[pt] O objetivo desta dissertação é demonstrar que mesmo em ambientes em que a decisão do individuo não segue a racionalidade, podemos obter uma estratégia ótima. Com o auxilio do equilíbrio evolucionariamente estável (ESS), conseguimos analisar casos diferentes da literatura usual de teoria dos jogos em que mesmo com escolhas sem racionalidade, encontramos a melhor estratégia, para tal usaremos a metodologia do jogo de opções, união entre a teoria dos jogos e a metodologia de opções reais, juntamente com o conceito de equilíbrio evolucionariamente estável (ESS). Isso é demonstrado através da modelagem de um mercado duopolista assimétrico, sujeito a incertezas. Neste trabalho as firmas são diferentes, existe um duopólio assimétrico. Aqui as empresas são não homogêneas porque uma empresa tem custo operacional mais baixo do que a outra para o mesmo investimento. Isto significa que uma empresa tem vantagem competitiva sobre a rival. Os resultados do modelo mostram que, dependendo do tipo de estratégia assumida pela empresa, é possível que a empresa de baixo custo se torne líder como na literatura usual e em alguns casos encontramos que diferente da expectativa usual é possível que a empresa de alto custo venha a se tornar líder e demonstra que a premissa de racionalidade não é necessária para a escolha inicial da empresa utilizando o conceito de ESS para definir o equilíbrio assim como foi feito no trabalho de Xiao e Yu (2006). / [en] The objective of this dissertation is show that even in environments where the decision of the individual not follow rationality, we can get a optimal strategy. with the help of evolutionarily stable strategy, we analyze different cases of the usual literature on game theory that even with choices without rationality, we find the best strategy, for that we will use the option game methodology, which is the union between gaming theory methodology and option game methodology, with the concept of evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS). This is demonstrated through modeling of a duopolistic market, with uncertainties, in this dissertation firms are different. Here companies has no-Homogeneous cost because a company has lower operating costs than the other for the same investment. This means that a company has competitive advantage over rival. The model results show that, depending on the strategy assumed by the company it is possible that the low-cost company to become leader as usual in the literature and in some cases also shows that is possible to the high cost company to become leader and demonstrates that the premise of rationality are not necessary for choosing initial strategy, the company can find equilibrium using the concept of ESS to set the balance as was done in the paper of Xiao and YU (2006).

The aim of this study is to examine the extent to which the end of the Cold War led to Europeanisation in European Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). The analysis takes into consideration previous studies on Europeanisation and its impact on the transformation of national security and defence, and attempts to account for the development of Europeanisation and related mechanisms. These mechanisms, which were described by Radaelli as framing mechanisms and negative integration, incorporate all major relevant factors identified in the thesis (i.e., a common strategic culture, new security identity, domestic political decision-making, industrial base and defence spending decline) which contribute to the realisation of the CSDP. The relevance of these factors for CSDP Europeanisation is examined through historical and empirical analysis. Furthermore, the relationship between CSDP and NATO is also explored. This approach facilitates the analysis of the debate concerning the emergence of CSDP and throws light on the political shift that led EU leaders to support CSDP. Another aspect of this study is the empirical analysis of the dynamics and limitations of the European defence sector. The changes which took place in the European defence sector facilitated the emergence of CSDP. Hence, these changes are analysed in view of globalisation issues, economies of scale, economic crises, military autonomy, new security strategy and R&D impact.

Die vorliegende Arbeit entwickelt einen Vorschlag für einen neuen, kompakteren Fragebogen mit dem Akronym „BaFEK-45“ zur Diagnostik von Essstörungen, der auf einer statistischen Analyse von Daten aus fünf bereits etablierten Fragebogen (ANIS, EAT – 26, FBeK, EDI – 2, EDES) mit einer Gesamtzahl von 231 Items basiert. Dabei wurden die Antworten von Patientinnen aus den 1990er- und 2000er-Jahren der Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik des Kindes- und Jugendalters der Universität Leipzig ausgewertet. Auf Grundlage zweier „Signalfragen“ zu Ess-Anfällen wurden die Fragebogen-Serien in drei Gruppen (anorektisch, bulimisch und grenzwertig) eingeteilt, daraufhin konnte eine Analyse zu den Unterschieden im Antwortverhalten zwischen eben diesen Gruppe vorgenommen werden. Nach einem auf dieser Analyse basierenden Auswahlverfahren wurden die verbliebenen Items einer mehrstufigen Faktorenanalyse und kritischen inhaltlichen Differenzierung unterzogen. An deren Ende steht der o.g. Vorschlag eines neuen Diagnostikinstruments, das sich aus 45 Fragen in fünf Skalen zusammensetzt.

