This study examined the effects of seedbed and seedling environment on establishment of early and late seral dominant alpine species. Species studied included late seral dominant forbs (Geum rossii, Artemisia scopulorum, and Polemonium viscosum), early seral dominant forbs (Potentilla diversifolia and Sibbaldia procumbens), a late seral dominant grass (Festuca idahoensis), and early seral dominant grasses (Calamagrostis purpurascens and Deschampsia cespitosa). Germination responses of each species to wet vs. dry cold stratification and light vs. dark conditions were investigated. No statistical differences were observed in the seed germination of early and late seral dominant forbs or early and late seral dominant grasses, but significant differences were observed in the responses of grasses and forbs. Seed germination of forbs was greater under light than dark conditions and following wet cold storage. Effects of fertilization on growth responses and nutrient uptake of G. rossii and D. cespitosawere evaluated in a factorial greenhouse experiment in which seedlings of each species were grown at four levels of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P). The late seral dominant forb responded more like a species from a low-nutrient environment exhibiting lower relative growth rates, higher root:shoot ratios, and a smaller response to N than the early seral dominant. A field experiment on the Beartooth Plateau, Montana, examined the soil environment and seedling emergence, growth, and survival of seeded early and late seral dominants on loamy sand soils of a severe disturbance and on peat soils of an undisturbed area during two growing seasons. Effects of fertilizer and mulch were examined on the severely disturbed area. Differences between uncleared turf and turf cleared of vegetation (gap disturbance) were evaluated on the undisturbed area. The gap disturbance had higher levels of N and P and warmer soil than the severe disturbance or vegetated undisturbed area. Soil water potentials were never low enough to result in plant stress. Seedling growth was slow - .005 g to .04 g dry weight the first growing season and .02 g to .20 g the second growing season. Growth was greatest on the gap disturbance and on fertilized plots of the severely disturbed area. Early seral dominants had the largest seedlings and the smallest R/R+S ratios. Mortality was low - odds of .50 were rarely exceeded even after two years. Survival was higher on warm, nutrient rich soils of the gap disturbance. Mulch increased emergence and survival on the severe disturbance. Fertilization increased mortality, probably because an initial pulse of N was followed by a rapid decline. Higher mortality occurred in 1986 than 1985 as 1986 had a shorter growing season and cooler air and soil temperatures early in the growing season.

This study was an attempt to establish and compare prediction equations for determining a minimum GPA of 2. 00 in the Applied Arts programs at Dixie College. It also attempted to compare the derived predict ion equations used to determine mini mum GPA 1 s in both the Academic Arts and Applied Arts Divisions. The study compared the derived prediction equations used to determine minimum GPA's for each vocational program in the Applied Arts Division. The study attempted to determine and compare t he most reliable predictor in the Academic Arts Division, total Applied Arts Division, and each vocational program in the Applied Arts Division. In conclusion, the thesis illustrates what percent of the total variation of GPA could be accounted for by the derived prediction equations in the Academic Arts Division, total Applied Arts Division, and in each vocational program in the Applied Arts Division. It also determined that the ACT Social Science subtest score proved to be the best single predictor for both the Academic Arts and Applied Arts Divisions at Dixie College as well as for the vocational programs of Architectural Drafting and Airline Stewardess. The ACT Composite score proved to be the best single predictor in the vocational programs of Auto Mechanics, Electronics, and Business Education at Dixie College.

The establishment of alfalfa is expensive and good initial stands permit the farmer to secure high yields and spread establishment costs over several years, Of the factors involved: seedbed preparation, fertilization, seed viability, method of planting, and water application are controlled by the farmer, On the other hand, beneficial and detrimental microflora are not so easily controlled because practices aimed at controlling the detrimental microflora may also destroy the beneficial.

