Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a preparaÃÃo de biocatalisadores utilizando lipase de Candida antarctica tipo B (CALB) imobilizada covalentemente em quitosana, uma matÃria-prima abundante e de baixo custo no CearÃ, em quitosana-alginato e em agarose, com o intuito de utilizÃ-los na sÃntese de Ãsteres de vitamina A. Diversas estratÃgias de imobilizaÃÃo foram realizadas com o intuito de obter um derivado com elevada atividade enzimÃtica e com alta estabilidade tÃrmica e operacional. TrÃs tipos de suportes (agarose, quitosana e quitosana-alginato) foram preparados a partir de tais estratÃgias, sendo que um estudo aprofundado foi realizado com dois desses suportes (quitosana e quitosana-alginato). Apenas uma estratÃgia de imobilizaÃÃo foi realizada com agarose para testÃ-lo na sÃntese de palmitato de retinila, juntamente com dois derivados comerciais (lipase imobilizada de Thermomyces lanuginosus (Lipozyme TL IM) e lipase imobilizada de Mucor miehei (Lipozyme RM IM)), com o objetive de definir algumas condiÃÃes operacionais. Uma condiÃÃo avaliada que apresentou bons resultados na sÃntese foi o uso de peneira molecular para a retirada de Ãgua no meio reacional, sendo, portanto, utilizada nos estudos posteriores. ApÃs os estudos de imobilizaÃÃo e estabilidade tÃrmica a 60 ÂC, dois derivados (J8: quitosana ativada com glicidol seguido de etilenodiamina (EDA) e glutaraldeÃdo, e G10: quitosana-alginato ativada com glutaraldeÃdo) foram escolhidos, por apresentarem maiores atividades especÃficas (422,44 Â 50,4 U/g e 378,30 Â 34,7 U/g, respectivamente) e melhores estabilidades tÃrmicas (fatores de estabilizaÃÃo de 10,25 e 29,00, respectivamente), para estudos de estabilidade operacional de hidrÃlise e para sÃntese de palmitato de retinila. O derivado que apresentou melhor estabilidade tÃrmica a 60ÂC foi o G10, CALB imobilizada em quitosana-alginato, sendo aproximadamente 29 vezes mais estÃvel que a enzima solÃvel, e mais de 2 vezes mais estÃvel do que a enzima comercial Novozyme 435. PorÃm, o derivado J8 apresentou melhor estabilidade operacional de hidrÃlise, semelhante ao derivado comercial Novozyme 435. Um planejamento experimental 22 foi realizado para se avaliar a sÃntese de palmitato de retinila. Avaliou-se a influÃncia da temperatura (37 ÂC e 45 ÂC) e da razÃo entre os substratos, retinol:Ãcido palmÃtico (1:3 e 1:5), no rendimento de sÃntese, catalisada pelo derivado J8. Uma reaÃÃo utilizando o derivado G10 utilizando a melhor condiÃÃo do planejamento experimental foi realizada para ver o comportamento desse derivado. Com uma anÃlise estatÃstica dos resultados, pÃde-se observar que a razÃo entre os substratos teve efeito significativo no rendimento de sÃntese. Maiores foram obtidos quando a razÃo entre substratos foi igual a 1:5. Como os resultados nas temperaturas de 37 ÂC e 45 ÂC foram semelhantes, selecionou-se a temperatura de 37 ÂC para reaÃÃes posteriores, por necessitar de um menor gasto de energia para atingi-la / The objective of this work was to study the preparation of biocatalysts using lipase of Candida antarctica type B (CALB) covalently immobilized in agarose, chitosan, an abundant and low cost raw material, to be used in the synthesis of ester of Vitamin A. Several strategies of immobilization were studied in order to obtain a biocatalyst with good enzymatic activity and high thermal and operational stabilities. Three types of supports (agarose, chitosan and chitosanalginate) were activated by different strategies, but most of attention was given to the supports chitosan and chitosan-alginate. Only one derivative was prepared by immobilizing CALB in agarose and results of synthesis were compared to commercial derivatives (immobilized lipase of Thermomyces lanuginosus - Lipozyme TL IM - and immobilized lipase of Mucor miehei - Lipozyme RM IM), for the definition of some operational conditions. The operational condition that presented good results in the synthesis was used in further studies, such as removal of water from the reacional media by molecular sieves. After immobilization and thermal stabilities at 60 ÂC tests, two derivatives (J8: chitosan actived with glicidol follow by EDA and glutaraldehyde; G10: chitosan-alginate actived with glutaraldehyde) were selected: the ones that presented higher specific activities (422.44 Â 50.4 U/g and 378.30 Â 34.7 U/g, respectively) and best thermal stabilities (factors of stabilization of 10.25 and 29.0, respectively). Operational hydrolytic stabilities and the performance of these biocatalysts on the synthesis of retinyl palmitate were evaluated. One factorial design 22 was carried out to evaluate the synthesis of retinyl palmitate. The influence of the temperature (37 ÂC and 45 ÂC) and ratio between substrates concentration, retinol: palmitic acid (1:3 and 1:5), in the yield of synthesis, catalyzed for the J8 derivative, were evaluated. A statistical analysis of the results showed that the the most significant effect was the rate of substrates concentration. Higher yields of synthesis were obtained when the ratio of substrates concentration was equal to 1:5. Results of reaction yields at 37ÂC and 45 ÂC were very similar. Therefore, 37 ÂC was selected for further studies. Best results for thermal stability at 60ÂC were obtained for G10, CALB immobilized in chitosan-alginate, being approximately 29-fold more stable than soluble enzyme, and 2-fold more stable than the commercial enzyme (Novozyme 435). On the other hand, J8, CALB immobilized in chitosan, presented higher operational hydrolysis stability, with a similar deactivation profile to Novozyme 435

