Tout d'abord, en ce qui concerne le premier chapitre, cette thèse vise à vérifier l'impact des normes des Traités, comme, par exemple, la liberté d'établissement et la libre prestation de services, par rapport aux activités économiques qui sont offerts sur les espaces domaniales. Ensuite, après avoir examiné la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice en matière de services, en ce qui concerne le deuxième chapitre, nous avons examiné aussi l'impact des principes généraux du droit européen et de l'art. 16 de la Charte des Droits Fondamentaux sur les services offerts sur le domaine public. En ce qui concerne le troisième chapitre, nous avons adressé un examen approfondi de la Directive « Services » : après avoir analysé sa genèse, plutôt problématique et difficile, nous en avons décrit les objectifs et la ratio. Le résultat qui a émergé est une fragmentation du marché commun de services, en particulier pour ce qui concerne les services qu’on prend en examen dans cette recherche. L'une des phases les plus critiques par rapport à la Directive « Services », c'est sa transposition. Ce qui semble clair, c'est une fragmentation générale qui entrave l’achèvement et le bon fonctionnement du marché commun. Une fois qu'on a examiné le rôle de la directive « Bolkestein », on a montré la nécessité d'évaluer l'impact de cette norme sur les services offerts sur le domaine public. Dans le quatrième chapitre, on a décidé d'examiner le rôle des directives sur les contrats publics. D'un point de vue juridique, les contrats publics et les concessions sont deux choses distinctes, même si la logique sous-jacente à l’article 12 de la Directive « Services » et le principe de concurrence établissent que les espaces (et, indirectement, par conséquence, les services qui sont intéressés) concernés doivent être attribués dans le cadre d'une procédure de sélection publique. Il convient de rappeler que, avant la présentation d'une proposition de directive de la Commission Européenne pour réglementer les concessions, les principes applicables à ces dernières ont été (et sont encore aujourd’hui) empruntés à la discipline des contrats publics. Nous avons décidé de mettre en évidence comment l'état actuel des contrats publics et les concessions sont interconnectés. On montre aussi que les directives sur les marchés publics jouent un rôle important dans la régulation des types de concessions examinées dans le présent document. On a décidé d'examiner l'impact potentiel de la Directive « concessions ». Dans le cinquième et le sixième chapitre, nous avons examiné et comparé les différents systèmes des États membres de l’Union Européenne. En particulier, nous avons vu comment les concessions des plages sont réglementées en Italie, où, par exemple, il y a un problème juridique qui est loin d’être adressé, en France, en Croatie, en Portugal, et, finalement, en Espagne. Dans le septième et le huitième chapitre, nous avons choisi de parler du risque éventuel de violation des normes en matière d'aides d’État. / With regard to the first chapter, this thesis aims at analysing the impact of the Freedom of Establishment and of the Free Movement of Services on those economic activities which are offered in areas belonging to the public domain. Thus, after examining the relevant case-law of the ECJ in the field of services, in the second chapter what has been analysed is the impact of the general principles and of Art. 16 of the Charter on the services provided in areas belonging to the public domain. In the third chapter, a deep analysis of the Services Directive has been conducted: after addressing its genesis, which was quite problematic, both its objectives and its rationale have been analysed. What has emerged is a fragmentation of the internal market of services, especially with regard to the activities that are examined in this research. One of the most problematic issues related to that Directive is its implementation. Again, what has emerged is a fragmentation of the market of services. Thus, what has been addressed is the impact of the Directive on the services provided in areas belonging to the public domain. In the fourth chapter, the impact of the Public Contracts Directives has been examined. Legally speaking, public procurement contracts and concessions are different, even if the rationale beyond Art. 12 of the Services Directive together with the general principle of competition require the services at issue to be awarded through a selection procedure. Indeed, even before the adoption of what is now the Concessions Directive, the principles applicable to concessions have always been the same as those applicable to public procurement contracts. What emerges is that the public procurement contracts and concessions are strongly interconnected. The potential impact of the Concessions Directive has been addressed as well. In the fifth and in the sixth chapter a comparison between the Italian status quo with regard to those services provided in areas belonging to the public domain and the situation in Portugal, Croatia, France and Spain has been drawn. In the seventh and in the eighth chapter all the implications regarding potential violations of the State Aid rules have been addressed.