The security of wireless networks and systems is becoming increasingly important as wireless devices are more and more ubiquitous nowadays. The wireless channel exhibits the spatial uncorrelation property, which is that the characteristics of a wireless channel become uncorrelated every half carrier wavelength over distance. This property has prompted an emerging research area that utilizes wireless channel characteristics to achieve location distinction, to detect location changes or facilitate authentication of wireless users, and to establish shared secret key between legitimate communicators. This dissertation includes two work toward the security improvement of existing wireless networks and systems. With the discovered channel camouflage and manipulation techniques in wireless networks, traditional wireless channel based authentication or secure communication systems are broke or renovated. The first work proposes a new attack against all existing location distinction approaches that are built on this spatial uncorrelation property. With the discovered attack, an attacker can easily bypass authentication or camouflage location changes by creating an artificial wireless channel similar to a legitimate one. This dissertation also presents a detection technique that utilizes an auxiliary receiver or antenna to identify these fake channels. On the other hand, the second work shows that the legitimate users can also benefit from constructing these artificial wireless channels and apply them in a novel wireless key establishment. The proposed technique enables the transmitter to specify any content as the secret key and securely deliver it to the target receiver, and meanwhile removes the reconciliation process which is necessary for conventional wireless key establishment schemes.

Survival and establishment of mangrove propagules at higher tidal elevations beyond the landward margin of their distribution is a requirement for the continued existence of mangrove populations in response to rising sea-level. Despite the growing body of literature that discusses mangrove recruitment patterns, few studies have empirically examined establishment and post-establishment growth success of propagules at the higher intertidal positions into witch mangrove populations are migrating. Using an experimental field approach, this study compares establishment and post-establishment growth success of propagules at three positions across a tidal elevation gradient within a landward-transgressing mangrove population of SW Florida (USA). I observed black mangrove, Avicennia germinans, recruitment as adults of this taxon may occupy low to high tidal elevations of the intertidal zone in SW Florida, indicating that propagules are capable of successfully establishing and reaching reproductive age in novel environments. However, establishment and post-establishment growth of A. germinans in encroachment areas landward to that of lower intertidal positions has not been examined. To accomplish this, I began by monitoring movement patterns of marked A. germinans propagules released at three intertidal positions during a high spring tide to confirm that propagule dispersal to encroachment areas located at higher tidal elevations occurred at the selected field site. Propagule survival, establishment success, and post-establishment growth rate of seedlings was monitored during a reciprocal transplant study utilizing two of the three intertidal positions, one representing a lower intertidal area within the mangrove population’s niche and one representing a higher intertidal area beyond the population’s landward margin. Regardless of parental tree origin, A. germinans propagules had greater establishment success in the lower intertidal position. Likewise mean seedling height was consistently greater among established seedlings in the lower intertidal although the difference in mean seedling height between tidal locations decreased linearly over the monitoring period. Propagule mortality was greatest at the higher intertidal position (27.5% of tethered propagules died) when compared to that in the lower intertidal (0.07%). Interestingly, the tidal position of propagule origin significantly influenced survival only during the first 33 days of the reciprocal transplant experiment. After this time interval and establishment as a seedling, no mortality was observed in either treatment position for 125 days. Together, results show that intraspecific variation in A. germinans propagule establishment and post-establishment seedling growth exists in landward transgressing populations across intertidal positions. My findings indicate that abiotic conditions of the higher intertidal environments into which mangroves are migrating may be detrimental for early life stages of A. germinans but not seedlings. Combined, my results suggest that investigations into mangrove success at novel intertidal positions should focus on limitations at the propagule life stage as there was no indication that survivorship varied among tidal elevation once mangrove seedlings were established. Finally, assessing maternal reserves of dispersing propagules may provide additional insight into the importance of mangrove propagule origin on initial survival.