Container traffic in seaports around the world in constantly increasing, with energy costs being a significant part of the total costs. The container terminal (CT) of the Port of Gävle, the largest in the east coast of Sweden, is not an exception to this. With traffic growing annually, a new terminal will be opened in the following years, adding three more ship-to-shore (STS) cranes to the two existing ones, and six electric rubber tyred gantry (eRTG) cranes. Therefore, it is highly important to strengthen energy efficiency measures, reducing the energy consumption and the costs associated with it. This is why the aim of this report is to analyse whether implementing energy storage systems in the cranes of the container terminal Port of Gävle can contribute to reduce electricity costs by recovering energy when braking lowering containers, and by shaving power peaks. After a literature review of current energy recovery and storage options, this work presents three solutions: two alternatives for the current situation with two ship-to-shore (STS) cranes, and a third solution to be implemented in the three future STS cranes to be installed, which can also be beneficial for any other crane in the terminal. According to the made calculations, the three alternatives can reduce considerable energy consumption, and they are highly profitable. However, those solutions are a preliminary study and more work needs to be done to determine the exact profitability and technical system details. This work has been done in collaboration with the Port of Gävle and Yilport, the company operating the container terminal.

Because winter maintenance is so costly, Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) personnel asked researchers at Brigham Young University to determine whether asphalt or concrete pavements require more winter maintenance. Differing thermal properties suggest that, for the same environmental conditions, asphalt and concrete pavements will have different temperature profiles. Climatological data from 22 environmental sensor stations (ESSs) near asphalt roads and nine ESSs near concrete roads were used to 1) determine which pavement type has higher surface temperatures in winter and 2) compare the subsurface temperatures under asphalt and concrete pavements to determine the pavement type below which more freeze-thaw cycles of the underlying soil occur. Twelve continuous months of climatological data, primarily from the 2009 calendar year, were acquired from the road weather information system operated by UDOT, and erroneous data were removed from the data set. To predict pavement surface temperature, a multiple linear regression was performed with input parameters of pavement type, time period, and air temperature. Similarly, a multiple linear regression was performed to predict the number of subsurface freeze-thaw cycles, based on month, latitude, elevation, and pavement type. A finite-difference model was created to model surface temperatures of asphalt and concrete pavements based on air temperature and incoming radiation. The statistical analysis predicting pavement surface temperatures showed that, for near-freezing conditions, asphalt is better in the afternoon, and concrete is better for other times of the day, but that neither pavement type is better, on average. Asphalt and concrete are equally likely to collect snow or ice on their surfaces, and both pavements are expected to require equal amounts of winter maintenance, on average. Finite-difference analysis results confirmed that, for times of low incident radiation (night), concrete reaches higher temperatures than asphalt, and for times of high incident radiation (day), asphalt reaches higher temperatures than concrete. The regression equation predicting the number of subsurface freeze-thaw cycles provided estimates that did not correlate well with measured values. Consequently, an entirely different analysis must be conducted with different input variables. Data that were not available for this research but are likely necessary in estimating the number of freeze-thaw cycles under the pavement include pavement layer thicknesses, layer types, and layer moisture contents.