Surfactants are molecules that contain a water-soluble and afat-soluble part. They have important functions in productssuch as detergents, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and foods aswell as in many industrial processes. Surfactants are used onvery large scale, which makes it important to decrease theirimpact on the environment. This can be done by starting withnatural materials, by improving the synthetic methods and byreducing the use of limited resources such as energy andorganic solvents. This thesis focuses on lipase-catalyzed synthesis ofsurfactants based on natural products. It also includesfunctional studies of the produced surfactants; as antioxidantsin oils, or as surfactants to solubilize pharmaceuticals. Unsaturated fatty acid esters of ascorbic acid weresynthesized with catalysis by Candida antarctica lipase B int-amyl alcohol and in ionic liquids. High yields ofascorbyl oleate were obtained in an ionic liquid that wasdesigned to improve the solubility of the fatty acid, when thereaction was performed under vacuum. Ascorbyl oleate wasamorphous and was a better antioxidant than ascorbyl palmitatein rapeseed oil. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) stearate, PEG 12-hydroxystearateand a series of PEG 12-acyloxy-stearates were synthesized in avacuum-driven, solvent-free system usingC. antarcticalipase B as catalyst. Critical micelleconcentration and solubilization capacity were determined forthe PEG 12-acyloxy-stearates. Their effects on living cellswere evaluated in studies of hemolysis and transepithelialelectrical resistance. Several PEG1500 12-acyloxy-stearateswere excellent solubilizers for pharmaceutical use and hadnegligible negative effects on living cells even at highconcentrations. Enzymatic and chemo-enzymatic methods offer uniquepossibilities to synthesize surfactants of high purity. Pureand well-defined surfactants enable new applications and areimportant for the understanding of surfactantstructure-function relationships.

Novel techniques are needed to investigate the genetic variation revealed in the first draft of the human genome sequence. Padlock probes are recently developed reagents, suitable for detecting single-nucleotide variations of DNA and RNA in situ or in solution. The probes are oligonucleotides of about 70-140 nucleotides that can be circularized by ligation in the presence of a correct target sequence. Standard chemical synthesis of padlock probes is difficult due to the requirement for intact 5' and 3' ends of these long oligonucleotides. A novel PCR-based method is presented in this thesis, whereby longer, densely labeled padlock probes can be made as compared to conventional chemical synthesis. PCR-generated padlock probes produced a stronger signal and a more resolved staining pattern, compared to chemically synthesized probes in fluorescence in situ analysis of an alpha-satellite sequence variant present in human chromosomes 13 and 21. Padlock probes used for in situ analysis of metaphase chromosomes had an optimal length of 140 nucleotides. They were used to identify individual chromosomes 7 and 15, and to follow the transmission of chromosome homologues for two consecutive generations. The specificity of the padlock probes to detect single copy genes in genomic DNA samples was demonstrated by detecting a single-nucleotide mutation in the ATP7B gene. It has not previously been known if T4 DNA ligase can be used for RNA sequence analysis. In this thesis, it is demonstrated that T4 DNA ligase can be used for distinguishing single-nucleotide RNA sequence variants. Reaction conditions were defined where most mismatches could be discriminated by a factor of 80 and all mismatches by a factor of at least 20. Under these conditions padlock probes could detect and distinguish RNA sequence variants with ligation efficiency almost as high as on the corresponding DNA sequence. A detailed study of the parameters influencing RNA-templated DNA ligation revealed that DNA ligation on RNA templates proceeds at a much slower rate compared to the same reaction on DNA, and that a molar excess of enzyme is required. Furthermore, the ligation reaction is inhibited by high concentrations of the cofactor ATP and NaCl. The work presented in this thesis demonstrates that PCR-generated padlock probes can detect and distinguish single-nucleotide variation in both RNA and DNA.