This thesis analyses the Australian approach to taxation of goodwill and related intangibles. It asks the questions: 'Is the current Australian approach to taxation of goodwill coherent?'; and 'Could a different approach minimise any distortions?' The thesis identifies the increasing importance of goodwill and other intangible property in a modern information-based economy. It identifies benchmarks for a 'good' tax system ??? such as efficiency, simplicity, and equity. It emphasises the criteria of simplicity and efficiency but includes other criteria and specifically considers the issue of alignment of accounting and legal concepts. It concludes that the current misalignment makes it difficult for the tax system to deal with goodwill coherently. The thesis criticises the treatment of goodwill under various Australian taxes, including stamp duty; Goods and Services Tax; taxation of capital gains; and income tax. It specifically considers the treatment of intangible sources of goodwill and their relationship with goodwill itself. The discussion of income tax pays particular attention to the role of goodwill and other intangibles in international transfer pricing. The thesis draws conclusions about the treatment of goodwill in Australia and whether the Australian approach meets the benchmarks established at the outset. The thesis demonstrates that the current Australian approach leads, inter alia, to tax avoidance. The current approach also offends a number of other criteria of a 'good' system. The thesis considers the UK tax treatment of intangibles held by resident companies and considers this model for Australia. It also considers the abandoned 'Tax Value Method' previously proposed for Australia. From this and other material, it suggests possible new directions and an alternative approach to taxing goodwill in Australia. These include a consistent and coherent definition of goodwill for tax that is compatible with law and accounting. The thesis also urges the development of a consistent approach to taxing goodwill at both the state and federal levels; and suggests greater reliance on the existence of goodwill as a means to establish jurisdiction to impose tax in international tax situations.

<p> </p><p><strong>Introduction and research question: </strong>In the global media field, global expansion has become more common and is a way for media companies to reach out to a broader audience. Both advantages and disadvantages come with a global expansion and there are several cultural differences that have to be considered. This thesis will deal with the cultural differences and discuss how a Swedish media company efficiently goes about establishing in Vietnam. This leads us to this thesis' research question: How does a Swedish media company succeed in Vietnam?</p><p> </p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This thesis' purpose is to find out what media companies do to successfully acclimate to the Vietnamese culture and the important aspects of the cultural differences to consider.</p><p><strong>Delimitation: </strong>In order to present a thesis with greater depth and acquire a deeper understanding, the study is limited to examine Swedish media companies and what intercultural aspects are important to consider when establishing in Vietnam.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Method:</strong> The research we have done is based on interviews, which we thought could give us the accurate information and a good base to stand on. We have interviewed five people who, in different ways, have something to do with Vietnam's media or intercultural communication. The interview question is based on the information we have found in the theory chapter. The interviews gave us a deeper understanding about the subject and lead to interesting answers that could help us answer our research question.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> There are many things a company needs to think about when setting up an establishment in a new county. In our study we have found out the differences between Vietnam and Sweden and we have examined the most suitable way for a company to communicate with the market in Vietnam. This thesis can be seen as a guideline for media companies in Sweden that are going to expand their organization to the Vietnamese market.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>intercultural communication, Vietnam, global expansion, media companies, foreign establishment</p><p> </p><p> </p>

<p>Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att öka förståelsen för företags internationella etableringsstrategier och titta på vilka möjligheter och hinder som finns i etableringsprocessen.</p><p>Metod: Uppsatsens forskningsstrategi har varit att göra en fallstudie på Kina och en surveyundersökning på svenska företag som idag är representerade på den kinesiska marknaden. Vidare kombinerar studien de två vetenskapliga angreppssätten kvalitativ och kvantitativ ansats. Både primärdata i form av surveyundersökningen och ett seminarium och sekundär data i form av olika litteratur såsom böcker, vetenskapliga artiklar och internet har använts för att knyta samman våra resultat.</p><p>Resultat: Uppsatsen resulterar i att de största möjligheterna som finns för svenska företag på den kinesiska marknaden är att öka sin</p><p>lönsamhet och sänka sina produktionskostnader. De största hindren är lagar och förordningar, kulturella skillnader, tullavgifter, skatter och piratkopiering.</p> / <p>Purpose: The purpose of this study is to increase the understanding of</p><p>business-establishing strategies and to examine which opportunities and obstacles the process holds within.</p><p>Method: The investigation strategy used for this essay was to perform a case study on China and a survey at Swedish companies which are currently represented in the Chinese market. The essay combines a qualitative and quantitative approach. Both primary data - in the form of a survey and a seminar - and secondary data - literature found in books, scientific articles and the internet - have been used to achieve our results.</p><p>Results: The result of this essay is: the opportunities on the Chinese market for Swedish companies are to increase profitability and lower production costs. The biggest obstacles are laws and regulations, cultural differences, customs fees, taxes and bootlegging.</p>

