Hoofstuk een handel oor die worsteling van die NG Kerk om 'n dalende tendens in erediensbywoning die hoof te bied en die beste benadering te vind ten opsigte van vernuwing in die erediens, sodat ook mense wat nie deel van die kerk is nie, belang sal stel om eredienste by te woon. Die erediens is 'n byeenkoms waar mense op uitnodiging van God bymekaar kom, maar hoe moet sodanige byeenkomste ingerig word sodat mense dit werklik as 'n ontmoeting met God sal ervaar? Hoe belangrik is dit om 'n liturgiese orde in sodanige byeenkomste te volg en watter rol speel die reformatoriese liturgie om 'n ontmoeting tussen God en mens te fasiliteer? Wat moet in die proses van liturgiese vernuwing behou of laat vaar word? In hoofstuk twee word duidelikheid verkry of die reformatoriese liturgie inderdaad interensiek kommunikatief van aard is en of die erediensganger, deur middel van die liturgie, God al luisterende in die erediens kan ervaar. Die reformatoriese liturgie word vervolgens vanuit `n hermeneuties-kommunikatiewe handelingsteoretiese perspektief bespreek ten einde sekerheid te verkry dat God ook deur middel van die reformatoriese liturgie in die erediens aan die werk is. Die basis van die praktiese teologie is `n hermeneuties-kommunikatiewe praxis (Van der Ven 1990:47). Dit beteken dat die homiletiek ook vanuit `n hermeneutieskommunikatiewe perspektief verstaan kan word (Vos 1996:11-12). Hermeneutiek is die refleksie op die proses van die koms van God in sy Woord na die mens in sy situasie, waarin drie momente onderskei kan word: die verstaan (begrip), die verstaanbaar maak (verklaar) en die tot verstaan kom (toe-eien). Die hermeneutiese komponent van die praktiese teologie (Van der Ven 1990:54-55) word hier vir die homiletiek diensbaar gemaak. Hermeneutiek handel oor die verstaan van die Woord, die verstaanbaar maak daarvan binne die eie kultuur en die tot verstaan kom van die mens vir wie die heil bedoel is (Vos 1996:12). Dit moet as uitgangspunt dien wanneer besin word oor die aanbieding van die evangelie aan mense van `n nie-kerklike agtergrond sodat hulle in die erediens-gebeure gelei kan word tot `n ontmoeting met God en verlossing deur Jesus Christus. In hoofstuk drie word die herkoms van die huidige reformatoriese liturgie aan die orde gestel ten einde aan te toon hoe sterk die liturgie in die vroeë kerk gefunksioneer het en hoe dit deur die eeue gegroei het tot dit wat ons huidiglik in die reformatoriese tradisie ken. Dit sluit in besinning oor die betekenis van die begrip “liturgie” en die ontwikkeling daarvan in die byeenkomste van die volk van God. Dit sluit die orde waarin die erediens verloop in, maar is baie meer as net dit. Liturgie is die diens aan God wat telkens weer vorm aanneem in `n bepaalde erediens (Barnard 1981:52; Van der Ven 1990:48; Vos 1996c:150-151). In hoofstuk vier word die gespreksmatigheid van die liturgiese gebeure, insluitend die preek, ondersoek. Die taal van die liturgie word ondersoek op die basis van 'n keuse vir die dialogiese kommunikasieteorie. Dit is juis omdat die verskillende liturgiese elemente kommunikatief in die erediens funksioneer, dat elkeen belangrik is, met groot omsigtigheid aangewend moet word en nie sonder goeie rede weggelaat kan word gedurende 'n erediens nie. In hoofstuk vyf word gefokus op wat met die term “soeker sensitiewe eredienste” bedoel word. Hoe het die begrip deur die geskiedenis ontwikkel en hoe word dit in verskillende denominasies verstaan? Die Willow Creek Gemeente in Chicago, VSA, onder leiding van pastoor Bill Hybels, staan algemeen bekend as die baanbreker op die gebied van ‘seekerservices’ (Long 2001:7). In die konteks van die NG Kerk in Suid-Afrika is dit nodig om hiervan kennis te neem, aangesien die bevindings in Kerkspieël 2005 daarop wys dat erediensbywoning in die NG Kerk steeds aan die afneem is en daar toenemend afgewyk word van die tradisionele liturgiese inkleding van die liturgie. Sal `n soortgelyke benadering as dié van Willow Creek, in Suid-Afrika en spesifiek in die NG Kerk suksesvol wees om mense wat nie meer belangstel in lidmaatskap van `n kerk of die bywoning van eredienste nie, weer terug te bring? Bevat die “tradisionele gereformeerde liturgie” inherente eienskappe wat `n ontmoeting tussen God en mens in die erediens waarborg? In hoofstuk ses word aangetoon wat die belang van `n Bybels-gefundeerde liturgie in die fasilitering van `n ontmoeting tussen God en die soeker in die erediens is. `n Voorbeeld van so `n liturgie en preek word voorsien en terreine vir verdere navorsing op die gebied word vermeld. ENGLISH : Chapter one describes the struggle of the Dutch Reformed Church to curb a decline in church attendance and to find the best approach towards shaping the worship service in order to attract churchmembers as well as the “unchurched.” In the worship service people come together because God has invited them, but how should such a meeting be structured so that people would experience it as a meeting with God? How important is a liturgical order in such meetings and what is the role of reformed liturgy in order to facilitate a meeting between God and man in the worship service? What should be kept and what should be discarded in the process of liturgical reformation? Chapter two seeks to clarify whether reformed liturgy is in fact essentialy communicative and if those attending a worship service can experience God in the liturgy by listening to all that is happening during the service. The reformed liturgy is thus researched from a hermeneuticalcommunicative acting theory perspective in order to determine whether God is indeed at work through reformed liturgy during worship. The basis of practical theology is a hermeneuticalcommunicative praxis (Van der Ven 1990:47). This means that homiletics can be understood from a hermeneutic-communicative perspective (Vos 1996:11-12). Hermeneutics is a reflection on the process of the coming of God in Scripture to man in his situation, in which three processes can be determined: understanding it (comprehension), to make it understandable (explaining) and to come to the conclusion (make it your own). The hermeneutical component of practical theology (Van der Ven 1990:54-55) is applied to homiletics. Hermenetics is all about understanding Scripture, to make it understandable within the own culture and the process of understanding of the person for whom the grace is intended (Vos 1996:12). That must be the starting point when the Gospel is presented to unchurched people so that they can be brought into a relationship with God and salvation through Jesus Christ in a worship service. In chapter three the origin of the current reformed