<p>Surfactants are molecules that contain a water-soluble and afat-soluble part. They have important functions in productssuch as detergents, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and foods aswell as in many industrial processes. Surfactants are used onvery large scale, which makes it important to decrease theirimpact on the environment. This can be done by starting withnatural materials, by improving the synthetic methods and byreducing the use of limited resources such as energy andorganic solvents.</p><p>This thesis focuses on lipase-catalyzed synthesis ofsurfactants based on natural products. It also includesfunctional studies of the produced surfactants; as antioxidantsin oils, or as surfactants to solubilize pharmaceuticals.</p><p>Unsaturated fatty acid esters of ascorbic acid weresynthesized with catalysis by Candida antarctica lipase B in<i>t</i>-amyl alcohol and in ionic liquids. High yields ofascorbyl oleate were obtained in an ionic liquid that wasdesigned to improve the solubility of the fatty acid, when thereaction was performed under vacuum. Ascorbyl oleate wasamorphous and was a better antioxidant than ascorbyl palmitatein rapeseed oil.</p><p>Polyethylene glycol (PEG) stearate, PEG 12-hydroxystearateand a series of PEG 12-acyloxy-stearates were synthesized in avacuum-driven, solvent-free system using<i>C. antarctica</i>lipase B as catalyst. Critical micelleconcentration and solubilization capacity were determined forthe PEG 12-acyloxy-stearates. Their effects on living cellswere evaluated in studies of hemolysis and transepithelialelectrical resistance. Several PEG1500 12-acyloxy-stearateswere excellent solubilizers for pharmaceutical use and hadnegligible negative effects on living cells even at highconcentrations.</p><p>Enzymatic and chemo-enzymatic methods offer uniquepossibilities to synthesize surfactants of high purity. Pureand well-defined surfactants enable new applications and areimportant for the understanding of surfactantstructure-function relationships.</p>

Ces travaux de thèse portent sur la conception par voie chimio-enzymatique de polymères amphiphiles issus de glycolipides, capables de s’auto-assembler en phase aqueuse et susceptibles de répondre à des applications de vectorisation de principes actifs. Après une étude préalable des paramètres influents lors de la synthèse enzymatique, huit monomères glycolipidiques porteurs de fonctions esters vinyliques,méthacrylate ou [alpha]-méthylstyrène ont été synthétisés à partir de dérivés d’huile de ricin et de glucose. Les monomères porteurs d’une fonction ester vinylique comme groupement polymérisable ont été copolymérisés en présence d’acétate de vinyle mais les copolymères ainsi formés n’ont pas montré de capacité à s’autoassembler. Les monomères fonctionnalisés par un groupement méthacrylate, ont été copolymérisés en présence de méthacrylate de méthyle ; trois gammes de copolymères ont ainsi été synthétisées par polymérisation radicalaire, les deux premières selon un mécanisme non contrôlé en présence d’un agent de transfert thiolé ou pas et la troisième selon la méthodologie RAFT. Dans tous les cas, des nanoparticules bien définies et stables pendant plusieurs mois ont été obtenues par auto-assemblage de ces trois gammes de copolymères en phase aqueuse. Le Rouge de Nil a été piégé au sein de ces nanoparticules puis relargué par ajout de chlorure de sodium, laissant entrevoir des applications de stabilisation et de vectorisation de principes actifs pour ces nouveaux copolymères. / The aim of this thesis was the conception of amphiphilic polymers able to self-assembly in water forpotential drug delivery applications, from glycolipidic monomers synthesized by a chemo-enzymatic pathway.After a preliminary study of the influent parameters on glycolipid synthesis via enzymatic catalysis, eightmonomers bearing either vinyl ester, methacrylate or a-methylstyrene groups have been synthesized fromglucose and castor oil derivatives. The vinyl ester-bearing monomers have been copolymerized with vinylacetate. Unfortunately, the resulting copolymers did not show interesting self-assembly properties in water.Three families of copolymers were synthesized from the methacrylate-bearing monomers and methylmethacrylate, either by free radical polymerization in the presence or not of a transfer agent or by reversibleaddition-fragmentation polymerization (RAFT). Well-defined and stablenanoparticles were obtained from allthose copolymers. Nile Red was successfully trapped into those nanoparticles and released by adding sodiumchloride, allowing perspectives as potential drug delivery applications for those new copolymers.