<p>This is a study witch examines the national minorities relations to authorities and DO’s report of discrimination within the educational establishment. The purpose of this essay is to illustrate and highlight the national minorities’ thoughts according to DO’s report, and approach the problem with the minorities trust for authorities. In this essay I present recommendations and proposals on how these authorities should work to approach the trust issue, according to my knowledge on the subject. The theories which are applied on the empiric material are based on Niklas Luhmanns theories and also of Kieran O’Hara’s thoughts of trust as a facilitator and as an enabler to achieve goals and maintain a nourishing collaboration. This is a qualitative exploratory study which is based on interviews with central organisations within the national minorities. To sum up the result of this study, the empiric material shows a very positive attitude towards DO:s report, but there is also a general distrust amongst the national minorities against these authorities. To address the issue of distrust against them, the authorities should establish improvements. Such as social representation, intimate knowledge of both parties, take action to reach out and nurture the relations that are essential for the minorities in order to trust and cooperate with the authorities. Only then can they obtain the achievements according to the complexity of these problems.</p>

<p>IKEA is probably one of the most well known Swedish companies in the world. During thepast decades millions of people all across the globe have decorated their homes according tothe style of IKEA. But just exactly how big and influential are they? Many, if not to say all,municipalities in Sweden wants IKEA to establish and build their famous stores in one oftheir towns. But at what cost? When deciding on a municipality to establish in, IKEAnormally tends to have an advantage when it comes to controlling the conditions and terms ofthe establishment.To undertake this dissertation I use a theory based upon the inter-organizational theoriescalled resource dependency theory. The theory stresses the importance of controlling andobtaining resources as an organization among other organizations in order to survive. Fromthe theory one can see a pattern that organizations with a lot of resources tend to have biggeradvantage when dealing with other organizations.The question I want to answer was if the municipality of Karlstad has eroded its dominantplane when dealing with strong financial actors like IKEA?This is a case study of IKEA and their establishment in Karlstad. Unfortunately IKEA choosenot to be a part of the thesis due to lack of time. The method used in the dissertation is basedupon interviews with high senior officials that were involved in the establishment in one wayor another. To supplement the interviews a document study was performed.The result of the study is surprising in two ways. First of all the fact that IKEA has been sucha strong actor during the negotiations which gave them nearly whatever they asked for. Thesecond reason is the fact that the municipality has eroded its dominant plane in such anobvious way. If IKEA did want to, they could have built a store where ever they wanted.IKEA is probably one of the most well known Swedish companies in the world. During thepast decades millions of people all across the globe have decorated their homes according tothe style of IKEA. But just exactly how big and influential are they? Many, if not to say all,municipalities in Sweden wants IKEA to establish and build their famous stores in one oftheir towns. But at what cost? When deciding on a municipality to establish in, IKEAnormally tends to have an advantage when it comes to controlling the conditions and terms ofthe establishment.To undertake this dissertation I use a theory based upon the inter-organizational theoriescalled resource dependency theory. The theory stresses the importance of controlling andobtaining resources as an organization among other organizations in order to survive. Fromthe theory one can see a pattern that organizations with a lot of resources tend to have biggeradvantage when dealing with other organizations.The question I want to answer was if the municipality of Karlstad has eroded its dominantplane when dealing with strong financial actors like IKEA?This is a case study of IKEA and their establishment in Karlstad. Unfortunately IKEA choosenot to be a part of the thesis due to lack of time. The method used in the dissertation is basedupon interviews with high senior officials that were involved in the establishment in one wayor another. To supplement the interviews a document study was performed.The result of the study is surprising in two ways. First of all the fact that IKEA has been sucha strong actor during the negotiations which gave them nearly whatever they asked for. Thesecond reason is the fact that the municipality has eroded its dominant plane in such anobvious way. If IKEA did want to, they could have built a store where ever they wanted.</p>