liturgy is presented in order to show how strongly the liturgy functioned in the early church and how it developed to become what we recognise today in the reformed tradition. This includes reflection on the meaning of the term “liturgy” and its development in the congregation of Gods people. It includes the order of liturgical actions in the service, but it is more than just that. Liturgy is the service unto God which takes on a new form in a specific worship service (Barnard 1981:52; Van der Ven 1990:48; Vos 1996c:150-151). In chapter four the aspect of conversational identity of the liturgical actions, including the sermon, is researched. The language of liturgy is researched on the basis of a choice for the dialogical communicative theory. It is indeed because of the communicative identity of the liturgical elements that each and every one of them is important, should be applied with great circumspection and should not be left out during the worship service without good reason. In chapter five it is determined what is meant by the term “seeker services”. How did the term developed through the ages and how is it understood in different denominations? Willow Creek Community Church in Chicago, USA, under the leadership of Pastor Bill Hybels, is viewed as the pioneer on the aspect of “seeker services” (Long 2001:7). In the context of the Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa, it is vital to take note of the “seeker services”, as it has become apparant that the number of people attending church is declining and that congregations are more and more deviating from the traditional reformed liturgy. Will the Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa benefit by following Willow Creeks’s approach to bring back people that have lost interest in membership of a church as well as attending worship services? Does reformed liturgy contain interinsic caracteristics that guarantees a devine meeting between God and those who attend worship services? In chapter six the significance of a Scripture-based liturgy in facilitating an experience of a devine meeting between God and “seekers” is determined. An example of such a liturgy is provided and subjects for further research are suggested. / Dissertation (MA(Theol))--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Practical Theology / unrestricted

When looking at the society of today, we get a picture of a society that has lost hope in their lives. This picture also has an effect on the church. Regarding this phenomenon is the remark of Gerard Dekker that the church has become a fringe phenomenon and that the church has lost contact with the world. The church is in a situation of uncertainty and in a search of identity. The use of symbolism and rituals provides identity and security. When a person is confronted with the meaning of the symbol that is been used, it helps that person to give meaning to its life on to give hope for that person. But for this to happen it is necessary that the symbols are being used correct and from the basis of the Scripture. The main place were the symbols and rituals are being used is in the place of public worship. Therefore it is necessary that we will understand what happens in the public worship and who the person is that comes to the public worship. It is also necessary to look at reasons for the insufficient use of symbols in the public worship. In a study that is being made we find that the most significant aspect on the preaching is the atmosphere that there is in the public worship. The church lives in a time of changes and these changes have an affect on the church and the preaching. The public worship is also a creative process were the role of the Scripture, the traditions and the context are important. When using symbols in the public worship we have to look at the communication theory of Ricoeur. For Ricoeur the narrative plays an important role. The process of understanding is for him a creative process where he makes use of stories, metaphors and symbols. From his communication theory it is important that the listener are included. The use of symbols is for him a help in understanding. The symbols also have a double significance, namely unveiling and concealing. The thesis also shows out the role that the Reformation, the Modernism and the Post Modernism have on a person and the way we understand the Word of God. The use of symbols is helpful in the communication of the Word of God to the Post Modern person. The challenge for the preaching is that the symbols are being used in a manner that the other reality is being communicated to the Post Modern person. The last two chapters of the thesis concentrates on the role that symbols plays in our lives; the characteristic of symbols; the conditions for the use of symbols and the use of symbols and rituals. When it comes to the use of symbols we see that these symbols gives meaning and hope to a person. / Dissertation (MA (Theology))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Practical Theology / unrestricted

Thesis (Ph.D. (Liturgics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Chapter 1 emphasizes the central position that the worship service occupies in the life of the believer, but then the whole person of the believer. The atmosphere is therefore vital. This is researched in part 2 by an exegetical study of 1 Corinthians 1-14, as well as the rest of Scripture. The variations through history are also studied. The atmosphere in the worship service should be such that the worshipper meets God with the necessary awe and respect. The service must also create an atmosphere of love, warmth, friendliness, and joy. All present must be invited and made welcome by the service. The atmosphere must further encourage and create room for everybody to participate and use their specific gifts. It can therefore change from service to service and within a single service. Important instruments in the atmosphere are the liturgical space, symbols, rituals, physical movement, gestures, music, song and the senses. Part 3 studies the contribution of adjacent sciences, like the theory of communication, cognitive science, symbolism, music, architecture and multimedia. These sciences support the principles of part 2 and give important perspectives for the practical application thereof. The situation in practice is studied by empirical research. The atmosphere is clearly not sufficiently integrated in the worship service. Although some elements are present, they are purely coincidental. A specific aimed strategy is lacking. Part 4 tries to bridge the gap between the base theory (part 2) and the practice (part 3) by suggesting practical guidelines. Because every congregation is in a unique context, a model is given to realize the principles. The image of the 'house of God is used to summarize and explain the principles. The final conclusion is that atmosphere plays a vital role in the worship service. In practice very little is made hereof. If the Atmosphere in the worship service is adjusted to what it should (and can!) be, the worship service will come closer to the purpose for which it is there and will it become even more of a meeting of the total person with the totality of God and with the totality of the fellow believer and the world. