Les mécanismes épigénétiques contribuent à générer une variabilité phénotypique héréditaire. Le plus étudié de ces mécanismes est la méthylation de l'ADN au niveau des résidus cytosine. Cette méthylation est principalement (mais pas exclusivement) située dans le contexte CpG. En dépit d'être l'un des supports épigénétiques les plus analysés, Cette méthylation n'a pas été étudiée de manière exhaustive. Au cours de mon doctorat, j'ai contribué à développer un nouveau logiciel de prédiction de la méthylation de l'ADN basée sur les taux de mutation localisés au niveau des régions CpG. L’analyse de séquences issues de bases de données pour 150 espèces ont permis d’identifier 4 profils de méthylation dans les corps des gènes. Ces profils de méthylation ne sont pas congruents avec la classification du vivant. Ces résultats suggèrent une convergence évolutive sous contraintes environnementales ou fonctionnelles et une universalité du code de méthylation de l'ADN. Nos différents résultats permettent de générer des liens conceptuels entre méthylation de l'ADN, fonction des gènes et environnement pour une large gamme de clades phylogénétiques. Pour valider l’importance de l’épigénétique dans la plasticité phénotypique, je me suis focalisé dans une seconde partie de ma thèse au succès parasitaire de Schistosoma au sein de son hôte intermédiaire, le mollusque Biomphalaria glabrata. En effet, l'interaction entre ce parasite trématode agent de la bilharziose et ce mollusque est caractérisée par un polymorphisme de compatibilité. Du côté du parasite, le principal marqueur moléculaire de la compatibilité est le profil d'expression de mucines polymorphes appelées SmPoMuc. Nous montrons que l’utilisation d’agent épimutagènes provoque des modifications de la structure de la chromatine notamment au niveau des promoteurs SmPoMuc. Ces modifications sont à l’origine de la variabilité phénotypique puisque le succès parasitaire s’en trouve augmenter. Nous établissons ici que les changements épigénétiques peuvent être un élément important de la plasticité phénotypique adaptative chez S. mansoni, aussi importante que la composante génétique. / Epigenetic mechanisms contribute to generate heritable phenotypic variability. The most studied of these mechanisms is DNA methylation on cytosine residues. Methylation is predominantly (but not exclusively) located in CpG dinucleotides context. Surprisingly, DNA methylation has not been exhaustively studied in many species. During my PhD, I developed a new Galaxy-integrated software to predict DNA methylation based on mutation rates of methylated and unmethylated CpG regions. DNA methylation analysis from several data bases for 150 species have identified 4 typical profiles for methylation distribution all the long gene bodies. These methylation profiles are not congruent with kingdom classification. These results suggest evolutionary convergence under environmental or functional constraints and universality of the DNA methylation code. Our results contribute to pave the way for generating conceptual links between DNA methylation, genes function and environment for a large range of phylogenetic clades.To evaluate the significance of epigenetic program on the phenotypic plasticity, I focused also on the parasitic success of Schistosoma face to its intermediate host, the Biomphalaria glabrata snail. Indeed, the interaction between this trematode parasite causing of the second human disease after malaria and the mollusk is based on a compatibility polymorphism. On the side of the parasite, the main molecular marker of this compatibility is supported by expression profile of polymorphic mucins called SmPoMucs. We demonstrate that epimutator compounds induce chromatin structural modification on mucin promoters. These modifications are directly involved on the phenotypic plasticity since the infectivity rate is enhanced. In this work, we conclude that epigenetic modifications are key elements on adaptive and developmental plasticity for S. mansoni, as essential as the genetic component.

