp; Lemna&nbsp; testova je bila slična,&nbsp; osim u slučaju auksin simulatora gde su&nbsp; vrste roda <em>Myriophyllum</em>&nbsp; sp. bile osetljivije,&nbsp; &scaron;to&nbsp; ukazuje&nbsp; na njihovu primenljivost u proceni rizika od pesticida specifičnog mehanizma toksičnog dejstva.<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; Iako&nbsp; obe vrste roda&nbsp; <em>Myriophyllum</em>&nbsp; imaju&nbsp; prednosti i nedostatke&nbsp; kao test<br />organizmi,&nbsp; vrste se&nbsp; mogu&nbsp; smatrati reprezentativnim akvatičnim ukorenjenim<br />makrofitama i predstavljati&nbsp; adekvatne&nbsp; dopunske test vrste u vi&scaron;im nivoima ekolo&scaron;ke<br />procene rizika od herbicida i regulatora rasta.&nbsp; Takođe, vrsta <em>M. aquaticum&nbsp; </em>je pogodna za&nbsp; testiranje u&nbsp; različitim test sistemima,&nbsp; a samim tim&nbsp; ima i veći&nbsp; potencijal primene u preventivnoj, ali i retrospektivnoj ekolo&scaron;koj proceni rizika.</p> / <p>Growth inhibition tests on <em>Myriophyllum&nbsp; aquaticum</em>&nbsp; (Vell.) Verd.&nbsp; and <em>Myriophyllum spicatum</em>&nbsp; L.&nbsp; were conducted in order to assess their use in refined risk assessment&nbsp; of chemicals, as well as in&nbsp; sediment&nbsp; risk assessment.&nbsp; The applicability, stability and sensitivity of the&nbsp;<em> M.&nbsp; aquaticum&nbsp; </em>sediment contact test on natural sediments (from rivers Tami&scaron;, Krivaja and&nbsp; Jegrička) was assessed for use in retrospective ecological risk assessment (ERA). The potential use of the spiked sediment contact test in risk assessment&nbsp; of&nbsp; sediment bound chemicals was&nbsp; also investigated. The sensitivity and applicability of the growth inhibition tests on&nbsp;<em> M. aquaticum</em>&nbsp; and&nbsp; <em>Myriophyllum </em>spicatum&nbsp; in a water-sediment system was assessed for potential use in prospective ERA of plant protection products.</p><p>A part of the results of this study was included in the final report of the two&nbsp; international ring tests, which resulted with new standardised methods with rooted macrophytes:&nbsp; ISO 16191/2013 i&nbsp; OECD&nbsp; 239/2014. Tests on&nbsp; <em>Myriophyllum</em>&nbsp; species were compared to standard Lemna&nbsp; tests.&nbsp; Test substances in <em>M. aquaticum</em>&nbsp; and&nbsp; <em>Lemna minor&nbsp; L</em>. tests were 3,5 dichlorphenol, atrazine, isoproturon, trifluralin, 2,4 D and dicamba, while substances used in&nbsp;<em> M. spicatum&nbsp;</em> tests were atrazine, isoproturon and 2,4 D.</p><p>The sediment contact test proved to be simple and robust, while <em>M. aquaticum</em> can be considered as an adequate test model in a one-compartment (sediment) test. The validity criteria regarding control plant growth and variability was met. The use of an additional control is suggested when testing of sediments with considerably different properties of the standard synthetic control is taking place.&nbsp; The spiked sediment contact tests with atrazine showed that the method could be applied in prospective risk assessment of sediment bound chemicals.</p><p>The water-sediment growth inhibition test with&nbsp; <em>Myriophyllum</em>&nbsp; species proved to be applicable in practice, with high stability, statistical power and low variability of the majority of the growth parameters.<em>&nbsp; M. aquaticum&nbsp;</em> and&nbsp; M. spicatum&nbsp; didn&rsquo;t show major&nbsp; differences&nbsp; in sensitivity to tested substance.&nbsp; The sensitivity of&nbsp; <em>Myriophyllum</em> and&nbsp; Lemna&nbsp; tests was also similar, except to auxin simulators, where&nbsp; <em>Myriophyllum </em>species were considerably more sensitive, which makes them adequate&nbsp; candidates for use in risk assessment of chemicals with specific mode of action.</p><p>Even though both&nbsp; <em>Myriophyllum</em>&nbsp; species show advantages and disadvantages as test organisms, they can be regarded as representative rooted aquatic macrophyte species and additional test species in refined risk assessment of herbicides and growth regulators. &nbsp;Also,&nbsp; <em>M. aquaticum&nbsp; </em>can be tested in various test syytems, which makes this species &nbsp;applicable in prospective as well as retrospective ecological risk assessment.</p>