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Liturgics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Chapter 1 emphasizes the central position that the worship service occupies in the life of the believer, but then the whole person of the believer. The atmosphere is therefore vital. This is researched in part 2 by an exegetical study of 1 Corinthians 1-14, as well as the rest of Scripture. The variations through history are also studied. The atmosphere in the worship service should be such that the worshipper meets God with the necessary awe and respect. The service must also create an atmosphere of love, warmth, friendliness, and joy. All present must be invited and made welcome by the service. The atmosphere must further encourage and create room for everybody to participate and use their specific gifts. It can therefore change from service to service and within a single service. Important instruments in the atmosphere are the liturgical space, symbols, rituals, physical movement, gestures, music, song and the senses. Part 3 studies the contribution of adjacent sciences, like the theory of communication, cognitive science, symbolism, music, architecture and multimedia. These sciences support the principles of part 2 and give important perspectives for the practical application thereof. The situation in practice is studied by empirical research. The atmosphere is clearly not sufficiently integrated in the worship service. Although some elements are present, they are purely coincidental. A specific aimed strategy is lacking. Part 4 tries to bridge the gap between the base theory (part 2) and the practice (part 3) by suggesting practical guidelines. Because every congregation is in a unique context, a model is given to realize the principles. The image of the 'house of God is used to summarize and explain the principles. The final conclusion is that atmosphere plays a vital role in the worship service. In practice very little is made hereof. If the Atmosphere in the worship service is adjusted to what it should (and can!) be, the worship service will come closer to the purpose for which it is there and will it become even more of a meeting of the total person with the totality of God and with the totality of the fellow believer and the world. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Liturgics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Pentecostalism has, in recent times, undeniably contributed towards the growth of the church as a whole. Public worship services inherently submit and contribute towards the meeting between man and God as well as fellowship between the people who form part of said service. Public services in honor of God speak to the purposes of God and man’s fundamental desire to meet with our Creator. Consequently, research into this phenomenon proves vital in determining and even extending the role of the Pentecostal ideology in correlation to the longevity of honorary public services. Chapters 2 through 4 shed light on some of the key concepts that clarifies the dynamic nature of these events, throughout the service wherein the radiant power of God touches the human heart in some astounding ways. Exegetic studies have been undertaken into 2 Chronicles 5-7 which examines these instances of divine meeting in the Old Testament while the second chapter of Acts deals with the event from a New Testament perspective. In addition to this, 1 Corinthians 11-14 was utilized to highlight the role of the Holy Ghost as the instigator for divine meeting. Specific issues addressed by the research include service preparation and the role of music and its contribution to ambience preceding a meeting between man and God. Moreover, a keen focus on the sermon and the delivery thereof as well as its progression leading up to the conclusion and summary in closing and prayer, are all dealt with as part of this study. This dynamic, in essence, becomes visible through the statement issued by the life of each disciple as a living testament to this consuming and changing event. Honorary public services fit the bill as an event to promote divine meeting. Chapter 5 delves into some of the auxiliary sciences i.e. sociology, communication science, psychology and the field of antropology. The principles in chapters 2 through 4 are affirmed by these aspects of science and provide perspective on the practical applications thereof. All these factors in relation to practice have also been scrutinized through empirical research. This research clearly places divine meeting as a central to and inseparable from perceiver experience. Chapter 7 provides practical guidelines to alternative approaches in practicum. The study proposes a model whereby certain aspects can be examined from a Pentecostal point of view in order to tailor services as a dais for divine meeting. Most importantly it should be evident in the life of the participant that they have truly encounter God. This meeting is the prime objective and at the heart of public service. It serves and should always serve as a doorway to Christian life. / PhD (Liturgics), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Pentecostalism has, in recent times, undeniably contributed towards the growth of the church as a whole. Public worship services inherently submit and contribute towards the meeting between man and God as well as fellowship between the people who form part of said service. Public services in honor of God speak to the purposes of God and man’s fundamental desire to meet with our Creator. Consequently, research into this phenomenon proves vital in determining and even extending the role of the Pentecostal ideology in correlation to the longevity of honorary public services. Chapters 2 through 4 shed light on some of the key concepts that clarifies the dynamic nature of these events, throughout the service wherein the radiant power of God touches the human heart in some astounding ways. Exegetic studies have been undertaken into 2 Chronicles 5-7 which examines