Frågeställning: Vilka åtgärder kan ett nystartat konsultföretag i marknadsföringsbranschen vidta för att etablera sig på en lokal, konkurrenskraftig och växande marknad? Syfte: Syftet är att öka förståelsen för företagsetablering på en lokal, konkurrenskraftig och växande marknad genom att undersöka små företags uppfattning om konkurrenssituationen, hur och om de differentierar sig samt vilka konkurrensfördelar de innehar. Detta undersöks på konsultmarknaden i Eskilstuna där blivande aktörer ska kunna ta del av denna studie samt den framtagna etaberingsmodellen. Metod: Semistrukturerade intervjuer i två omgångar har legat som grund för studien i något som kan liknas vid en induktiv ansats där utgångspunkten varit ett empiriskt problem. Slutsats: Studien presenterar ett förslag till modell som visar en möjlig process vid etablering. Bidrag/värde: Modellen är en bra början till vidare forskning inom ämnet och angränsande branscher samt angränsande geografiska städer. Den ger upphov till nya frågor så som om den praktiskt fungerar samt om den går att utforma på andra ställen / Question: What steps can a start-up consulting firm in the marketing industry take to establish themselves on a local, competitive and growing market? Objective: The aim is to increase understanding of the business establishment on a local, competitive and growing market by examining small business perception of the competitive situation, and how they differentiate themselves as well as the competitive advantages they hold. This is examined in the consulting market in Eskilstuna, where aspiring actors to take part in this study, and the produced establishment model. Methods: Semi-structured interviews in two waves have formed the basis for the study of something that can be likened to an inductive approach where the starting point was an empirical issue. Conclusion: This study presents a proposal for a model that shows a possible process of establishment. Contributions / value: The model is a good start for further research in the subject and related industries, as well as adjacent cities. It gives rise to new issues such as the practical application and if it is possible to design this model in other industries or cities.

Submitted by Valter Deperon (vdeperon@gmail.com) on 2018-04-26T00:45:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Valter Deperon_Dissertacao Abril2018_versaofinal250418.pdf: 457197 bytes, checksum: 9d22b722941ef7a64a699e95eb5bc378 (MD5) / Rejected by Thais Oliveira (thais.oliveira@fgv.br), reason: Valter, boa tarde! Tivemos de rejeitar a Tese novamente, pois a data da aprovação está preenchida, deve estar em branco. e também deve conter o "Campo de Conhecimento" (este deve esta preenchido) acima da Data da Aprovação. Por gentileza, alterar e submeter novamente. Obrigada. Qualquer dúvida, entre em contato. on 2018-04-26T16:18:09Z (GMT) / Submitted by Valter Deperon (vdeperon@gmail.com) on 2018-04-26T21:25:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Valter Deperon_Dissertacao Abril2018_versaofinal260418.pdf: 457236 bytes, checksum: 1c91df12538fe6bdb4de139789c59112 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Thais Oliveira (thais.oliveira@fgv.br) on 2018-04-26T22:00:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Valter Deperon_Dissertacao Abril2018_versaofinal260418.pdf: 457236 bytes, checksum: 1c91df12538fe6bdb4de139789c59112 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-04-27T13:59:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Valter Deperon_Dissertacao Abril2018_versaofinal260418.pdf: 457236 bytes, checksum: 1c91df12538fe6bdb4de139789c59112 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-27T13:59:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Valter Deperon_Dissertacao Abril2018_versaofinal260418.pdf: 457236 bytes, checksum: 1c91df12538fe6bdb4de139789c59112 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-28 / Após a abertura do mercado de resseguros pela Lei Complementar nº 126/2007, três categorias de resseguradores foram criadas no Brasil: local, admitido e eventual. Os dois últimos formados por companhias estrangeiras que se instalaram no Brasil. Diante disso, houve muita incerteza a respeito do tratamento tributário que deveria ser aplicado sobre as transações de resseguros internacionais que, resumidamente, são: prêmios de resseguros, comissões de resseguros e sinistros pagos. O mercado se autorregulou e passou a praticar e a interpretar as regras fiscais, conforme a legislação securitária e tributária então vigente. Em 2017, a Receita Federal publicou a Solução de Consulta Cosit nº 62 que basicamente reafirmou o tratamento tributário que o mercado estava praticando para as categorias local e eventual, porém inovou ao equiparar o