La traduction est une activité cellulaire essentielle, réalisée par les ribosomes. Ces particules sont synthétisées dans le nucléole, ce qui nécessite l'expression coordonnée de 4 ARN ribosomaux, 80 protéines ribosomales, et plus de 200 facteurs d'assemblage. Leur biogenèse est complexe et sollicite plus de la moitié de l'énergie des cellules en prolifération. La quantité de ribosomes varie selon les conditions environnementales et métaboliques et de ce fait, leur synthèse est modulée en réponse à de nombreux stimuli. Plusieurs mécanismes coordonnent la biogenèse des ribosomes avec l'homéostasie cellulaire. L'un d'eux est la capacité des protéines ribosomiques à réguler l'expression des gènes à plusieurs niveaux. Ces fonctions effectuées hors du ribosome sont dites extraribosomales. Notre équipe a mis en évidence l'une de ces fonctions de la protéine ribosomale uL11 chez la Drosophile. Quand sa lysine 3 est triméthylée (uL11K3me3), elle interagit avec Corto, un facteur de transcription de la famille des Enhancers de Trithorax et Polycomb. L'étude de leur fixation à la chromatine montre que ces protéines se répartissent différemment à l'échelle du génome, et que uL11K3me3 est présente au niveau de gènes actifs enrichis en composants du ribosome. Nous avons généré les premiers allèles génétiques du gène uL11 chez la Drosophile, et décrivons la stratégie de crible moléculaire employée pour leur isolation. Finalement, nous avons étudié les allèles de uL11 dont la lysine 3 est mutée. Leurs phénotypes ressemblent à ceux des mutants Minute, suggérant que le domaine N-terminal de uL11 possède une fonction essentielle, mais peut-être indépendante d'une interaction avec Corto. / Translation is an essential metabolic activity carried by ribosomes. These complexes are synthetized in the nucleolus, and require the coordinated expression of 4 ribosomal RNA, 80 ribosomal proteins, and more than 200 assembly factors. Indeed, their biogenesis is complex and expensive, consuming more than half of the energy in proliferating cells. As the cellular need for ribosomes varies with environmental or metabolic conditions, their synthesis is tightly regulated in response to a number of cues. Many mechanisms ensure that the intensity of ribosome biogenesis is coupled to cell homeostasis. Such is the ability of ribosomal proteins to regulate gene expression at many levels, from translation specificity to activation or repression of transcription. Many such functions are carried off the ribosome, and are thus termed extraribosomal. Our team discovered a new extraribosomal function of ribosomal protein uL11 in Drosophila. Indeed, when trimethylated on lysine 3 (uL11K3me3), it associates with Corto, a transcription factor of the Enhancers of Trithorax and Polycomb family. By studying their genome-wide binding profile on chromatin, we show that these proteins are distributed along different patterns, and that uL11K3me3 specifically binds a subset of active genes enriched in ribosome biogenesis components. Additionally, we generated the first genetic alleles for Drosophila uL11 and describe the molecular screening method that we employed. Last, we studied the uL11 alleles that delete or replace lysine 3. We describe that their Minute-like phenotypes suggest an essential role for the N-terminal domain of uL11, though it may be independent of its association with Corto.