these instances of divine meeting in the Old Testament while the second chapter of Acts deals with the event from a New Testament perspective. In addition to this, 1 Corinthians 11-14 was utilized to highlight the role of the Holy Ghost as the instigator for divine meeting. Specific issues addressed by the research include service preparation and the role of music and its contribution to ambience preceding a meeting between man and God. Moreover, a keen focus on the sermon and the delivery thereof as well as its progression leading up to the conclusion and summary in closing and prayer, are all dealt with as part of this study. This dynamic, in essence, becomes visible through the statement issued by the life of each disciple as a living testament to this consuming and changing event. Honorary public services fit the bill as an event to promote divine meeting. Chapter 5 delves into some of the auxiliary sciences i.e. sociology, communication science, psychology and the field of antropology. The principles in chapters 2 through 4 are affirmed by these aspects of science and provide perspective on the practical applications thereof. All these factors in relation to practice have also been scrutinized through empirical research. This research clearly places divine meeting as a central to and inseparable from perceiver experience. Chapter 7 provides practical guidelines to alternative approaches in practicum. The study proposes a model whereby certain aspects can be examined from a Pentecostal point of view in order to tailor services as a dais for divine meeting. Most importantly it should be evident in the life of the participant that they have truly encounter God. This meeting is the prime objective and at the heart of public service. It serves and should always serve as a doorway to Christian life. / PhD (Liturgics), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Afrikaans: Dit is nou byna honderd jaar gelede dat A. Kuyper sy waardevolle boek oor die erediens begin met 'n klag. Hy verwoord die gevoelens van vele ander oor die besef van wat die Christelike erediens is of beter gesê behoort te wees: "Jarenlang heerschte op dit punt grenzenlooze verwarring, ... " (Kuyper 1911 :7). Daarmee wil hy geen regverdiging gee vir die pleidooi vir slegs een strakke en onwisselbare vorm van liturgie nie. My sorg is dat die samekomste van die gemeente van die Here nie meer gesien en beleef word binne die raamwerk van God se verbond met sy gemeente nie. In die praktyk kom allerlei liturgiese vraagstukke aan die orde. Dit is egter my oortuiging dat die vraagstukke te veel bespreek word (en 'n plek kry in die erediens) as los- en opsigself staande aspekte van ons aanbidding. 'n Helder insig in dit wat beheersend is vir die erediens, is soek. Vraagstukke oor ons liturgie is geweldig belangrik, aangesien dit nie los staan van ons lewe van elke dag nie. Daar word gesê dat iemand leef soos hy bid. Tereg. Met eweveel goeie reg kan gesê word dat iemand voor die Here leef, soos wat die erediens beleef en ingevul word. Een sprekende voorbeeld behoort duidelik te maak wat hiermee bedoel word. In die Oosters-Ortodokse kerke word die kerkgebou gesien as 'n heiligdom. In hierdie heiligdom word die liturgie afgespeel as 'n heilige drama waarin die lewe van Christus uitgebeeld word. Hierdie drama moet die lidmate help om 'n mistieke ervaring en ontmoeting met God te ervaar. Die manier waarop Christus in so 'n erediens teenwoordig is, is nie deur sy Heilige Gees wat deur geloof in die harte van sy kinders leef en werk nie. Die prediking van die Woord van genade moes grootliks plek maak vir die drama van die goddelike. Geloofsvertroue in die Woord van Christus wat bedien word in die prediking, maak plek vir die belewing van 'n hemelse drama. Die erediens word 'n stuk hemel op aarde. Laasgenoemde word onderstreep deurdat die kerkdeure letterlik gesluit word om 'n ruimte te skep wat afgesluit is van die wêreld. Die lewe en wêreld van elke dag moet verlaat word om gemeenskap met God te kan hê. Vanwee hierdie mistiek in die erediens, kon die kerk in Rusland in die verlede ook heel maklik haar oë toesluit vir 'n daaglikse heilige lewenswandel en sosiale onreg wat die kerk spraakloos gelaat het. In 'n gereformeerde liturgiese besef, is die uitgangspunt nie dat die erediens los staan van die daaglikse lewe nie. Lewe in die erediens en in die lewenspraktyk van elke dag is 'n lewe voor die aangesig van God (coram Deo). Die praktyk van 'n lewe voor die aangesig van God word egter wei gevoed vanuit die erediens en het ook daar sy bron. God se Naam moet weer aangeroep word (Gen 4:26), ons afhanklikheid van die Here se genade vir elke dag en oomblik van ons lewens moet bely word, vanuit die Woord moet ons (geloof) gevoed word sodat ons met lofprysing tot die Here kan sing. In die erediens gaan dit daarom om 'n lewende, aktuele ontmoeting tussen die Lewende Here en sy verbondsgemeente binne 'n spesifieke tyd en konteks. Die liefde tussen die hemelse Bruidegom en sy bruid word gevier en gevoed. Die erediens moet daarom 'n struktuur hê van 'n dialoog - gesprek en reaksie van die een op die ander. Daarmee het ons nie gesê dat die prediking 'n dialoog is nie! In die prediking is dit nou juis die Bruidegom wat tot die hart van sy (sondige) bruid spreek. Die preek is liefdesverklaring van die Bruidegom. Daarin praat die gemeente nie saam nie, maar mag sy deur haar houding laat sien wat dit beteken om uit genade te leef. 'n Reseptiewe/ontvanklike houding van geloof pas by die gemeente. Natuurlik lok die liefdesverklaring lof op in die harte van die gemeente. Die lof van die gemeente is dan eerder 'n belydenis en dankoffer (Hebr 13:15) as wat dit deel is van dialoog in die prediking. Prediking is per definisie monoloog - eenrigtingsgeskenk van Christus aan sy gemeente. Wie wil en kan daarin saampraat? Sinergisme (medewerking tussen God en mens) in die prediking is net so onvanpas as wat dit in ons wedergeboorte is. Die boek Openbaring maak ons attent op die wesenlike eenheid tussen die erediens in die hemel rondom die troon van die Lam en die erediens van die gemeente hier op aarde (Op 4:6-11). Die diens rondom die hemelse troon is niks anders as 'n voortsetting van die diens hier op aarde nie. Dit het daarom veel te sê vir ons belewing van ons aardse erediens wanneer die gemeente van Christus saamkom. In die hemel is 'n erediens aan die gang waaraan nie alleen mense nie, maar ook engele deel het en waarvan die middelpunt ingeneem word deur die Lam wat geslag is vir ons sondes. Hy is die Een wat werd is om die boek met sy seëIs oop te maak, Hy is die Een wat waardig is om die lof van mense en engele te