In early 1868 William E. Gladstone presented several bills in Parliament to disestablish the Church of Ireland. Prior to 1868 Gladstone had stated his opposition to the official connection between the Church of Ireland and the State. Gladstone, however, had also claimed that he was not in favor of immediate action and instead advocated restraint in attacking the Church of Ireland. The 1860's also saw the rise of the Fenian organization. The Fenians were dedicated to the overthrow of English rule in Ireland and the establishment of an Irish republic. The role that the Fenians played in convincing Gladstone to disestablish the Irish church has received varying interpretations from historians; yet no attempt has been made to look closely at the issue.

The purpose of this study is to investigate from an administrator perspective how authorities integrate newly arrived to the Swedish labor market. The results are analyzed and understood by two theories, theory about Intersectionality and Goodman theory. The empirical material is based on seven interviews with people who are employed in the public sector and who are working with establishment on the labor market among newly arrived individuals. The previous research is based on conditions and obstacles that helps newly arrived people on their way to establishment on the Swedish labor market. A main result in the study is that the respondents are experiencing that the group newly arrived have a hard time to integrate at the Swedish labor market. They lift women, mainly women born outside of Europe as a group that has a harder time to integrate on the labor market than other newly arrived and that they need particularly targeted efforts. This is explained by high demands on the Swedish language, competence and education which this group is not able to make. The result also shows that a big part of the newly arrived individuals are dependent off support from the authorities while they at the same time are being referred to steer their own establishment process towards self-sufficiency. The role of the individuals working at the authorities is not considered to be intended to offer individual support for newly arrived people. This is judged to have a negative impact on weak groups and they tend to end up in long term unemployment without customized efforts. The study finally shows that the respondents have a low trust for the short-term investments that are being made to ensure that the investments create a permanent solution for newly arrived at the labor market. This is confirmed by that there is a chain of support that is prepositioned related to the labor market for individuals that extend over a long period of time, where the ambition seems to be primarily to employ a big group of individuals rather than consider each individual. / Syftet med denna studie är att utifrån ett handläggarperspektiv undersöka hur myndigheter arbetar med att integrera nyanlända individer på den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Resultatet i studien analyseras och förstås med stöd av två teorier, teorin om Intersektionalitet samt Goodmans teori. Det empiriska materialet bygger på sju intervjuer med personer anställda i offentlig sektor som arbetar med integration av nyanlända kopplat till etablering på arbetsmarknaden. Den tidigare forskningen grundar sig i förutsättningar och hinder som hjälper nyanlända vid etablering på den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Ett huvudresultat i studien är att respondenterna upplever att gruppen nyanlända individer har svårt att etablera sig på den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Respondenterna lyfter att kvinnor, främst de som är födda utanför Europa har det svårare att etablera sig på arbetsmarknaden än andra nyanlända och behöver särskilt riktade insatser. Detta förklaras med att det ställs höga krav på språknivå i svenska, kompetens och utbildning som denna grupp inte bedöms kunna tillgodogöra sig. Resultatet visar också att en stor andel nyanlända är beroende av omfattande stöd från myndigheter, samtidigt som de av samma insatser hänvisas till att på ett självgående sätt driva sin etableringsprocess mot självförsörjning. Handläggare arbetsmarknaden anses inte vara ämnade till att erbjuda individuellt anpassat stöd för nyanlända individer. Detta bedöms påverka svaga grupper negativt då dessa grupper riskerar att hamna i långtidsarbetslöshet utan anpassade stödinsatser. Slutligen visar studiens resultat att respondenterna har låg tilltro till att de kortsiktiga satsningarna som görs skapar en permanent lösning för nyanländas etablering på arbetsmarknaden. Detta bekräftas genom att de nyanlända individerna erbjuds generaliserande insatser som sträcker sig under en lång period, där ambitionen primärt blivit att sysselsätta ett stort flöde av individer.