Le variant d’histone CENP-A marque épigénétiquement le centromère. La présence de CENP-A au centromère permet le recrutement de protéines centromériques qui constituent la plateforme pour l’assemblage de kinétochores fonctionnels.Dans les cellules humaines, l'extrémité amino-terminale de CENP-A ainsi que la phosphorylation de la sérine 7, ont été signalées comme étant cruciales pour la progression de la mitose. Cependant, aucune phosphorylation de CENP-A dans d'autres espèces de métazoaires n'a été décrite. Ici, nous montrons que le domaine NH2-terminal CENP-A, mais pas sa séquence primaire, est nécessaire pour la mitose dans les fibroblastes embryonnaires de souris (MEFs). Nos données montrent que les défauts mitotiques résultant de la déplétion de CENP-A endogène peuvent être restaurés lorsque les MEFs expriment un mutant GFP-CENP-A dont l'extrémité NH2-terminal de CENP-A a été échangée par la queue phosphorylable de l'histone canonique H3. Inversement, dans ce même mutant, lorsque l’on remplace les deux serines phosphorylables par des résidus alanines, les défauts mitotiques persistent. En outre, le mutant de fusion non- phosphorylable de CENP-A, où les sept serines du domaine NH2-terminal ont été remplacées par des résidus alanines, a été également incapable de restaurer le phénotype mitotique des cellules déplétées en CENP-A endogène.Nous avons également identifié les trois premières sérines de la queue de CENP-A comme sites potentiels de phosphorylation. De plus, nos résultats montrent que l’absence de phosphorylation du domaine amino-terminal conduit à la délocalisation de la protéine centromérique CENP-C. Ces résultats suggèrent que la phosphorylation mitotique de CENP-A est un événement potentiellement fréquent chez les métazoaires et essentiel à la progression mitotique.Dans la seconde partie de ce travail, nous avons voulu lier sans ambiguïté la fonction du domaine NH2-terminal du CENP-A à la mitose. Nous avons conçu une nouvelle méthode, appelée approche Hara-kiri, pour pouvoir éliminer le domaine NH2- terminal seulement pendant la mitose. Ceci afin de répondre à la question ci-dessus dans les cellules humaines. L'élimination du domaine NH2-terminal du CENP-A en utilisant l'approche Hara-kiri en début de mitose a conduit à une augmentation des défauts mitotiques dans les cellules. Prises collectivement, ces données montrent que le domaine NH2-terminal CENP-A est nécessaire pendant la mitose afin d’assurer le bon déroulement de la division cellulaire. / The histone variant CENP-A epigenetically marks the centromere. The presence of CENP-A at the centromeres allows the recruitment of centromeric proteins that constitute the platform for functional kinetochores.In human cells, the NH2-terminus of CENP-A and its phosphorylation at serine 7 in mitosis has been reported to be crucial for the progression of mitosis. However, no phosphorylation of CENP-A in other metazoan species has been described. Here, we show that the NH2-terminus of CENP-A, but not its primary sequence, is required for mitosis in mouse embryonic cells (MEFs). Our data show that the mitotic defects resulting from the depletion of the endogenous CENP-A can be rescued when MEFs expressing a GFP- CENP-A mutant where the NH2-terminus of CENP-A was swapped with the phosphorylatable tail of conventional histone H3. Conversely, no rescue was observed when the two phosphorylatable serines in the H3 tail mutant were replaced with alanines. Furthermore, a non-phosphorylatable fusion mutant of CENP-A where all seven serines in the amino-tail were replaced with alanines, was also unable to rescue the mitotic phenotype of CENP-A depleted cells.We also identified that the first three serines of the tail of CENP-A as potential sites for phosphorylation. Additionally, we were able to link the phosphorylation of CENP-A amino-tail to the proper localization of the key centromeric protein CENP-C. These results suggest that mitotic CENP-A phosphorylation is a potentially common event in metazoans essential for mitotic progression.In the second par of this work we wanted to unambiguously tie the NH2-terminus function of CENP-A to mitosis. To achieve this, we wanted to remove the CENP-A amino-tail only during mitosis and we devised a new method called the Hara-kiri approach in order to answer the above question in human cells. The removal of the NH2-terminal domain of CENP-A using the Hara-kiri approach at the onset of mitosis led to increased mitotic defects in cells. Taken collectively these data show that the CENP-A NH2- terminus is required during mitosis to assure proper cell division.