ressegurador admitido ao local, para fins fiscais. A razão da equiparação deu-se em função da exigência regulatória da Superintendência de Seguros Privados (SUSEP) de que o ressegurador admitido deva constituir um escritório de representação no Brasil, conferindo poderes a um procurador para aceitar e vincular a empresa estrangeira perante o mercado brasileiro. Com isso, concluiu-se que tal atividade equivaleria à do ressegurador local. O efeito prático de tal conclusão é um tratamento tributário semelhante ao conceito de Estabelecimento Permanente (EP), e a aplicação de regras tributárias locais ao admitido implica em um aumento significativo da carga tributária e das exigências e custos contábeis, financeiros e operacionais ao ressegurador admitido, o que inviabilizaria o mercado de seguros e resseguros, diante da potencial falta de cobertura para os riscos administrados no Brasil. A determinação de tratamento tributário equiparado a ressegurador local à empresa estrangeira não pode ser realizada por presunções formais legais, mas necessitaria de um exame concreto e fático de que, materialmente, as decisões de assunção de risco, subscrição e pagamento de indenizações está sendo feita pelo escritório de representação no Brasil, e não apenas em virtude de documentos formais. As atividades do escritório de representação não se confundem com as do ressegurado admitido estrangeiro por ele representado, existindo total independência e autonomia societária, contábil, operacional e fiscal. Embora tenha poder para assinatura de contratos, se tais poderes não são exercidos, o risco de EP é mitigado. A clara demonstração de ausência de execução de poder decisório e assinatura de contratos, bem como a revisão total dos processos internos, com a definição clara das atividades que são desempenhadas pelo escritório de representação é elemento de prova fundamental para afastar as potenciais autuações e discussões administrativas e judiciais. / After the opening of the reinsurance market under Complementary Law 126/2007, three categories of reinsurers were created in Brazil: local, admitted and occasional. The last two were formed by foreign companies that expanded into Brazil. As such, there was a lot of uncertainty regarding the tax treatment that should be applied to international reinsurance transactions, as follows: reinsurance premiums, reinsurance commissions and claims (indemnities) paid. The market was then self-regulated and began to apply and interpret the tax rules, in accordance with the regulatory insurance and tax laws applicable at that time. In 2017, the Federal Tax Authorities (RFB) issued the Cosit Advance Tax Ruling (ATR) nº 62, which basically confirmed the tax treatment that the market was practicing for the local and the occasional categories, but innovated by equating the admitted category to the local reinsurers for tax purposes. The reason for such an equation was based on SUSEP's regulatory requirement for admitted reinsurers to establish a representation office in Brazil, and to grant acceptance and binding powers to a local attorney-in-fact. As a result, it was understood that such activity would be equal to the local reinsurer business. The practical outcome of this conclusion is to consider the foreign entity with a Permanent Establishment (PE) tax treatment, therefore applying local tax rules to them, which imply in a substantial increase in the tax burden, as well as a stricter and more costly accounting, financial and operational framework. This ultimately shall result the insurance and reinsurance market to be considered unfeasible in Brazil, and might result in a potential lack of coverage for Brazilian insurance risks. The determination of tax treatment to the foreign company cannot be carried out simply by legal and formal presumptions; rather, it must require a concrete and factual examination of whether, in essence, the decision-making of risk acceptance, underwriting and claims payments are being effectively executed by the representation office in Brazil, and not merely by virtue of formal documents. The activities of the representation office must not be confused with those of the foreign admitted reinsurer, since there have full autonomy, and operational, corporate governance and tax independency in each entity. Although it has the power to sign contracts, if such powers are not executed, the risk of PE is mitigated. A clear demonstration of the absence of decision-making power of execution and signature of contracts and the overall review of internal processes, with clear definition of the activities that can be performed by the representative office is a fundamental evidence to rule out the potential tax assessments and administrative and judicial disputes.