nÃo hà / Os Ãsteres de Ãcidos graxos representam uma das mais importantes classes de compostos orgÃnicos devido à diversidade de aplicaÃÃes, tais como aromas, biopesticida, biodiesel e antimicrobianos. O setor industrial de Ãleos e gorduras, bem como as pesquisas cientÃficas, tem desenvolvido diversos processos para manipular a composiÃÃo das misturas de triglicerÃdeos para a sÃntese de Ãsteres a partir dos Ãcidos graxos, por rota quÃmica ou enzimÃtica. Nesse contexto, a lipase à a enzima mais amplamente utilizada por apresentar diversas vantagens relacionadas à sua especificidade. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a seletividade das lipases imobilizadas de Candida antarctica tipo B e de Rhizopus oryzae em relaÃÃo aos Ãcidos graxos saturados (AGS) e insaturados (AGI), bem como a conversÃo destes em Ãsteres etÃlicos. A seletividade foi avaliada em relaÃÃo ao Ãcido oleico (insaturado) e o Ãcido eicosanÃico (saturado), obtidos na hidrÃlise quÃmica do Ãleo do peixe tilÃpia (Oreochromis niloticus). Para anÃlise da seletividade foi realizado um planejamento experimental composto central 24, variando a velocidade de agitaÃÃo (rpm), temperatura (ÂC), razÃo molar (etanol:Ãcido graxo) e quantidade de enzima (%m), mantendo-se fixa a quantidade de peneira molecular â zeÃlita 5 à â (5 %m) e o tempo reacional (24 h). Da mesma forma, o comportamento das enzimas em relaÃÃo aos AGS foi avaliado segundo planejamento experimental composto central 23, variando temperatura (ÂC), razÃo molar (etanol:Ãcido graxo) e quantidade de enzima (%m), mantendo-se fixa a quantidade de peneira â zeÃlita 5 à â molecular (5 %m), agitaÃÃo (180 rpm) e tempo reacional (24 h), utilizando como substrato uma mistura de Ãcidos palmÃtico e esteÃrico. Em todas as anÃlises estatÃsticas foram considerados 85% de intervalo de confianÃa. Em relaÃÃo à esterificaÃÃo dos Ãcidos graxos do Ãleo de peixe hidrolisado, ambos os catalisadores foram seletivos para o Ãcido saturado eicosanÃico. Quase todas as variÃveis estudadas influenciaram na seletividade da lipase de R. oryzae, enquanto quase nenhuma foi significativa para a seletividade da lipase de C. antarctica. Quando a resposta estudada foi a conversÃo, a lipase de C. antarctica foi responsÃvel pelas maiores conversÃes de Ãcido oleico em oleato de etila. Quando os ensaios foram realizados utilizando lipase de R. oryzae, mais variÃveis significativas foram encontradas para o modelo de conversÃo. No meio reacional contendo a mistura de AGS, ambas as lipases apresentaram maior afinidade pelo Ãcido palmÃtico. A faixa de valores selecionada para avaliar a influÃncia na seletividade nÃo afetou significativamente a resposta da lipase de C. antarctica, mas foram todas significativas para a de R. oryzae. Quanto à conversÃo, a lipase de C. antarctica foi responsÃvel pelas maiores conversÃes de Ãcidos esteÃrico e praticamente todas as variÃveis selecionadas foram significativas para o modelo da conversÃo quando ambas as enzimas foram utilizadas. / Esters of fatty acids represent one of the most important classes of organic compounds due to ther variety of applications, such as flavoring, biopesticide, biodiesel and antimicrobials. Oils and fats industry as well as scientific researches have developed many different processes to manipulate composition of triglycerides mixtures. The aim is synthesis of esters from fatty acids by chemical or enzymatic routes. In this context, lipase is the most widely used enzyme due to several advantages related its specificity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the selectivity of immobilized lipases of Candida antarctica type B and Rhizopus oryzae compared to saturated (SFA) and unsaturated (UFA) fatty acids as well as their yield into ethyl esters. Selectivity was assessed with respect to oleic acid (unsaturated) and eicosanoic acid (saturated), obtained from chemical hydrolysis of fish oil Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), through 24 central composite design using agitation rate (rpm), temperature (ÂC), molar ratio (ethanol:fatty acid) and amount of enzyme (%wt) as independ variables (design factors). The amount of molecular sieve â zeolite 5 à â (5 %wt) and reaction time (24 h) were fixed. Likewise, the behavior of both enzymes to the SFA was evaluated according to 23 central composite design where temperature (ÂC), molar ratio (ethanol:fatty acid) and amount of enzyme (%wt) were independ variables. The amount of molecular sieve â zeolite 5 à â (5 %wt), stirring (180 rpm) and reaction time (24 h) were fixed and a mixture of palmitic and stearic acids was used as substrate. A confidence interval of 85% was considered for all statistical analyses. Regarding the esterification of fatty acids from hydrolyzed fish oil, both catalysts were selective for saturated eicosanoic acid rather than for the unsaturated acid. The design factors did not present significant effect on response variable when lipase from C. antarctica was used like catalyst. However all design factors presented an influence on the selectivity when lipase from R. oryzae was used like catalyst. In this way, lipase of C. antarctica lead to higher conversions of oleic acid into ethyl oleate and more significant variables have been found for the model when lipase of R. oryzae was uesd in assays. In the reaction medium containing the mixture of SFA, both lipases showed higher affinity for palmitic acid. The values range selected to evaluate the selectivity did not present significant effect on responses when lipase from C. antarctica was used, however that value range was significant for all assays performed using lipase from R. oryzae. The higher stearic acid conversions were obtained when lipase from C. antarctica was used like catalyst and all design factors were significant for both enzymes.

β-N-acetylhexosaminidases (EC 3.2.1.52, GH 20) are retaining exo-glycosidases that in vivo cleavage both β-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) or β-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) residues fom glycostructures. Under suitable reaction conditions, these enzymes are able to synthesize the glycosidic bond in good yields. Substitution of selected amino acid(s) in the emzyme active site by site-directed mutagenesis may change the enzyme's substrate specificity or suppress the hydrolytic activity of the enzyme in favor of synthesis. The present thesis deals with three mutant β-N-acetylhexosaminidases from Talaromyces flavus, in which the amino acid residues responsible for binding to C-4 hydroxyl of the substrate (Arg218, Glu546) were exchanged for amino acids proposed on the basis of molecular modeling. The effect of introduced single point mutations on substrate specificity of prepared enzymes was studied. Mutant β-N-acetylhexosaminidases were heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris and characterized. Furthermore, transglycosylation reactions with these enzymes were performed. The prepared carbohydrate products were characterized by NMR.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:07:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MauricioRB.pdf: 2052566 bytes, checksum: ecabe62a65c1b9db9e09054f3321c5b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-12 / Sugar esters are substances which possess surfactant, antifungical and bactericidal actions and can be obtained through two renewable sources of raw materials: sugars and vegetable oils. Their excellent biodegradability, allied to lhe fact that they are non toxic, insipid, inodorous, biocompatible, no-ionic, digestible and because they can resist to adverse conditions of temperature, pH and salinity, explain lhe crescent use of these substances in several sections of lhe industry. The objective of this thesis was to synthesize and characterize surfactants and polymers containing sugar branched in their structures, through enzymatic transesterification of vinyl esters and sugars, using alkaline protease from Bacillus subtilis as catalyst, in organic medium (DMF).Three types of sugars were used: L-arabinose, D-glucose and sucrose and two types of vinyl esters: vinyl laurate and vinyl adipate. Aiming to reach high conversions from substrates to products for a possible future large scale industrial production, a serie of variables was optimized, through Design of Experiments (DOE), using Response Surface Methodology (RSM).The investigated variables were: (1) enzyme concentration; (2) molar reason of substrates; (3) water/solvent rale; (4) temperature and (5) time. We obtained six distinct sugar esters: 5-0-lauroyl L-arabinose, 6-0-lauroyl D-glucose, 1'-O-lauroyl sucrose, 5-0-vinyladipoyl L-arabinose, 6-0-vinyladipoyl D-glucose and 1 '-O-vinyladipoyl sucrose, being lhe