Nous avons étudié l'influence de la voie du cGMP sur le comportement d'auto-administration de cocaïne chez le rat. Les injections, dans le cortex préfrontal médian, de trois activateurs différents de cette voie diminuent le nombre d'injections que les rats déclenchent, indiquant une réduction de l'effet renforçant de la cocaïne et de leur motivation pour la drogue. Des études immunohistochimiques nous ont permis de mettre en évidence que cette effet comportemental s'accompagnait d'une diminution de l'expression de marqueurs épigénétiques (MeCP2, HDAC2) et d'une augmentation des niveaux d'acétylation des histones. Des résultats complémentaires confirment que la voie du cGMP est bien en mesure de réguler des protéines impliquées dans les mécanismes épigénétiques. La découverte d'une action via ces régulations nous permet de suggérer des pistes originales quant aux phénomènes mis en jeu dans la diminution observée des propriétés renforçantes de la cocaïne. / We studied the influence of the cGMP pathway on cocaine self-administration by rats. When injected in the medial prefrontal cortex, three distinct activators of this pathway reduced the number of self-injections triggered by rats, suggesting a reduction of the reinforcing properties of cocaine and a lesser motivation of the animals for the drug. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that this behavioural effect was accompanied by a reduced expression of epigenetic markers (MeCP2, HDAC2), as well as inceased levels of histone acetylation. Complementary results indicate that the cGMP pathway is indeed able to regulate proteins implied in epigenetic mechanisms. The uncovering of an implication of these types of regulations leads us to suggest original hypotheses about the processes underlying the reduction of the reinforcing properties of cocaine.

O estado da cromatina influencia diretamente nos processos de expressão gênica desencadeada durante a formação de memórias. Nesse sentido sendo de grande interesse seu estudo na área biomédica. Modificações epigenéticas como a metilação do DNA e modificações pós-traducionais em histonas são reguladores cruciais do estado da cromatina e ds transcrição gênica. Uma das modificações pós-traducionais mais bem estudada é a acetilação de histonas. Quando as histonas estão acetiladas a cromatina encontra-se num estado relaxado permitindo a expressão gênica. A reação é catalisada por acetiltransferases de histonas (HATs) e é um processo reversível catalisado por histona desacetilases (HDACs). A utilização de fármacos inibidores de histona desacetilases (HDACis) tem ajudado na elucidação dos mecanismos gênicos envolvidos na formação do aprendizado e da memória. Nosso trabalho se baseia na hipótese de que a atividade de HDACs é crucial para modulação das respostas de aprendizado na tarefa de esquiva inibitória e que a acetilação de histonas é um passo essencial neste processo. Os resultados apresentados neste trabalho demonstram que a infusão intra-hipocampal de tricostatina A (TSA) ou butirato sódico (NaB) imediatamente após o treino resulta na melhora da memória de longa duração (LTM). TSA demonstrou ainda possuir duas ondas de efeitos melhoradores da LTM, uma imediatamente e outra 3h após o treino que coincidem com as ondas de ativação de vias de sinalização intracelular e de síntese de proteínas importantes para a formação da LTM. Adicionalmente, a inativação farmacológica da amigdala basolateral (BLA) antes do treino bloqueou os efeitos melhoradores do TSA administrado no hipocampo, evidenciando que a integridade da BLA é importante para este processo. Neste trabalho demonstramos também que a administração intraperitoneal de NaB imediatamente após o treino em animais velhos sem prejuízo cognitivo resulta em melhora significativa da memória. O tratamento com NaB não afetou a LTM de animais jovens saudáveis. Por fim, nossos dados demonstram que a administração de um fármaco antagonista de receptores TrkB, ANA-12, no hipocampo de animais jovens após o treino ou teste resulta no prejuízo da memória. No entanto a administração de NaB antes do treino preveniu os efeitos prejudiciais de ANA-12. Em conjunto estes resultados demonstram que a modulação epigenética através da atividade de HDACs é importante para a formação da LTM. Nossos dados fortalecem ainda a visão de que eventos epigenéticos possuem papel critico no aprendizado e memória interagindo com vias de sinalização intracelulares desencadeadas por estes processos. / The chromatin state directly impacts gene expression triggered by memory formation. Therefore, this process is of great interest to the biomedical area. Critical regulators of chromatin state and gene transcription are the epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation and posttranslational modifications of histone proteins. One of the most studied postranslational modification of histones is histone acetylation. When histones are acetylated, chromatin is in a relaxed conformation allowing gene expression. Lysine acetylation is catalyzed by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and is reversed by the action of histone deacetylases (HDACs). The use of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) is helping to elucidate genetic mechanisms of learning and memory. Our work is based on the hypothesis that HDACs activity is crucial for inhibitory avoidance (IA) learning responses modulation and the idea that histone acetylation is an essential step. The data presented in this work demonstrate that infusion of Trichostatin A (TSA) or Sodium Butyrate (NaB) intrahipocampally produced memory enhancement. Moreover, TSA showed two waves of memory enhancing effects when given immediately or 3 h after training coinciding with the observed waves of protein synthesis and PKA activation for memory formation. Our study also demonstrates that the enhancement of IA memory consolidation depends on the integrity of basolateral amygdala (BLA) since its functional inactivation by muscimol (MUS) completely blocked the enhancing effect of TSA infused in the rat hippocampus. Here, we also demonstrate that intraperitoneal administration of NaB immediately after training led to memory enhancement in aged rats with no cognitive deficit. Surprisingly, NaB had no effect in younger rats with normal memory retention. Finally, data presented here also demonstrate that TrkB activity in the hippocampus is crucial for long-term memory (LTM) since administration of a TrkB receptor antagonist, ANA-12, in the dorsal hippocampus immediately after training or retrieval led to memory retention impairment. Moreover, infusion of NaB before training prevented this impairing effect of TrkB antagonism. Taken together, these results show that epigenetic modulation by HDACs activity is required for memory formation. Our data also supports the idea of HDACs playing critical roles in learning and memory interacting with intracellular signaling pathways triggered by these processes.

Ageing and senescence remain among the most intriguing questions in biology. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has become well established as a fertile model system for the investigation of ageing. Remarkable conservation has been found to exist between interventions extending lifespan in higher animals and yeast – genetic, chemical, and nutritional – suggesting a network of common regulatory pathways controlling large-scale shifts in gene expression involved in senescence. While it has been proposed that epigenetic regulation controls these shifts, evidence remains incomplete. To address this question, novel longevity mutants were isolated in S. cerevisiae using a purpose-designed high-precision screen based on ageing culture outgrowth. A novel long-lived mutant in uncharacterised gene YDR026C was discovered and found to participate in a pathway distinct from TOR signalling, but share epistasis with the histone deacetylase SIR2Δ, a well established regulator of replicative longevity and rDNA maintenance. Through equilibrium density centrifugal separation of culture subpopulations, SIR2Δ and Ydr026cΔ cultures were found to demonstrate reduced and improved maintenance of post-diauxic quiescence respectively, previously shown to underlie chronological survival in strains including snf1Δ. Development of a quantified TUNEL-based assay for genome fragmentation indicated early apoptotic-like behaviour in the SIR2Δ strain. Microdissection experiments and sectored-colony assays of strains containing an rDNA-embedded ADE2 reporter determined that Ydr026cΔ cells also exhibit extended replicative lifespan, and reduced recombination at the rDNA spacer region hotspot, abrogated in SIR2Δ strains. SIR2Δ is well established to repress RNA polymerase II-derived transcripts in the rDNA spacer region, including IGS1-R. Northern analysis determined Ydr026c also silences transcription in the spacer, possibly through preventing termination of the main rRNA transcript, interfering with IGS1-R expression. By transformation with a vector overexpressing IGS1-R, partial reconstitution of the SIR2Δ phenotype was observed, including rDNA hyperrecombination, shortened replicative longevity, and higher-order chromatin structure restoration. These data suggests a model whereby non-coding rDNA spacer transcripts epigenetically determine rDNA maintenance through recombination, leading to physiological phenotypes of replicative and chronological ageing.