ontvang. Op die minste kan en moet daarom vanuit die Skrif gesê word dat ons erediens elke Sondag (of ander dae van die week) niks minder behoort te wees as 'n aardse samekoms wat reg laat geskied aan die hemelse samekoms (wat reeds aan die gang is en tot in alle ewigheid sal voortduur) nie. Die middelpunt van die hemelse erediens is die Lam wat in die allerheiligsle van die hemel ingegaan het met sy bloed ter wille van Sy verbondsgemeente. Met sy bloed pleit Hy as Hoëpriesler vir die gemeenle by die Vader. Dit doen Hy nie as bedelaar nie, maar as oorwinnaar en gestuurde van die Vader. Daarom die onstuitbare lof van die wat hulle klere gewas het in die bloed van die Lam wal rondom die troon staan. Wal ook al verder in 'n erediens gebeur, Iyk dit onontwykbaar dat bogenoemde die basis vorm van enige erediens wal Christelik wil wees. Binne so 'n erediens aileen kry die doopsformulier en nagmaalsformulier en bevestiging van ampsdraers 'n waardige plek as gawes van die Here. Sonder die leef vanuit die Lam op sy (genade)troon as middelpunt van ons erediens, word al ons sang slegs 'n klinkende metaal en Iuidende simbaal; ons gebede word mistieke en emosionele gesprekke met onsself of op sy meeste met ons naaste; die prediking word 'n uitroep om hulp van die een mens aan die ander. Dit Iyk vir my nie te veel gesê nie, dat die erediens niks minder mag wees as die viering van God se genadeverbond met sy gemeente nie. Los van hierdie besef word alle liturgiese besinning grepe in die lug waarin die een wat die hardste stem het of die langste sy argument kan volhou, die oorwinnaar gaan wees. Dan het die fees van die oorwinning van die Lam verdwyn. Dan laat die erediens in so baie van ons gemeentes my dink aan die laaste vers van Rigters: " ... elkeen het gedoen wat reg is in sy eie oe" (21 :25, vgl. ook 17:6). Van 'n "gesonde ontplooiing van die erediens (waarin) ... die liturgiese ordes kerklik vasgestel en eerbiedig word ... " is daar nie altyd 'n getuienis van nie. (Vergelyk: Handboek vir die Erediens:5). Oor die jare heen is reeds baie uitsprake - positief sowel as negatief - oor die erediens gemaak wat tot gevolg gehad het dat daar ook dan reeds verskeie boeke oor die erediens die lig gesien het wat aan die einde van die dag blote pogings was om die erediens óf af te kraak, óf heeltemal te omvorm. Pogings om die erediens te verdedig het ongelukkig gefaal omrede dit meestal sonder 'n diepgaande begronding van die wese, die doel en die inrigting van die erediens was. Hierdie uitsprake kan in twee kategorieë verdeel word. Die eerste kategorie is beskrywend van aard: Die erediens word beskryf as "die lewensaar van die kerk se lewe" (Barnard, 1981:3) en dat dit 'n "eeu-oue barometer" (Barnard, 1981:3) vir die lewe en arbeid van die kerk is. Die tweede kategorie is meer emosioneel van aard wat juis sinspeel op die gevoel en ervaring: "Die stemming van die eredienste is te somber, kleurloos en onbesield" (Barnard, 1981 :4). Voorts word die erediens getipeer as sonder sorg, dood of styf en dat dit vasgevang is in die kleed van gereformeerdheid. Dit is veral hierdie tweede kategorie uitspraak, nl. die emosionele, wat in ons dag die botoon voer. Ongelukkig bly dit nie by woorde nie, want ons verneem telkens van gevalle waar lidmate van ons kerk oorgaan na ander kerke of groepe waar daar 'n "warmer" atmosfeer SOU heers, of waar daar iets sou "gebeur". Wat meer is, diegene wat oorstap kom nie net uit ons lidmate-korps nie, maar ook uit ons regerende en lerende ampte. Nog 'n ontstellende feit is dat sosiologiese berekeninge daarop dui dat die gereformeerde kerke in die jaar 2000 soos eilandjies in 'n see van Charismatiese groepe sal wees! AI die bogenoemde feite is uiters ontstellend, en dit noodsaak beslis nadere besinning. Een van die faktore wat vir die bogenoemde oorstappers verantwoordelik is, is sonder twyfel die gebrek aan emosionele belewenis (ervaring) in die erediens. Daar dan die rede vir die keuse van die tema van hierdie verhandeling: "Die belewing van God se teenwoordigheid in die erediens." In gereformeerde kringe is daar egter 'n groot gereserveerdheid ten opsigte van en selfs vrees vir enige vorm van emosie in die erediens. Voeg daarby die tradisionele houding dat emosie 'n negatiewe of pejoratiewe verskynsel is, en 'n mens kom te staan voor die verwronge mensbeskouing: die mens is 'n rasionele wese wat wel 'n wil van sy eie het, maar geen emosie nie: as hy wel emosie het, moet hy dit liefs onderdruk! Waar mense egter tot geloof in Christus kom, het mense die behoefte - "voel hulle geroepe" (Barnard, 1981:3) - om die erediens by te woon en God se teenwoordigheid emosionele te beleef. Sodoende het Christenwees feitlik sinoniem geword aan erediensbywoning - iets wat ononderbroke gehandhaaf is vir baie eeue - ongeag die omstandighede. "Dikwels was daar die dreiging van die dood en vervolging, maar dit het nie die Christene afgeskrik nie. Baie martelare, soos byvoorbeeld die van Abitina, het verklaar dat hulle eerder bereid is om die marteldood te sterf as om die Nagmaalsdiens na te laat, want het hulle gesê: "Ons kan nie sonder die nagmaal leef nie" (Barnard, 1981 :3). 'n Baie duidelike bewys dat die teenwoordigheid van God in die erediens eens baie intens beleef was. Of dit vandag nog die geval is, is nie so seker nie. Waar mense in die verlede getrou eredienste bygewoon het, is dit vandag die algemene tendens dat lidmate aan die eenkant bloot net wegloop na ander kerke of groepe waar hulle in 'n meer "warmer atmosfeer" God se teenwoordigheid beleef .... of net eenvoudig wegbly van die erediens en hul tyd in die winkels of op die sportveld deurbring. Die moderne mens is van mening dat die erediens nog geklee is in 'n gereformeerde kleed van die verlede wat meebring dat dit nie in pas is met die hede nie. Daarom is die gereformeerde erediens vir hulle verouderd. In 'n postmoderne samelewing hoort die gereformeerde erediens aan die verlede en pas dit nie in by die huidige beweeglikheid. En asof dit nie al erg genoeg is nie, word die gebede in die erediens as irrelevant beskou. So word die erediens afgemaak as 'n passiewe en kragtelose eenrigting verkeer omdat die mens kwansuis nie aktief (met liggaam en siel) daaraan kan deelneem nie. Die middelpunt waarom al die besware teen die gereformeerde erediens draai is die prediking. "Dit word gesien as te monologies, en daar word gesoek na dialoog; dit is abstrak, teoreties, onbegryplik en irrelevant vir die daaglikse lewe" (Barnard, 1981 :5). Die moderne en postmoderne mens voel dat hy homself, sy wêreld, sy stryd, sy vrae, sy probleme en sy toekoms nie in die erediens kan vind nie. Antwoorde op lewensvrae is wetties, moralisties