O Brasil é hoje um dos maiores produtores de madeira nativa do mundo. A demanda por este produto é cada vez maior perante a diminuição da oferta e supervalorização das madeiras de crescimento lento, tornando a silvicultura de espécies nativas um desafio, pois não existem estudos suficientes relacionados à produção de mudas, estabelecimento, crescimento e manejo florestal dessas espécies madeireiras. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência do microssítio na sobrevivência e crescimento de espécies nativas madeireiras utilizadas no enriquecimento artificial de florestas remanescentes na Amazônia (Pará), definidas como Reserva Legal (RL) da propriedade, mas que sofreram exploração madeireira recente, visando recompor e potencializar a exploração econômica dessas áreas. As espécies objeto desse trabalho, que foram usadas no enriquecimento artificial da RL, são: Carapa guianensis, Cedrela fissilis, Cordia goeldiana, Handroanthus serratifolius e Hymenaea courbaril. Essas espécies foram plantadas em abril de 2012 e avaliadas aos 9 e 19 meses após o plantio. Com o objetivo de identificar o momento que essas espécies são mais susceptíveis e que condições do microssítio influenciaram a mortalidade, foram caracterizadas as árvores circundantes à cada muda plantada, a taxa de herbivoria da muda, a possível competição com trepadeiras e plântulas, as aberturas no dossel sobre a muda e a luz difusa incidente. Para testar o efeito da espécie e do tempo na mortalidade das mudas, foi ajustado um modelo linear generalizado misto de análise de variância. Para testar a independência entre a sobrevivência e as variáveis ordinais do microssítio, foram construídas tabelas de contingência bidimensionais e aplicados os correspondentes testes de qui-quadrado. As análises demonstraram que a Carapa guianensis foi a espécie com maior mortalidade nos primeiros meses pós-plantio. Além disso, a mortalidade das espécies foi independente dos fatores luz difusa, árvores circundantes às mudas, trepadeiras e plântulas. Entretanto, a mortalidade de Carapa guianensis, Cedrela fissilis, Cordia goeldiana e Hymenaea courbaril foi explicada pelo vigor das mudas na fase inicial; a mortalidade de Cordia goeldiana foi explicada pela herbivoria; Carapa guianensis e Handroanthus serratifolius tiveram a mortalidade influenciada pela abertura no dossel. Afim de identificar os fatores do microssítio limitantes no crescimento das espécies, foram caracterizadas a herbivoria das mudas, a competição com trepadeiras, a competição com plântulas e luz difusa incidente. Para análise estatística, foram considerados modelos lineares de efeitos mistos para a altura, considerando as variáveis do microssítio. A herbivoria não interferiu no crescimento das espécies avaliadas. A luz direta na muda e a luz difusa alta foram significativas para o crescimento das espécies. Cordia goeldiana, Handroanthus serratifolius e Hymenaea courbaril tiveram crescimento máximo com a variável luz direta. As espécies avaliadas tiveram maior crescimento em locais com mais trepadeiras, provavelmente a maior incidência de luz tenha possibilitado o crescimento das trepadeiras e das espécies plantadas. As interações muita trepadeira x luz difusa alta e muita trepadeira x luz direta tiveram efeito negativo no crescimento de Hymenaea courbaril. O crescimento de Cordia goeldiana foi afetado negativamente pelo número de plântulas circundantes. / Brazil is one of the largest producers of native timber in the world. The demand for this product is increasing towards the supply is decreasing and overvaluation of the slowgrowing wood, turning out native species forestry a challenge because there are not enough studies related to the production of seedlings, establishment, growth and forestry management of these species. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of micro-sites on survival and growth of native timber species used in artificial enrichment of forest remnants in Amazon (Pará), defined as Legal Reserve (LR) of the property, even though suffered recent logging, aiming to restore the economic potential of these areas. The species used in this study are Carapa guianensis, Cedrela fissilis, Cordia goeldiana, Handroanthus serratifolius and Hymenaea courbaril. These species were planted in April 2012 and evaluated at 9 and 19 months after planting. In order to identify the right moment that those species are more susceptible and which micro-site conditions influenced the mortality, the surrounding trees to each planted seedling were characterized, the rate of herbivory of the seedling, possible competition with vines and other seedlings, openings in the canopy over the seedling and diffuse incident light. To test the effect of species and time in the mortality of seedlings, a generalized linear mixed model analysis of variance was adjusted. To test the independence between survival and the ordinal variables from the micro-site, two-dimensional contingency tables were constructed and applied chi-square tests. Analysis showed that Carapa guianenses was the specie with the greatest mortality in the first months after planting. In addition, the mortality of the species was independent from the factors: diffused light, surrounding trees to seedlings, vines and seedlings of other species. However, the mortality of species Carapa guianensis, Cedrela fissilis, Cordia goeldiana and Hymenaea courbaril was explained by the vigor of the seedlings in the initial phase; the mortality of Cordia goeldiana was explained by herbivory; and Carapa guianensis, Handroanthus serratifolius have mortality influenced by canopy opening. In order to identify the micro-site limiting factors in the growth of the species, herbivory of seedlings, competition with vines, competition with seedlings and diffuse incident light were characterized. Statistical analysis included linear mixed models for height, considering the micro-site variables. Herbivory did not affect the growth of the species assessed. The direct light over the seedling and high diffuse light were significant for the growth of the species. Cordia goeldiana, Handroanthus serratifolius and Hymenaea courbaril had maximum growth with the variable direct light. The species evaluated had higher growth in places with more vines, probably the largest incidence of light enabled the growth of vine and the species planted. Interactions high level of vine x high diffuse light and high level of vine x direct light had a negative effect on the growth of Hymenaea courbaril. The growth of Cordia goeldiana was negatively affected by the number of surrounding plants.