Chemical probes are necessary for elucidating the biochemical roles of proteins. Bromodomains are protein-interaction modules found in a family of proteins implicated in the epigenetic regulation of transcription; however, the individual roles remain unknown for many bromodomain proteins, without potent and selective ligands available to assist in their study. From lead compounds, a structure-based drug discovery program was to be explored with the use of biophysical assays and appropriate chemical methods to expediate development of probes against a number of these proteins. A fragment lead against BRD4 was developed into PNZ5, a potent (K_D 5 nM) BRD4 probe with a high ligand efficiency. Although enantioselective syntheses and the use of an alternative synthetic route were unsuccessful, PNZ5 showed cytotoxic activity against gastric cancer cell lines that had proved resilient to existing anticancer agents. Optimisation of a lead compound against BRD9 resulted in the development of LP99, the first reported BRD7/9 probe, that was potent (BRD9 K_D 99 nM, BRD7 K_D 909 nM), selective amongst bromodomain proteins and active in cells. An enantioselective synthesis was performed using chiral organocatalyts and LP99 was used to identify a previously unknown role of BRD7/9 in the regulation of inflammatory processes. Research is ongoing to assess further biochemical roles of these proteins with LP99. Arising from a more potent lead against BRD9, a series of structurally related compounds were synthesised to explore SAR around this ligand, however no improvement on the affinity of the lead was realised. Finally, based on disclosed lead structures against PCAF, a series of compounds were synthesised to replicate their activity. A number of important binding interactions were assessed and a lead structure was identified (K_D 1 μM). Development is ongoing to progress this lead into the first reported PCAF probe.

SIRT1 histone deacetylase acts towards many epigenetic and non-epigenetic targets. The involvement of SIRT1 in oocyte maturation is assumed and the importance of ooplasmic SIRT1 pool for further destiny of matured oocyte is strongly suggested. We hypothesized that SIRT1 play role of the signal molecule in mature oocyte through selected epigenetic and non- epigenetic regulation. We observed SIRT1 re-localization in mature oocyte and the association with spindle microtubules. In matured oocyte, SIRT1 shows a spindle-like pattern and spindle- specific SIRT1 action is supported decreasing α-tubulin acetylation. Based on the observation of histone code in immature and matured oocytes, we suggest that SIRT1 is mostly predestined for epigenetic mode of action in germinal vesicle (GV) of immature oocyte. Accordingly, SIRT1- driven trimethylation of histone H3 on lysine K9 in matured oocyte is considered to be an inheritance of GV epigenetic transformation. Taken together, our observations point out the dual spatiotemporal SIRT1 action in oocyte capable to be switched from epigenetic to the non- epigenetic mode of action readily depending on meiosis progress. Keywords: oocyte, SIRT1, histone, developmental competence, tubuline, epigenetics

Introdução: A formação da memória envolve mudanças na expressão de genes neuronais. Remodelações epigenéticas da cromatina e modificações pós-traducionais reversíveis no DNA ou nas proteínas histonas representam mecanismos centrais na regulação da expressão gênica durante o desenvolvimento do cérebro e a aprendizagem inicial ou recuperação da memória. Desequilíbrios nos níveis de acetilação de histonas estão associados à uma ampla variedade de desordens cerebrais. Histonas deacetilases (HDACs) desempenham um papel fundamental na homeostase da acetilação de histonas e na regulação de atividades celulares fundamentais como a transcrição, tornando-as um foco de estudo. Evidências mostram que a administração de inibidores de histonas deacetilases (HDACis) restauram a memória associada à regulação da expressão gênica e melhora a memória