en negatief. Baie kere word onsekere, soms dubbelsinnige, en selfs geen antwoorde, gegee op vrae wat gevra word. Die algemene gevoel is dan ook dat die prediking en erediens nie rekening hou met die mondigheid van die lidmaat nie. Kritiek teen die inhoud en wese van die erediens het vroeër gegaan oor "die foute en misbruike van die erediens, maar die erediens self en die karakter daarvan, is nie bevraagteken nie" (Barnard, 1981 :6). Vroeër is gevra na die wyse van aanbidding en hoe daar saam aanbid moet word. Vandag gaan die nie meer oor wat die regte wyse van aanbidding is nie, maar of die erediens in sy geheel gesien nog enigsins moontlik is. Die erediens as sodanig het vir die postmoderne mens problematies geword. Nie net die vorm nie, maar die erediens self is verouderd. "There is no modern form of public worship because the modern world is secular" (C. Davis, soos aangehaal deur Barnard, 1981 :7). So word die erediens al stadig maar seker as oorbodig beskou. Volgens Barnard (1981 :7) word beweer dat ons God "alleen nog in die ontmoeting met die naaste" ken en dat die erediens dan alleenlik betekenis het deurdat die naaste in sy nood gedien word. "Daar word beweer dat Christus aileen in die dorstiges en hongeriges te vinde is. God staan nie teenoor ons nie, maar ons ontmoet Hom as lemand wat meely met die Iydendes. Die onvermoë van die moderne mens tot gebed en verering, tot meditasie en Bybellees, word nie as 'n gebrek gesien nie, maar juis as 'n bevryding" (Barnard (1981 :7). Die oomblik wanneer die mens God slegs kan vind in die werklikheid waarin hyself lewe, dan kan jy nie anders as om die gevoel te kry dat daar nie meer plek vir God is in die lewe en wêreld van die moderne mens nie. Na my mening Iê die antwoord in die mens se belewing van God se teenwoordigheid in die erediens. Maar dan moet ook onmiddelik gesê word dat indien die mens nie God se teenwoordigheid in sy/haar eie lewe, op 'n daaglikse basis, beleef nie, hy/sy ook nie God in die erediens sal beleef nie. AI word daar nou ook watter liturgiese model gebruik, hetsy van 'n eng konserwatiewe liturgie tot 'n "way out entertainment" liturgie, as jy nie God se teenwoordigheid in jou eie persoonlike lewe ervaar nie, sal jy dit baie beslis ook nie in die erediens ervaar nie. Hoe pragtig Lied 159 ("God is hier teenwoordig, ...... ), wat soms in die erediens gesing word, ookal mag klink, is die vraag egter nie "of God in die erediens teenwoordig is nie", - ons weet dat God in die erediens teenwoordig is, daaroor is daar geen twyfel nie. God belowe immers in sy Woord dat: ...... waar twee of drie in my Naam saam is, daar is Ek by hulle" (Matt 18:20). Nee, die vraag is eerder "of ek as mens God se teenwoordigheid in die erediens ervaar, en walter impak het dit op my persoonlike lewe." Dit is dus duidelik dat daar iewers ernstige fout is. Daarom is dit belangrik om na te gaan waarom mense die eredienste bywoon, of nie bywoon nie. Alhoewel baie dinge in die erediens (Iiturgie) verander (vernuwe) het, blyk dit tog dat die erediens iets van die bekoring van God se teenwoordigheid in die erediens verloor het. Daar dan die moontlike rede dat die erediens die brandpunt van kritiek, aan die een kant, en vernuwing, aan die ander kant, is nie. Die stroom van kritiek word net sterker en radikaler. Mense bly ontevrede oor die erediens. Maak nie saak hoe die erediens ingerig word nie, daar is altyd mense wat van mening is dat die erediens nie hulle behoeftes aanspreek nie. Daar sal dus opnuut gekyk moet word na wat die erediens werklik is, waarom mense dit bywoon, en hoe dit op 'n sinvolle wyse moet plaasvind. Die doel van hierdie studie is drieledig van aard: (a) om vas te stel of mense werklik God se teenwoordigheid in die erediens ervaar, al dan nie; (b) om vas te stel walter impak (invloed) die belewing of nie-belewing van God se teenwoordigheid in die erediens op die daaglikse lewe van die lidmaat het, en (c) om vas te stel of die belewing van die teenwoordigheid van God in die erediens enigsins verband hou met die lidmaat se persoonlike verhouding met God. Die motivering vir hierdie studie is geleë in die baie variasies in die liturgie, asook in die verskillende "modelle" wat deesdae in die erediens gebruik word dat 'n mens soms wonder waaroor dit werklik gaan in die erediens. Gaan dit oor God of gaan die oor die mens? ... Daarom is dit belangrik dat daar gekyk word na die redes hoekom mense die erediens bywoon - is dit omdat hulle God se teenwoordigheid in die erediens ervaar; of omdat dit maar net nog 'n ritueel (tradisie) is? Of moontlik Iê die rede daarin omdat dit alles oor my eie prestasies gaan (bv. die Fariseers) of omdat hulle wan hoop aan hulleself en heil by God soek (bv. die Tollenaar). Om 'n geheelbeeld van bogenoemde te kry, sal daar ook gekyk moet word na die redes waarom mense nie die erediens bywoon nie - het dit dalk iets te doen moet die nie-ervaring van God se teenwoordigheid in die erediens, al dan nie? Kort-kort lees en hoor jy dat die erediens "user-friendly" - die taal van die nuwe millennium? - moet wees. Die kerk wat God se teenwoordigheid simboliseer, word gereduseer tot 'n "showroom" waar die mens ge-"entertain" moet word deur die "entertainer" die liturg. So gesien, blyk dit vir my asof God se teenwoordigheid in die erediens afgewater word na 'n "skouspel" en "entertainment". Die belang van so 'n navorsing is geleë in die soeke na 'n erediens "styl" of "model" wat, aan die een kant, die mens help om werklik God se teenwoordigheid in die erediens te beleef sonder dat dit nodig is om 'n "skouspel" van die erediens te maak; en, aan die ander kant, om weer aan God sy regmatige plek in die erediens te gee waar Hy alleen verheerlik en gedien kan word. Hopelik sal die navorsing daartoe bydra dat mense weer nuut na die erediens sal kyk en God se teenwoordigheid in die erediens as onontbeerlik vir die Christelike lewe sal besef. Daar is van twee navorsingsmetodes gebruik gemaak, nl. (a) 'n Literatuur ondersoek om te poog om die vraag na 'n Gereformeerde erediens te beantwoord, asook om die belang van God se teenwoordigheid in die erediens opnuut weer te beklemtoon; en .... (b) 'n Kwalitatiewe empiriese ondersoek waar persoonlike onderhoude met tussen 10-15 mense gevoer is aan die hand van vooraf opgestelde vrae in 'n poging om antwoorde op genoemde probleemstellings te kry. English: It is nearly a hundred year ago that A. Kuyper started his book on worship with a complaint, addressing many scholars feelings regarding worship, what it is or should be: "Jarenlang heerschte op dit punt grenzenlooze verwarring, ... " (Kuyper 1911 :7). With this he does not plea for a fixed and immovable