last three polymerizable. The progress of lhe reaction was monitored by HPLC analysis, through lhe decrease of sugar concentration in comparison to lhe blank. Qualitative analysis by TLC confirmed lhe formation of lhe products. In lhe purification step, two methodologies were adopted: (1) chromatographic column and (2) extraction with hot acetone. The acylation position and lhe chemical structure were determined by 13C-RMN. The polymerization of lhe three vinyl sugar esters was possible, through chemical catalysis, using H2O2 and K2S2O8 as initiators, at 60?C, for 24 hours. IR spectra of lhe monomers and respective polymers were compared revealing lhe disappearance of lhe vinyl group in lhe polymer spectra. The molar weights of lhe polymers were determined by GPC and presented lhe following results: poly (5-0-vinyladipoyl L-arabinose): Mw = 7.2 X 104; PD = 2.48; poly (6-0-vinyladipoyl D-glucose): Mw = 2.7 X 103; PD = 1.75 and poly (1'-O-vinyladipoyl sucrose): Mw = 4.2 X 104; PD = 6.57. The six sugar esters were submitted to superficial tension tests for determination of the critical micelle concentrations (CMC), which varied from 122 to 167 ppm. Finally, a study of applicability of these sugar esters, as lubricants for completion fluids of petroleum wells was' accomplished through comparative analysis of lhe efficiency of these sugar esters, in relation to three commercial lubricants. The products synthesized in this thesis presented equivalent or superior action to lhe tested commercial products / ?steres de a??car s?o compostos que possuem a??o surfactante, antif?ngica e bactericida e podem ser obtidos a partir de duas fontes renov?veis de mat?ria-prima: a??cares e ?leos vegetais. Sua capacidade de se biodegradar, aliada ao fato de serem at?xicos, ins?pidos, inodoros, biocompat?veis, n?o-i?nicos, digest?veis e resistirem a condi??es severas de temperatura, pH e salinidade, explicam o crescente emprego destas subst?ncias em diversos setores da ind?stria. O objetivo desta tese foi sintetizar e caracterizar surfactantes e pol?meros, contendo a??cares ramificados em suas estruturas, atrav?s de transesterifica??o enzim?tica de ?steres vin?licos com a??cares, empregando-se protease alcalina de Bac?llus subtilis como catalisador, em meio org?nico (DMF). Foram empregados tr?s tipos de a??cares: L-arabinose, D-glicose e sacarose e dois tipos de ?steres vin?licos: laurato de vinila e adipato de vinila. Para a obten??o de altas convers?es de substratos em produtos, visando uma futura produ??o em larga escala, uma s?rie de vari?veis foram otimizadas, atrav?s de an?lise estat?stica experimental (DOE), por metodologia de resposta de superf?cie (RSM). As vari?veis investigadas foram: (1) a concentra??o de enzima; (2) a raz?o molar entre substratos; (3) a raz?o ?gua/solvente org?nico; (4) a temperatura e (5) o tempo. Foram obtidos seis ?steres de a??car: 5-0-lauroil L-arabinose, 6-0lauroil D-glicose, 1 '-O-Iauroil sacarose, 5-0-viniladipoil L-arabinose, 6-0viniladipoil D-glicose e 1 '-O-viniladipoil sacarose, sendo os tr?s ?ltimos polimeriz?veis. O progresso da rea??o foi monitorado por an?lise em HPLC, atrav?s do decr?scimo da concentra??o de a??car em rela??o ao branco. An?lises qualitativas, por TLC, confirmaram a forma??o dos produtos. Foram obtidas convers?es superiores a 98% na s?ntese do laurato de sacarose. Na purifica??o, foram adotadas duas metodologias: (1) coluna cromatogr?fica e (2) extra??o com acetona a quente. A posi??o de acila??o e a estrutura qu?mica foram determinadas por 13C-RMN. A polimeriza??o dos tr?s ?steres de a??car foi poss?vel, atrav?s de cat?lise qu?mica, empregando-se H2O2 e K2S2O8 como iniciadores, a 60?C, por 24 horas. Espectros de IR dos pol?meros foram comparados com os seus mon?meros, revelando o desaparecimento do grupo vinil. As massas molares dos pol?meros foram determinadas por GPC. Os pol?meros de a??car obtidos apresentaram as seguintes massas molares: poli (5-0-viniladipoil L-arabinose): Mw = 7,2 X 104; PD = 2,48; poli (6-0-viniladipoil D-glicose): Mw = 2,7 x 103; PD = 1,75 e poli (1 '-O-viniladipoil sacarose): Mw = 4,2 X 104; PD = 6,57. Os seis ?steres de a??car foram submetidos a ensaios de tens?o superficial para a determina??o das concentra??es micelares cr?ticas (CMC), que variaram de 122 a 167 ppm. Por fim, um estudo de aplicabilidade dos ?steres n?o polimeriz?veis, como lubrificantes para fluidos de completa??o de po?os de petr?leo foi realizado, atrav?s de an?lise comparativa da efici?ncia destes, em rela??o a tr?s lubrificantes comerciais. Os produtos sintetizados nesta tese apresentaram desempenho equivalente ou superior aos produtos comerciais testados