em ratos. Estudos em modelos animais têm mostrado que a formação da memória envolve uma série de alterações bioquímicas em várias áreas do sistema nervoso central, entre as quais se destacam o hipocampo e a amígdala basolateral (BLA). Neste contexto, fármacos experimentais, como a tricostatina A (TSA), que atuam sobre mecanismos epigenéticos, têm sido recentemente propostos como potenciais terapias para o tratamento de disfunção cognitiva e memória associados a doenças neurológicas e psiquiátricas. Objetivo: Neste trabalho objetivamos compreender e elucidar o papel da acetilação de histonas em processos envolvidos na modulação da memória utilizando o fármaco TSA e se baseia na hipótese de que a atividade de HDACs é essencial para a modulação das respostas de aprendizado na tarefa de esquiva inibitória (IA). Métodos: Ratos Wistar foram canulados bilateralmente na amígdala. Os efeitos das micro-infusões intra-amigdalares de TSA foram observados na consolidação e na extinção da memória após o treino na tarefa de esquiva inibitória e nos níveis do fator neurotrófico derivado do cérebro (BDNF) na BLA e no hipocampo referentes à consolidação da memória. Resultados: Os resultados demonstraram que a infusão intra-amigdalar de TSA 1.5 h, 3 h e 6 h após o treino na tarefa de esquiva inibitória resulta na melhora da memória de longa duração (LTM). TSA acelerou a extinção da memória quando infundido imediatamente pós-teste. Além disso, aumentou os níveis de BDNF no hipocampo. Conclusão: Estes resultados indicam que eventos epigenéticos possuem um papel importante no aprendizado e na memória através da atividade de HDACs. / Introduction: Memory formation involves changes in the expression of neuronal genes. Epigenetic remodeling of chromatin and reversible post-translational modifications in the DNA or in the histone proteins represent central mechanisms in the regulation of gene expression during brain development and early learning or memory retrieval. Imbalances in the levels of histone acetylation are associated with a wide variety of brain disorders. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play a key role in homeostasis of histone acetylation and regulation of fundamental cellular activities, such as transcription, making them a focus of study. Evidences shows that the administration of histone deacetylases inhibitors (HDACis) restore the memory associated with the regulation of gene expression and improves memory in rats. Studies in animal models have shown that memory formation involves a series of biochemical changes in several areas of the central nervous system, which the hippocampus and basolateral amygdala (BLA) are the most highlighted. In this context, experimental drugs, such as trichostatin A (TSA), that act on epigenetic mechanisms, have recently been proposed as potential therapies for the treatment of memory and cognitive dysfunction associated with psychiatric and neurological disorders. Objective: In this work we aimed to understand and elucidate the role of histone acetylation in processes involved in memory modulation using the drug TSA and is based on the hypothesis that HDACs activity is essential for the modulation of learning answers in the inhibitory avoidance (IA) task. Methods: Wistar rats were cannulated bilaterally in the amygdala. The effects of TSA micro-infusions into the BLA were observed in the consolidation and extinction of memory after training in the inhibitory avoidance task and the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the BLA and hippocampus related to memory consolidation. Results: The results demonstrated that the TSA infusion into BLA 1.5 h , 3 h and 6 h posttraining in the inhibitory avoidance task results in improved long-term memory (LTM). TSA accelerated the extinction of memory when infused immediately post-test. In addition, increased levels of BDNF in the hippocampus. Conclusion: These results indicate that epigenetic events play an important role in learning and memory by HDAC activity.