liturgy. It is my concern that the gathering of the congregation of the Lord are not seen and experienced within the frame of Gods covenant with his congregation. Many positive and negative have been said about worship over the years. Attempts to defend the liturgy have failed because it lack of a deep found definition of the essence, purpose and establishment of worship. These attempts can be divided into two categories. The one category describes the sermon as the lifeline of the church and that it is a barometer for the work and life of the church. The second category is concentrate more on the emotional - the feeling and experiencing - side thereof. Furthermore it is said that the worship is without any concern, it is dead and has been caught up in the old reformed tradition. In a reformed liturgy the starting point is that worship does not stand apart from the daily life. Life in worship and life in the day-to-day living-practice is life in the face of God (coram Deo). In worship it al come down to a life, actual meeting between the Living God and his covenant church in a specific time and context. Therefore the experiencing of God's presence in the worship of the church is vital to the personal everyday life. This brings the whole question on how God's presence in the worship of the church can be experienced on the theological table. The author has looked at the experiencing of God's presence in the worship of the church by in an attempt to answering the question regarding Reformed worshiping (chapter 1) and how does member of the church really experience the presence of God in the worship (chapter 3). He did this by means of a quality empirical survey on the one hand, and suggests a way of thinking about the presence of God by comparing the different views, e.g. the traditional, the modernism, the postmodernism and contemporary cultures. The presence of God in worship is something different from the omnipresence of God; that it is perceived in faith and that it interrupts the faithful's everyday life by addressing him or her on the self-sacrificing love of Christ for the world in need. God is then present in worship as He is in everyday life, which is in the face of need, and His presence can be more appropriately depicted as a confrontation reelle than a praesentia realis. / Dissertation (MA(Theology))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Practical Theology / unrestricted

This thesis expresses a thorough conceptual and theoretical investigation of the liturgical challenges a liturgist (preacher) faces to address worshippers of all MBTI® (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator®) personality types effectively in public sermons. The investigation is focused on the conceptualizing of psychological factors and the effects thereof that need to be taken into account by liturgists in a public worship service. The scientific aim of the thesis is to give liturgists a theoretical grasp on the hermeneutical factors, liturgical demands and homiletical challenges that any preacher should calculate in addressing worshippers with different and often ‘conflicting’ personality types and needs in a public sermon. I have chosen the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® as psychometric instrument which consists out of sixteen unique and different personality types that are described in a four letter combination. This combination describes a person’s preferred orientation to the world (extroversion or introversion), his/her preferred way of gathering information (sensing or intuition), his/her preferred way of decision making (thinking or feeling) and the preferred lifestyle he/she adopts (judging or perceiving). The MBTI® builds on the insights of the well-known Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung, the father of analytical psychology as well as the efforts of the formidable mother and daughter combination, Isabel Myers and Katharine Briggs. The reason for this choice is because the MBTI® proofs to be the most distinctive and effective instrument for comprehensively addressing spirituality and type. On the one hand the MBTI® is ‘friendly’ and intelligible enough to be taken into account by any congregation and liturgist while on the other hand it is a thorough and comprehensive psychometric instrument with sound subjacent psychological and scientific principles. Jung distinguished two opposite energizing orientations to the world, extraversion and introversion and four mental functions, the two opposite ways of taking in information (sensing and intuition) and the two opposite ways of ordering (organizing) the information that’s been taken in (thinking and feeling). In addition, Isabel Myers and Katharine Briggs added two preferred opposite lifestyles, an organized planned lifestyle (judging) and an adaptive spontaneous lifestyle (perceiving). Out of these combined distinctions the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® was born. The investigation is conveyed in two distinct phases namely a theoretical- and a conclusive phase. The thesis consists out of four parts. Part 1 (Chapters 1 and 2) covers the introduction, an explanation of the methodology and the preliminary description of the concepts in the title of the thesis and other relevant concepts for example ‘liturgy’. The title of the thesis is: Personality types in worshippers: A practical-theological investigation of the challenges a preacher faces to address worshippers of all MBTI® (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator®) personality types effectively in sermons. A bilingual list of keywords is included at the beginning of the thesis to enhance continuous research and investigation. Part 2 encompasses the rest of the theoretical phase of the investigation. It consists out of a theoretical exposition of practical-theological principles like hermeneutics and homiletics (Chapter 3), an explanation of three important hermeneutical exponents Gadamer, Habermas and Ricoeur (Chapter 4), other distinctive factors that should be taken into account by the liturgist in the construction and presentation of a worship service (Chapter 5), the discussion of personality and personality types (Chapter 6), the evaluation of several psychological and psychometric instruments that could contribute to the investigation (Chapter 7), the exposition of Jung’s psychological model subjacent to the MBTI® (Chapter 8), an explanation of the theoretical foundation of the MBTI® (Chapter 9) and a comprehensive and extensive exposition of the sixteen distinctive MBTI® personality types (Chapter 10). Part 3 of the thesis consists out of Chapters 11 