In the search for environmentally friendly methods to implement renewable energy in the power system residential microgrids have been proposed and proven. The direct current (DC) microgrid topology is a promising implementation of a microgrid system due to the increasing amount of DC-operated loads and production units expected in the near future. In this project, the proposed DC microgrid consists of a solar photovoltaic (PV) power source, a battery, a DC load, and an interlinking bidirectional converter to connect the microgrid to the external three-phase power grid. The PV system is controlled with a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm to maximise the power production in all weathers. The DC bus voltage is stabilised by the battery controller and a coordinated control scheme considering the electricity price and battery State of Charge (SOC) is implemented to govern the power exchange with the utility grid. Simulations of the system are shown to validate the functionality of the microgrid and the performance of the controllers in multiple scenarios. The proposed DC microgrid is proven to function in both utility grid-connected mode and in isolation from the utility grid. / I sökandet efter miljövänliga metoder att implementera förnybar energi i kraftsystemet har lokalt självförsörjande elsystem för bostäder föreslagits och visats fungera. Den likströmsbaserade topologin är en lovande implementering av ett sådant lokalt elsystem till följd av den ökande mängden likströmsdrivna laster och produktionsenheter som förväntas komma inom en snar framtid. I detta projekt består det föreslagna likströmsbaserade elsystemet av en solenergikälla, ett batteri, en likströmslast och en sammanlänkande dubbelriktad omvandlare för att ansluta det lokala elsystemet till det externa trefasiga elnätet. Solenergisystemet styrs med en maximal kraftpunktföljande algoritm för att maximera kraftproduktionen i alla väder. Likströmsbussens spänning stabiliseras av batteristyrenheten och ett samordnat styrschema som tar hänsyn till elpriset och batteriets laddningstillstånd implementeras för att styra energiutbytet med elnätet. Simuleringar av systemet presenteras för att validera mikronätets funktionalitet och styrteknikens prestanda i flera olika scenarier. Det föreslagna likströmsbaserade elsystemet visas fungera i både nätanslutet läge och isolerat från elnätet. / Kandidatexjobb i elektroteknik 2022, KTH, Stockholm

Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries VRFBs are promising energy storage systems with highly recyclable electrolytes. The recycling of these systems usually involves ammonium-based salt precipitation steps, which produce toxicgases and contaminated water as waste. In this study, a novel method has been developed to recycle vanadiumdirectly from VRFB electrolyte solutions. The purity and characteristics of the final product have been analyzedusing X-ray Diffraction and Cyclic Voltammetry analysis. The method developed in this study has a precipitationrecovery of 98%. However, further investigation is needed to improve product purity and method optimization. / Sammanfattning på svenska: Vanadium Redox Flödes Batterier VRFB är lovande energilagringssystem medmycket återvinningsbara elektrolyter. Återvinningen av dessa system innefattar vanligtvis ammoniumbaseradesaltutfällningssteg som producerar giftiga gaser och förorenat vatten som avfall. I denna studie har en ny metodutvecklats för återvinning av vanadium direkt från VRFB elektrolytlösningar. Renheten och egenskaperna hosslutprodukten har analyserats med X-ray diffraktion och cyclic voltammetry analys. Metoden som utvecklats idenna studie har återvinnings kapacitet på 98 %. Ytterligare utredning behövs inom förbättring av produktensrenhet samt metods optimering.

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The research is motivated by the need to address two major challenges in wind power integration: how to mitigate wind power fluctuation and how to ensure stability of the farm and host grid. It is envisaged that wind farm power output fluctuation can be reduced by using a specific type of buffer, such as an energy storage system (ESS), to absorb its negative impact. The proposed solution, therefore, employs ESS to solve the problems. The key research findings include a new technique for calculating the desired power output profile, an ESS charge-discharge scheme, a novel direct-calculation (optimization-based) method for determining ESS optimal rating, and an ESS operation scheme for improving wind farm transient stability. Analysis with 14 wind farms and a compressed-air energy storage system (CAES) shows that the charge-discharge scheme and the desired output calculation technique are appropriate for ESS operation. The optimal ESSs for the 14 wind farms perform four or less switching operations daily (73.2%-85.5% of the 365 days) while regulating the farms output variation. On average, the ESSs carry out 2.5 to 3.1 switching operations per day. By using the direct-calculation method, an optimal ESS rating can be found for any wind farm with a high degree of accuracy. The method has a considerable advantage over traditional differential-based methods because it does not require knowledge of the analytical form of the objective function. For ESSs optimal rating, the improvement in wind energy integration is between 1.7% and 8%. In addition, a net increase in grid steady-state voltage stability of 8.3%-18.3% is achieved by 13 of the 14 evaluated ESSs. For improving wind farm transient stability, the proposed ESS operation scheme is effective. It exploits the use of a synchronous-machine-based ESS as a synchronous condenser to dynamically supply a wind farm with reactive power during faults. Analysis with an ESS and a 60-MW wind farm consisting of stall-regulated wind turbines shows that the ESS increases the farm critical clearing time (CCT) by 1 cycle for worst-case bolted three-phase-to-ground faults. For bolted single-phase-to-ground faults, the CCT is improved by 23.1%-52.2%. / text

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