Denna studie syftar till att undersöka hur de ukrainska flyktingarna i uppsatsen uppleveromställningsprocesser och gör karriärval på den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Det är en kvalitativundersökning som grundas på Careership och KASAM teorierna. Arbetets resultat och analys baseraspå intervjuer av elva ukrainska flyktingar som har fått tillfälligt uppehållstillstånd i Sverige. Studienundersöker hur de ukrainska flyktingarna gör strategiska val i sina omställningsprocesser och vilkafaktorer som påverkar deras val. Vidare undersöker vi de förutsättningar de ukrainska flyktingarnaanser att de behöver för att kunna etablera sig på den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Studiensforskningsresultat visar att ukrainare gör praktiskt rationella val baserade på flera faktorer. Ukrainskaflyktingar har en hög vilja och motivation att hitta arbete. De upplever dock vissa svårigheter med atthitta arbete på grund av bristande språkkunskaper och otillräckligt stöd från myndigheterna varsfunktioner ukrainare upplever som obegripliga. I studien framkom det att många flyktingar behöver få bättre information som ger dem möjlighet att skapa en förståelse för hur det svenska samhälletfungerar. / This study aims to investigate how Ukrainian refugees in the essay experience adjustment processesand make career choices in the Swedish labor market. It is a qualitative research based on the theoriesof Careership and Sense of Coherence. The results and analysis of the work are based on interviewswith eleven Ukrainian refugees who have received a temporary residence permit in Sweden. The studyexamines how Ukrainian refugees make strategic choices in their adjustment process and whichfactors influence their choice. We examine the conditions that the Ukrainian refugees believe theyneed in order to establish themselves in the Swedish labor market. The study's research results showthat Ukrainians make practically rational choices based on several factors. Ukrainian refugees have ahigh will and motivation to find work. However, they experience some difficulties in finding work dueto lack of language skills and insufficient support from the authorities whose functions Ukrainians findincomprehensible. In the study, it emerged that many refugees need to receive better information thatgives them the opportunity to create an understanding of how Swedish society works.

This master's thesis conducts the legal analysis of the concept of a permanent establishment and its individual characteristics. The first chapter of this master's thesis provides a brief introduction to the issue of international taxation and introduces the basic ideas behind the concept of a permanent establishment. The theoretical introduction is followed by a historical excursion into the development of this concept from its beginnings to its current modern form in the twenty-first century. The second chapter deals with the very essence and construction of the concept of a permanent establishment which is enshrined in bilateral tax agreements and the OECD and the UN Model Tax Conventions. Hence, the introduction of this chapter focuses on explanation of the essence and binding nature of these international sources of law. Subsequently, a detailed analysis of the concept of a permanent establishment and its components is conducted. At the end of this chapter a comparative analysis of the definitions of a permanent establishment in the OECD and the UN Model Tax Conventions is conducted. The third chapter briefly describes the relationship between various definitions of a permanent establishment which may be found in international and national legal instruments. The following sections of this...

In line with the growth of software, code bases are getting bigger and more complex. As a result of this, the architectural patterns, which systems rely upon, are becoming increasingly important. Recently, decomposed architectural styles have become a popular choice. This thesis explores system behavior with respect to decomposing system granularity and external communication between the resulting decomposed services. An e-commerce scenario was modeled and implemented at different granularity levels to measure the response time. In establishing the communication, both REST with HTTP and JSON and the gRPC framework were utilized. The results showed that decomposition has impact on run-time behaviour and external communication. The highest granularity level implemented with gRPC for communication establishment adds 10ms. In the context of how the web behaves today, it can be interpreted as feasible but there is no discussion yet on whether it is theoretically desirable. / I linje med de växande mjukvarusystemen blir kodbaserna större och mer komplexa. Arkitekturerna som systemen bygger på får allt större betydelse. Detta examensarbete utforskar hur upplösning av system som tillämpar mikroservicearkitektur beter sig, och hur de påverkas av kommunikationsupprättande bland de upplösta och resulterande tjänsterna. Ett e-handelsscenario modelleras i olika granularitetsnivåer där REST med HTTP och JSON samt gRPC används för att upprätta kommunikationen. Resultaten visar att upplösningen påverkar runtimebeteendet och den externa kommunikationen blir långsammare. En möjlig slutsats är att påverkan från den externa kommunikationen i förhållande till hur webben beter sig idag är acceptabel. Men om man ska ligga inom teoretiskt optimala gränser kan påverkan ses som för stor.

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Denna studie undersöker hur jobbcoacher framställer nyanländas anställningsbarhet och utsatta position på den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Genom en socialkonstruktivistiskt ansats och kvalitativ metod, har vi intervjuat sju jobbcoacher om deras framställning av nyanländas anställningsbarhet. Studien undersöker även hur jobbcoacher resonerar och beskriver vilka hinder och möjligheter nyanlända möter i etableringen på den svenska arbetsmarknad. Studien undersöker ytterligare hur jobbcoachernas beskrivningar kan förstås utifrån kritiska teorier om andrafiering, fördomar och diskriminering. Resultatet visar att jobbcoacherna framställer att nyanlända befinner sig i en utsatt situation och att de möter flertalet hinder vid etablering på den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Språkkunskaper i det svenska språket, bristande nätverk och arbetsgivares attityder är tre exempel på hinder som nyanlända möts av. Resultatet visar vidare att nyanlända erbjuds insatser som språkträning och intervjuträning. Slutligen visar studien att jobbcoachernas beskrivning av nyanländas anställningsbarhet kan förstås som en slags “andrafierad” bild av nyanlända eftersom de målas upp som en “annorlunda” grupp på arbetsmarknaden i behov av särskilda insatser. Vi hoppas att studien bidrar med förståelse och kunskap om nyanländas situation på den svenska arbetsmarknaden. / This study investigate how job coaches presents newcomers' employability and their vulnerable position in the Swedish labour market. Through a social constructivist approach and qualitative method, we have interviewed seven job coaches about their portrayal of new arrivals' employability. The study also examines how job coaches' reason and describes what obstacles and opportunities newcomers encounter in their establishing in the Swedish labour market. The study further investigates how job coaches' descriptions can be understood on the basis of critical theories of ‘othering’, prejudices and discrimination. The results show that job coaches represent newcomer's vulnerable situation and that they encounter several obstacles in their establishing in the Swedish labour market. Language skills in the Swedish language, lack of networks and the attitude of employers are three examples of obstacles that new arrivals encounter. The results also show that newcomers are offered supportive measures, such as language training and interview training. Finally, the study shows that job coaches descriptions of newcomer's employability can be understood as a kind of "othering" image of newcomers because they are presented as a "different" group in the labour market, in need of special efforts. We hope that this study contributes with understanding and knowledge of the situation of newcomers in the Swedish labour market.