and 12 and encompasses the conclusive phase of the investigation. The aim of the investigation was to foster appreciation and insight in the dynamics, interaction and co-operation of the MBTI® factors, -combinations and sixteen -personality types in worshippers, so that liturgists and congregations can plan the composition and presentation of worship services accordingly. It will help to lessen the communication hindrances in the presenting and accepting of the Gospel in a worship service. The following practical question is answered in Part 3: What knowledge and insight needs to be fostered within preachers, church councils and congregations in order to accommodate and utilize the needs and strengths of the different personality types so that effective communication of the Gospel can take place in die worship service, where all personality types are potentially included? Preachers and congregations are helped to practically and liturgically address worshippers of all 16 MBTI® personality types. In Chapter 11 general challenges and demands that a liturgist (preacher) faces to address worshippers of all the MBTI® personality types effectively in a public sermon, are addressed. Other determining factors like needs, expectations, theological-anthropological perspectives, spirituality, conflicting timeframes, different generations, stages of psychological- and faith development, selective moments, politics, relationships, social contexts, clothing, moods, language, culture, sexuality, gender roles and defence meganisms are also calculated. The determining and role of personality types (in liturgist and worshippers) and the practical implications and challenges of distinct MBTI® factors and -combinations are addressed. The hermeneutical-, liturgical- and homiletical challenges and demands of the various factors are calculated. The chapter ends by calculating other practical demands and suggestions like different types of worship sermons, alternating worship services, the alternating of liturgical elements in one sermon and the developing of a specific and deliberate style and identity in a worship service. In Chapter 12 the specific demands and challenges that the liturgist faces to effectively address worshippers of all sixteen MBTI® personality types in sermons, are addressed. Hermeneutical-, liturgical- and homiletical challenges and demands with regard to each of the sixteen MBTI® personality types are taken practically into account in a communicative theory of practice. Hermeneutical challenges helps liturgists to spiritually understand each personality type better. With regard to liturgical presentation and construction, the liturgical suggestions enhance the accommodation and involvement of every personality type in the public sermon. Homiletical proposals contribute to the effective preaching, heralding and receiving of the Gospel in the public worship service, so that worshippers of every personality style can be addressed in the public worship service. Other liturgists are invited to freely add their experience and insight in the practical application of the hermeneutical-, liturgical- and homiletical suggestions and proposals. Part 4 concludes the thesis with a short summary and an extensive exposition of literature references in a Bibliography according to an adapted Harvard method. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Practical Theology / unrestricted

Hymns are handed down from generation to generation, from country to country, and from church to church. In every time in history, hymns and songs are needed that are new for that time and generation – hymns through which the timeless message can be voiced in a new and unique way. The historical binding, as well as the ecumenical tie, are thus indispensable features for the church, her liturgy and her music. In the processes of creating new hymns and liturgical forms, the una sancta ecclesia always needs to be in focus. In this study the ecumenical and liturgical movements of the twentieth century, their goals, and the influence they exerted on liturgical renewal and hymn singing, are investigated. The ecumenical meaning of new hymns and liturgical forms is evaluated in terms of these goals. To determine the functionality of new hymns, a theoretical grounding for the various functions of hymns is given. Renewal in the form of contemporary material, new styles and ecumenical-liturgical forms is reflected in the Liedboek van die Kerk (2001), the new hymnal for the Afrikaans-speaking churches. The hymnal is discussed with regard to the content, and the processes of compilation. The versification of the psalms, fundamentalist views, and the resistance to transformation in the processes of canonization, also comes under scrutiny. Documentation, motivation and report of about sixty new hymns and liturgical forms in the Liedboek van die Kerk (2001) are given. Hymns, songs and liturgical forms are researched from hymnological perspectives, by relevant musical and textual analysis, and by exploring their origin, history, working history, and liturgical function. The functionality of the hymns is assessed, and their hymnological, liturgical, contextual and ecumenical significance determined, with regard to the theoretical grounding in the preceding chapters. The conclusion is that ecumenicity is a sine qua non for the hymns and songs of a new generation. History and tradition, but also the contemporary church as a whole, should co-determine processes. The future of liturgical singing depends on the way in which theological, liturgical, hymnological, ecumenical and anthropological fields of tension could be kept in balance. Balance thus needs to be found between functionality, ethics, and aesthetics; between tradition and creativity; historical fidelity and contemporary embodiment; individualism and community; between the individual church and ecumenism; quality and popularity; between Christian/confessional identity, and general religiosity; between orthodox expressions of faith, and the poetical-symbolical shifting of boundaries. Boundaries are exceeded through the singing of hymns – boundaries of language, of confession, of time and space, and boundaries between individuals and groups. Liturgical singing can be the singing of believers of all times and all places only by preserving the traditional ecumenical heritage on the one hand, and on the other hand, through ecumenical cooperation when creating new hymns and forms – thus the one faith in many languages, the audible sign of the una sancta ecclesia. / Thesis (DMus)--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Music / DMus / Unrestricted