[pt] Os desastres ambientais são construções naturais que são intensificados pela sociedade e podem afetá-la direta e indiretamente. Os estudos sobre as possibilidades de ocorrência destes em locais de interferência humana, isto é, os riscos, vêm crescendo paulatinamente. Nesse trabalho, analisa-se a bacia do Rio Bengalas em Nova Friburgo- RJ avaliando as características físicas e sociais, paisagem e espaço, através de dados obtidos de forma primária, questionários no local e avaliação da paisagem, e secundariamente com o censo de 2010, dados físicos e políticos dos órgãos públicos. Essa pesquisa utilizou as modelagens ambientais de ROSS(1994) e BAPTISTA (2009) para distinguir áreas potenciais de desastres, conjuntamente com as características sociais ponderadas com base em ALVES (2007) e TORRES (1997), e avaliação das políticas públicas para minimizar os impactos ambientais. De acordo com a modelagem ambiental foram diagnosticada três áreas mais vulneráveis na bacia Bengalas e com a análise dos questionários realizados na área, confrontando com as políticas públicas e o mapeamento, é notável que os espaços urbanos são diferenciados de acordo com a maior ou menor exposição das pessoas aos riscos ambientais. Pode-se concluir que os riscos ambientais são socialmente construídos e a maior fragilidade do meio intensifica esse processo. Constata-se uma discordância entre o anseio da população em permanecer no local, e a ação do poder público na questão dos impactos ambientais. A população mais exposta aos riscos construiu laços relacionados a sua comunidade, objetivando uma maior atuação dos governos para diminuir essa probabilidade de desastres, e estes, em momento de revisão do Plano Diretor Participativo de Nova Friburgo, devem analisar a diversidade de elementos para minimizar as injustiças ambientais historicamente constituídas no espaço urbano. / [en] Environmental disasters are natural intense events, such as mass movements and floods, which are intensified by the society and may affect it directly and indirectly. Studies on the occurrence of these possibilities at places of human interference, that is, the risks have been growing steadily. In this study, we analyze the basin of the River Bengalas in Nova Friburgo- RJ evaluating the physical and social characteristics, using data obtained from primary form, questionnaires at the place and landscpae analysis, and secondarily to the census of 2010, historical data, physical and public politics agencies. This research used the environmental ROSS modeling (1994) and Baptista (2009) to distinguish areas of potential disasters, together with the social characteristics weighted based on Torres (1997) and ALVES (2007), and the evaluation of public policies to minimize environmental impacts. According to the environmental modeling were diagnosed three most vulnerable areas in Basin Bengalas, with the analysis of questionnaires carried out in the area, comparing them with public politics and mapping, it is remarkable that urban spaces are differentiated according to the greater or lower exposure of humans to environmental risks. It can be concluded that environmental risks are socially constructed and greater fragility of the envirnment intensifies this process. There has been a disagreement between the desire of the population to remain in place, and the action of the government on the issue of environmental impacts. The most exposed population to the risks built relations related to their community, aiming a focused effort by governments to reduce the probability of disasters, and these, in time to review the Participatory Master Plan of Nova Friburgo, should analyze the diversity of elements to minimize environmental injustices historically constituted around the city.

The risk assessment process and the subsequent risk management measures need tobe constantly evaluated, updated and improved. This thesis contributes to that workby considering, and suggesting improvements, regarding aspects like userfriendliness,transparency, accuracy, consistency, data reporting, data selection anddata evaluation.The first paper in this thesis reports from an empirical investigation of themotivations, intentions and expectations underlying the development andimplementation of a voluntary industry owned environmental classification systemfor pharmaceuticals. The results show that the purpose of the classification systemis to provide information, no other risk reduction measures are aimed for.The second paper reports from an evaluation of the accuracy and the consistency ofthe environmental risk assessments conducted within the classification system. Theresults show that the guideline recommendations were not followed in several casesand consequently alternative risk ratios could be determined for six of the 36pharmaceutical substances selected for evaluation in this study. When additionaldata from the open scientific literature was included the risk ratio was altered formore than one-third of the risk assessments. Seven of the 36 substances wereassessed and classified by more than one risk assessor. In two of the seven cases,different producers classified the same substance into different classificationcategories.The third paper addresses the question whether non-standard ecotoxicity data couldbe used systematically in environmental risk assessments of pharmaceuticals. Fourdifferent evaluation methods were used to evaluate nine non-standard studies. Theevaluation result from the different methods varied at surprisingly high rate and theevaluation of the non-standard data concluded that the reliability of the data wasgenerally low. / QC 20100929