Inledning: I relation till det snabbföränderliga samhället som präglas av fortsatt digitalisering fortsätter strömmarna av nya och hårda konsumentkrav som påverkar den renodlade och traditionella mäklarfirmans verksamhet. Idag ställs således en stor press på mäklarfirmor att kunna särskilja sig från konkurrenter med syfte att kunna anta en stark position på marknaden. Syfte: Studien undersöka hur nya mäklarfirmor arbetar för att differentiera sig från konkurrerande aktörer med syfte att kunna etablera sig framgångsrikt på marknaden. Metod: Studien använder sig utav en kvalitativ metod med intervjuer som datainsamlingssätt. Vidare tillämpas en tematisk analysmodell på empiriskt material för att kunna bearbeta samt analysera data. Resultat: Respondenter uppgav att de hade en liknande inställning beträffande mäklararbete riktat till kunder där de alla utgick från en individanpassad kundcentrerad modell. Kontakten till kunderna skedde initialt företrädelsevis via digitala plattformar för att sedan övergå till personliga kontakter via telefon samt fysiska möten. Slutsats: Studien visar att nya mäklarfirmor vid sin etablering främst behöver fokusera på två olika områden: kunden samt den egna verksamheten. Studien visar att samtliga mäklare anser att grunden som deras arbete vilar på är att skapa en tillitsfull relation med den tilltänkta kunden. Denna relation byggs på en tydlig och rak kommunikation där det är mäklarens roll att identifiera kundens förväntningar för att sedan i bästa möjliga mån möta dessa förväntningar. / Introduction: In relation to the rapidly changing society that is characterized by continued digitalization, the streams of new and harsh consumer demands that affect the traditional brokerage businesses continue. Today, there is thus a great deal of pressure on brokerage firms to be able to differentiate themselves from competitors to be able to assume a strong position in the market. Objective: The study investigates how new brokerage firms work to differentiate themselves from competing players with the aim of successfully establishing themselves on the market. Method: The study uses a qualitative method with interviews as a data collection method. Furthermore, a thematic analysis model is applied to empirical material to process and analyze data. Results: Respondents stated that they had a similar attitude regarding brokerage work aimed at customers, where they all started from an individualized customer-centered model. The contact with the customers initially took place primarily via digital platforms and then through personal contacts via telephone and physical meetings. Conclusion: The study shows that new brokerage firms when establishing themselves mainly need to focus on two different areas: the customer and their own business. The study shows that all brokers believe that the foundation on which their work is based is to create a trusting relationship with the intended customer. This relationship is based on clear and straightforward communication where it is the broker's role to identify the client's expectations and then to meet these expectations as best as possible.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第25145号 / 理博第5052号 / 新制||理||1720(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)講師 嶋田 知生, 教授 松下 智直, 教授 鹿内 利治 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

This thesis examines how the government presents and addresses the challenges it identifies regarding integration in the labor market in its policy documents. By applying Carol Bacchi’s What’s The Problem Represented To Be? as theory and method, we analyze how the government identifies and represents challenges. We also examine if any aspects brought up by previous research have been identified as challenges, but are left unproblematized and uncommented in the policy documents. The goal of the essay is to investigate and increase understanding and contribute with in depth knowledge of how and in what way challenges, in Sweden’s integration policy with a focus on the labor market, are discursively presented by the government, but also which challenges are raised by previous research but not presented by the government. The result shows that the government makes several recurring representations of problems in the policy documents, including that immigrants need an increased incentive to establish themselves on the labor market and in community life. What is left unproblematized by the government but highlighted by previous research is the structural discrimination on the labor market. Throughout the analyses, a number of concepts have been identified that have been left undefined, for example social establishment/integration.