A descondensação da cromatina exerce um papel central nas diversas etapas do processo de carcinogênese abrindo o genoma para a ação de fatores de transcrição, exercendo papel na progressão e resistência tumoral. Bromodomínios e proteínas com terminal extra, como o BRD4, são leitores epigenéticos que regulam a expressão gênica e, portanto, também estão envolvidos na patogênese do câncer. O objetivo do presente estudo foi estudar o efeito da inibição do BRD4 no carcinoma espinocelular de cabeça e pescoço (CECP). Para esse propósito, foi utilizado JQ1, inibidor de BRD4, em concentração de 1uM, nas linhagens de carcinoma de cabeça e pescoço HN6, HN12 e HN13. Foi analisado os níveis de BRD4, H4 acetilada e SIRT1 fosforilado através de reações de imunofluorecência e p16ink4 por imunohistoquímica. Foi realizado western blot para checar os níveis de p53 e p53 acetilado. Ensaio de formação de colônias e câmera de invasão foram realizados para testar o efeito do inibidor na proliferação e invasão celular. Através da citometria de fluxo foi analisado o efeito da apoptose com a marcação de caspase-3 clivada, do ciclo celular através da reação por iodeto de propídio e ainda da população de células tronco tumorais pela análise de ALDH e CD44. Por fim, foi realizado modelo xenográfico subcutâneo para analisar o efeito do JQ1. Os resultados mostraram diminuição significativa da expressão de BRD4 e H4ac após tratamento com JQ1. As linhagens celulares mostraram redução na capacidade de invasão e de formação de colônias quando submetidas ao JQ1. Não foram encontradas diferenças em relação ao número de células caspase-3 clivada positivas. Por outro lado, foi encontrado um maior número de células na fase G1 do ciclo celular após o uso do inibidor estudado. As células tratadas com JQ1 mostraram menor expressão de p-SIRT1 o que levou a uma diminuição da acetilação do p53 e um aumento na expressão de p16ink4. Paralelamente, foi encontrado uma diminuição na população de células positivas para ALDH e CD44. Houve diminuição do crescimento do tumor no modelo xenográfico tratado com JQ1 quando comparado ao veículo. Nos tecidos derivados do ensaio in vivo, houve uma diminuição nos marcadores p16ink4, pSIRT1 além de acúmulo de H2AX. Conclui-se que o uso de JQ1 resulta na disrupção do crescimento do CECP associado a ativação de senescência, indução de dano de DNA além de reduzir a população de células tronco tumorais. Esses novos achados indicam que o BRD4 é um importante modificador epigenético nos CECP sendo um viável alvo terapêutico. / Chromatin descondensation plays a central step in the various stages of the carcinogenesis process opening the genome for transcription factors playing a role in tumor progress and resistance. Bromodomains and extra terminal family, as BRD4, are epigenetics readers that regulate gene expression thus they are also involved in cancer pathogenesis. The objective of this project was studied the effect of BRD4 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). For this purpose, JQ1, a BRD4 inhibitor, was used in 1uM concentration, in HN6, HN12 and HN13 head and neck carcinoma cell lines. The levels of BRD4, acetylates h4 and phosphorylated SIRT1 were analyzed by immunofluorescence and p16ink4 labeling by immunohistochemistry. Western blot was performed to check the levels of p53 and acetylated p53. Colony assay and invasion chamber were performed to test the inhibitory effect on cell proliferation and invasion. The effect of apoptosis with the cleaved caspase-3 labeling, the cell cycle by propidium iodide and of the population of tumor stem cells by the analysis of ALDH and CD44 was analyzed through flow cytometry. Finally, a subcutaneous xerographic model was performed to analyze the effect of JQ1. A significant decrease in the expression of BRD4 and H4ac was found after application of JQ1. The cell lines results showed a reduction in the capacity of invasion and also formation of colonies when submitted to JQ1. No differences were found in relation to the number of cells caspase-3 cleaved positives. On the other hand, a large number of cells were found in G1 arrest of cell cycle after use of the BRD4 inhibitor studied. Cells treated with JQ1 showed lower expression of p-SIRT1 which led to a decrease in p53 acetylation and an increase in p16ink4 expression. In parallel, a decrease of ALDH and CD44 positive cells population was found. A decrease in tumor growth was discovered when treated by JQ1 if compared to the vehicle. In tissues samples derived from the in vivo assay, there was a decrease in p16ink4, pSIRT1 markers in addition to -H2Ax accumulation. In conclusion JQ1 causes HNSSC tumor growth disruption associated a senescence activation, DNA damage and a reduce number of cancer stem cells. These new findings indicate that BRD4 is an important genetic modifier in HNSSC and is a viable therapeutic target.