Recently, the presence of illicit drugs in effluents from Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) and the aquatic environment has raised concern over their possible negative effects on aquatic organisms. In this study, therefore ecotoxicological data was retrieved through a literature survey and by using the software ECOSAR. Predicted No Effect Concentrations (PNEC) of five types of illicit drugs and their metabolites including 1. Cocaine (COC) and its metabolite Benzoylecgonine (BE), 2. Amphetamine (AMPH), 3. Methamphetamine (METH), 4. Cannabis ((delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-Nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-CCOH)) and 5. 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) for species of three trophic levels in aquatic ecosystems derived. Predicted Environmental Concentrations (PEC) of above-mentioned drugs in twelve WWTPs’ influent and two effluents in Halland County have been measured by Swedish Toxicology Research Center (SWETOX co). Acute and chronic Risk Quotients (RQ) of the mixture of illicit drugs based upon two novel approaches calculated for the effluents of two WWTPs. Wastewater treatment plant in Ängstorp found with better removal efficiency of above- mentioned illicit drugs and the lower total RQs of (0.01&lt;MRQacute&lt;0.1; MRQchronic = 0.13) in comparison with that of Västra Stranden with the total RQs of (0.1&lt;MRQacute &lt;1; MRQchronic = 1.4). Although the RQ of WWTPs’ effluent was higher than 1 in Västra Stranden, there was no potential of risk on aquatic organisms in surface waters receiving that effluent. AMPH and Cannabis found as the most degradable substances through the WWTPs with (90-100%) of removal efficiency. Moreover, the results revealed that Cannabis (THC-COOH) was the most hazardous illicit drug on aquatic species in case of acute and chronic effects while, in terms of genotoxicology, a mixture of Cocaine metabolites found the most dangerous mixture of illicit drugs on zebrafish embryos.

In the expansion of offshore sustainable energy systems, there is growing pressure on the environment and permit processes and the accumulation results in much higher total risk for accidents of future assets. Anticipating the problems at the design stage and improving verification is likely to increase energy development and reduce costs. This thesis explores offshore DST (Decision Support Tools) and risk verification of subsea cable assets.For subsea cables, a statistical method is proposed utilizing measurement data together with shipping traffic data (AIS) to estimate the environmental risk and risk of accidents of installed cable assets. This should partially solve issues of improving design using more data and surveys and utilizing mechanical and sensor-specific characteristics to improve the confidence and burial estimation, contrary to today’s methodology. The implication of the two studies of cable burial risk assessment techniques and verification shows how a developed methodology can solve issues for verifying the integrity of an installed asset. Putting our methodology into practice involves many challenges.  For the marine Decision Support Tool (DST) and sustainable energy development, to estimate potential savings if permit processes would be shorter and less burdensome without degrading the quality of the EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment). A method is proposed to model various scenarios of effective savings from the development of a DST to reduce costs spent on EIA permitting by the offshore energy developers. The study of the implication of the marine EIA DST shows a quantifiable estimate of the savings potential for permit processes for sustainable offshore development, and results indicate a need for optimization of DST development, which can be an essential factor in its implementation and success.

This thesis investigates, if the exposure to conflict impacts the level of morbidity attributed to environmental risks, while addressing a gap in understanding the triple nexus between conflict, environmental hazards, and public health. Utilizing a subset of the Global Burden of Disease Study dataset, the variation of the rate of disability-adjusted life years (DALY) attributable to unsafe access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) due to conflict is examined. The findings of the country-fixed effects model – using a sample of Sub-Saharan African countries – reveal that the intensity of conflict significantly increases the rate of DALY, indicating a greater negative public health outcome in line with the hypothesis. The choice of the conflict threshold does significantly impact the results, emphasizing the importance of a robust definition of conflict. Controlling for foreign aid attributed to health and the density of health workers, the negative health outcomes associated with conflict are mitigated, suggesting that adequate healthcare provision can mitigate the impacts of conflict on public health. Overall, this thesis contributes to the understanding of the triple nexus, highlighting the need for more research and policy measures to address the long-term health impacts of conflict.