Les acides chlorogéniques (CGAs) représentent une famille d'esters formés d'un dérivé de l'acide cinnamique conjugué à l'acide quinique ou shikimique. Ces métabolites secondaires produits par la voie des phénylpropanoides sont largement répandus chez les végétaux terrestres et sont une source majeure d'antioxydants alimentaires. Les esters hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA sont les précurseurs des CGAs et d'autres composés phénoliques tels que les lignines. Ces intermédiaires activés sont synthétisés à partir d'un acide hydroxycinnamique et du coenzyme A par la 4-coumarate CoA ligase (4CL) appartenant à la superfamille des enzymes formant des adénylates. Nicotiana tabacum 4CL2 a été utilisée pour la production d'esters et sa structure a été résolue par remplacement moléculaire. Deux gènes codant pour des hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyltransférases chez Coffea canephora ont été clonés. CcHCT et CcHQT, qui appartiennent à la superfamille des acyltransférases acyl-CoA-dépendantes, ont été surexprimées dans E. coli et purifiées à homogénéité. L'analyse par diffraction aux rayons X de cristaux de CcHCT a permis de déterminer sa structure par remplacement moléculaire. Un modèle a été dérivé par homologie de séquence pour CcHQT afin de proposer les déterminants de la préférence pour l'acide quinique ou shikimique. Des modélisations moléculaires ont été réalisées afin d'identifier les résidus potentiellement impliqués dans les intéractions enzyme-substrat. L'analyse par chromatographie liquide haute performance des réactions enzymatiques ont montré que ces enzymes sont capables de synthétiser l'acide 5-O-caféoylquinique mais aussi le diester 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinique, qui est un composé majeur du grain de café avant mûrissement. La production de variants par mutagenèse dirigée a permis l'identification de résidus importants pour la catalyse des réactions de mono- et de diacylation. L'approche combinée de la biologie structurale et de l'enzymologie s'avère particulièrement utile pour mieux comprendre le rôle de HCT et HQT. / Chlorogenic acids (CGAs) represent a family of esters formed between a cinnamic acid derivative and quinic or shikimic acid. CGAs are secondary metabolites produced via the phenylpropanoid pathway by higher plants and are a major source of dietary antioxidants. Hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA esters are the precursors for CGAs and other phenolic compounds such as lignins. These activated intermediates are synthesized from a hydroxycinnamic acid and coenzyme A by 4-coumarate CoA ligase (4CL), which belongs to the adenylate-forming enzyme superfamily. Nicotiana tabacum 4CL2 was used to produce hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA esters and its structure was solved by molecular replacement. Two genes encoding hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyltransferases from Coffea canephora were cloned. CcHCT and CcHQT, which belong to the acyl-CoA-dependent acyltransferase superfamily, were overexpressed in E. coli and purified to homogeneity. X-ray diffraction analysis of CcHCT crystals resulted in a structural solution by molecular replacement. A homology model was derived for CcHQT in order to propose some determinants of the preference for quinic or shikimic acid. Docking experiments were carried out in order to identify potential residues involved in enzyme-substrate interactions. High performance liquid chromatography analysis of enzymatic reactions showed that these enzymes are capable of synthesizing 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid but also the diester 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, which is a major component of the coffee grain before ripening. The production of variants by site-directed mutagenesis enabled the identification of residues important for catalysis of the mono- and diacyltransfer reactions. The combined approach of structural biology and enzymology provides molecular insights into the role of HCT and HQT in CGA biosynthesis.