No description available.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the Latter-day Saint concept of Zion and the Priesthood Correlation Program in order to determine how they are related and to what extent the Correlation Program is attempting to prepare the Church for the establishment of Zion.

Non-indigenous species have become a global issue of increasing importance in recent years, with many causing significant environmental and economic damage. Identifying locations vulnerable to invasion allows for focus of management efforts towards prevention of invasions at those locations. In order to determine whether constructed water bodies, such as reservoirs, ornamental lakes or retired mines, are more easily invaded environments than natural water bodies, owing to decreased biotic resistance, the distributions of native and non-indigenous freshwater calanoid copepod species in the North Island were examined. Calanoid copepods in ports and other coastal environments were also examined, in order to determine whether ports are more frequently invaded owing to increased propagule supplies from visiting ships and other sources. The distributions of the native freshwater calanoid copepod species Boeckella hamata, B. propinqua, B. delicata and B. tanea are confined in the North Island of New Zealand to specific technostratigraphic terranes when natural waters only are examined, and as such each species can be considered to have a native range. The recently colonised calanoid copepod species Boeckella minuta (6 locations), Skistodiaptomus pallidus (3 locations) and Sinodiaptomus valkanovi (2 locations) are to date confined to constructed water bodies. Boeckella symmetrica (2 locations) may be confined to constructed water bodies, but the status of one location is unclear. Boeckella triarticulata, a species common in the South Island, is known only from a single farm dam in the North Island. The native species Boeckella hamata, B. propinqua and B. delicata were found to occur in constructed waters, but only B. propinqua was found in constructed water bodies outside their natural ranges (9 locations). Calamoecia lucasi is found in lakes throughout most of the North Island, and is not confined to any one terrane. My results indicate that constructed water bodies are more easily invaded by non-indigenous species than natural water bodies, represents a potential pathway for future invaders to establish, and provides locations for species to spread. In order to determine whether recently established freshwater calanoid copepod species have the potential to spread from their present habitats into other water bodies, the prosomal lengths of non-indigenous calanoid copepod species were measured and compared with those for native species. The results suggest that dietary overlap should prevent the non-indigenous species present to date from spreading into any water bodies with established Boeckella populations, although Sinodiaptomus valkanovi and Boeckella triarticulata could potentially spread to lakes containing only Calamoecia lucasi. Data on the co-occurrences of native freshwater calanoid copepod species support the theory of dietary exclusion, as Boeckella species have not been found to coexist. In order to test whether New Zealand marine environments have been invaded by non-indigenous calanoid copepods, and whether ports have been more regularly invaded than non-port areas, calanoid copepods were sampled from various coastal locations around the North Island. With the possible exception of Sulcanus conflictus, no non-indigenous species were found, indicating that non-indigenous marine calanoid copepod species are not establishing in New Zealand despite a history of invasion elsewhere.

<p>Human disturbance has led to excessive deforestation and to a very limited forest cover in the Afromontane zone of Ethiopia, which forms a large part of the country. Thus urgent conservation measures are required to ameliorate the situation. Understanding the natural regeneration processes and the dynamics of plant populations of tree and shrub species has a practical application in the restoration of these habitats. </p><p>The present study focuses on the population dynamics and regeneration of an early successional shrub <i>Dodonaea angustifolia</i> and a late successional tree <i>Olea europaea</i> ssp. <i>cuspidata </i>in southern Wello, Ethiopia. Population structure and dynamics, regeneration and seed banks in dry Afromontane habitats were considered. </p><p>For both species, three population structure patterns were identified: 1) high density, reversed J-shape structure with many seedlings and few large individuals, 2) lower density, unimodal structure with higher proportions of plants of intermidiate size, 3) high density with higher proportions of large plants , in some cases bimodal with small and large individuals. Vegetation type and protection time were found to have a significant effect on the population structure of both species. <i>Dodonaea</i> can establish itself on degraded land, once the disturbance has ceased</p><p>Projection matrix analysis on observations from permanent plots in <i>Dodonaea</i> populations in protected and unprotected sites resulted in one declining population, and one increasing in the protected site and declining populations at the unprotected site. The overall projected growth rate in <i>Dodonaea</i> calculated from a pooled matrix indicated positive population growth. The factors influencing the population growth, recruitment and survival are discussed.</p><p>The persistence of <i>Olea </i>populations seems to depend on the more stable environmental conditions in later successional stages of forest vegetation. There are possibilities of natural regeneration of <i>Olea</i> if regenerating individuals still occur in the area. Rainfall seasonality is a dominant factor in regulating establishment, recruitment, survival and growth, particularly during the seedling stage. Moreover, shade and herbivory are factors that need consideration. Since <i>Olea</i> grows better under shade than in the open sun, successful regeneration for this species relies on shade from other plants and on protection from grazing, at least during the seedling stage.</p><p>Most of the species that germinated from the seed banks were herbs and grasses with very few shrub and tree species. There was low correspondence between species composition of the seed banks and that of the standing vegetation. </p><p>Spatial and temporal variation in demographic parameters among populations of <i>Dodonaea</i> and <i>Olea </i>can be attributed to human and environmental influence. Under protection, both <i>Dodonaea</i> and <i>Olea</i> seem to have a possibility to regenerate naturally. Further research should consider factors mentioned in detailed investigations of other dominant Afromontane forest species.</p>

In der Person von Georg Potente, der von 1902 bis 1938 in Potsdam-Sanssouci tätig war, spiegelt sich eine Entwicklung vom königlichen Ober- und Hofgärtner zum staatlichen Gartendirektor, einem schöpferisch tätigen Gartendenkmalpfleger wider. Sein Schaffen in historischen Gärten ist charakterisiert durch ein zeittypisches Spannungsfeld von kaiserlichen Aufgaben zur Neuanlage und Modernisierung einzelner Parkteile bis zu komplizierten gartendenkmalpflegerischen Wiederherstellungsarbeiten ganzer Parkbereiche. Die dabei von Potente begründete und praktizierte Herangehensweise, nach der Erforschung der Entstehungsgeschichte und der Auswertung aller historischen Pläne und Beschreibungen der Gartenanlage durch eine plangrafische Überlagerung die verschiedenen zeitlichen Zustände zu gewichten und den wiederherzustellenden Zeitstil festzulegen, begründete in den 20er Jahren des 20. Jahrhunderts die wissenschaftliche Arbeitsweise der sich entwickelnden Gartendenkmalpflege. / The person of Georg Potente who worked at Sanssouci Garden from 1902 until 1938, reflects the developement from a royal gardener to a public garden director - a creative garden heritage preservator. His work in historical gardens is characterized by an area of conflict typical for its time. It implies both imperatorical requirements, redesigning and modernizing of separate park areas and the often complicated re-establishment of such. It was Potentes appoach to explore the history of origin of gardens, to overlap the available historical maps and trough this to define different states of the gardens at different times. He helped to establish the scientifically based work of te developing garden heritage preservation in the 1920s.

Lichens are, in most cases, sensitive to anthropogenic factors such as air pollution, global warming, forestry and fragmentation. Two studies are included in this thesis. The first is an evaluation of the importance of old oak for the rare epiphytic lichen Cliostomum corrugatum (Ach.) Fr. This study analysed whether C. corrugatum was limited by dispersal or restricted to tree stands with an unbroken continuity or the substrate old oaks. The results provide evidence that the investigated five populations in Östergötland, Sweden, of C. corrugatum exhibit substantial gene flow, an effective dispersal and a small genetic variation between the sites. Most of the genetic variation was within the populations. Thus, C. corrugatum is more dependent of the substrate old oaks, rather than limited by dispersal. The second study investigated possible range shift of some common macrolichens, due to global warming, from 64 sites in southern Sweden comparing the two years 1986 and 2003. The centroid of three lichen species had moved a significant distance, all in a north east direction: Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. and Vulpicida pinastri (Scop.) J.-E. Mattsson and M. J. Lai on the tree species Juniperus communis L. (50 and 151 km, respectively) and H. physodes on Pinus sylvestris L. (41 km). Considering also the non-significant cases, there is strong evidence for a prevailing NE direction of centroid movement.