Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:27:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3253690 bytes, checksum: 852d74c10e38dfa8a7234c402cf9be65 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation presents the ethics of care that currently operates through the use of empathy as a tool for recognition and moral motivation. The goal is to strive for theoretical consistency of care ethics as an alternative carried out by an ethical review of human rights, since it generates more robust results regarding the effectiveness of their prescriptions, within the theory of moral action. The methods used for the making of the work are, concurrently, the deductive method of theoretical approach, with the aim to verify the conclusions of the argumentative analysis of this metaethical theory find satisfactory answer to the problems previously identified and, then, that the level criticism of some of their claims lay the foundations of this theory, the same way as the dialectical method to justify the adoption of this new theory instead of the current one, which act as a parameter of formulation with logical-argumentative resolute purpose. The present study consists of four (04) chapters, the first being the introduction, besides conclusion. The second chapter presents the theoretical and philosophical foundations of contemporary ethics of care, from sentimentality and ethical emotivism, in addition to the ethics of care seminal feminist theory. The third one outlines the fundaments of some theoretical misconceptions in Kantian rationality, especially the so-called moral cleansing process that seeks to promote the unity of reason. The fourth chapter draws up a conceptual attempt to empathize and outlined the main arguments of the empathy-based ethics of care, etched categories by analyzing some authors present the philosophy and moral psychology. Finally, I conclude that it is possible the theoretical underpinning of care ethics from empathy as well as possible and be more advisable to apply this theory as a basis and instrument of Human Rights instead of the actual Kantian ethics, since it brings together most successfully moral judgments and the subsequent action according to their requirements. I propose feelings as non-textual elements of human rights and therefore the urgent need for an education in/ for human rights also as a sentimental education. Other issues concerning the validity of ethics of care and empathy remain open in the final, which highlights the importance for further investigation of this theory under the realm of Law. / Nesta dissertação, apresenta-se a ética do cuidado que, contemporaneamente, opera-se pelo uso da empatia como ferramenta de reconhecimento e motivação morais. O objetivo é pugnar pela consistência teórica da ética do cuidado como alternativa levada a cabo por uma revisão deontológica dos direitos humanos, uma vez que gera resultados mais robustos quanto à efetividade de suas prescrições, no âmbito da teoria da ação moral. Os métodos utilizados para a confecção do trabalho são, concorrentemente, o método dedutivo de abordagem teórica, com o escopo de verificar se as conclusões obtidas da análise argumentativa desta teoria metaética encontrarão resposta satisfatória aos problemas previamente identificados e, a seguir, em que patamar as críticas a algumas de suas alegações põem os fundamentos de tal teoria, da mesma forma que o método dialético, para justificar a adoção dessa nova teoria em detrimento da teoria atual, o que desempenhará o papel de formulador de parâmetros lógico-argumentativos com finalidade resolutiva. O presente estudo é composto de 04 (quatro) capítulos, sendo o primeiro a introdução, ademais de considerações finais. No segundo capítulo, apresentam-se as bases teóricofilosóficas da ética do cuidado contemporânea, a partir do sentimentalismo e do emotivismo ético, ademais da ética do cuidado seminal, da teoria feminista. No terceiro, esboçam-se os fundamentos de alguns dos encurtamentos teóricos da racionalidade kantiana, especialmente o chamado processo de assepsia moral que a unicidade da razão pretende promover. No quarto, elabora-se uma tentativa conceitual para empatia e delineiam-se os principais argumentos da ética do cuidado de bases empáticas, recortando-se categorias através da análise de alguns autores atuais da filosofia e psicologia moral. Por fim, concluise que é possível a sustentação teórica da ética do cuidado a partir da empatia, bem como ser possível e mais recomendável a aplicação desta teoria como base deontológica em detrimento da kantiana, às normativas de direitos humanos, uma vez que compaginam com maior sucesso os juízos morais e a ação segundo suas prescrições. Propõe-se os sentimentos como elementos não-textuais dos direitos humanos e, portanto, a urgência de que uma educação em/para direitos humanos seja, também, uma educação sentimental. Outras questões de validade da ética do cuidado como empatia permanecem em aberto nas considerações finais, o que ressalta relevância da continuidade da investigação desta teoria no âmbito do Direito.

Magister Artium (Social Work) - MA(SW) / This thesis explores the personal, social and environmental factors of caregivers from the Groblershoop community to determine whether these factors influence the caregiver’s ability to provide care to children from birth to six years. Using the Human Capabilities Approach and the Ethics of Care Perspective, this study seeks to examine the resources that are available for caring in Groblershoop. It also explores how the factors above (personal, social and environmental) play a role in how the resources are used by caregivers to increase the well-being of children under six years. The Human Capabilities Perspective purports that caregiving resources are not an end in itself. The resources are only as valuable as they are able to improve the functioning of the caregivers to provide care and assist in ensuring the well-being of the care receivers, namely the children. The Ethics of Care Perspective is used to examine the consequences of inadequate care by the State, community and caregivers themselves.This study was conducted among caregivers from the community of Groblershoop, which is 150km from the main town of Upington in the Northern Cape Province. The town is rural in nature and unemployment, poverty and social ills such as substance abuse and teenage pregnancies are rife. Work is largely seasonal in nature and is found mainly on the surrounding grape and cattle farms. This study is qualitative in nature and used a purposive sampling method. Ten caregivers were selected using the criteria that they must reside in the community of Groblershoop and must be the primary caregiver to children from birth to six years of age, to participate in the semi-structured interviews. Seven other caregivers were also selected using the same criteria above to participate in a focus group interview using participatory action learning techniques. Participant Observation was conducted in the homes of three caregivers that participated in the individual interviews. Additionally, seven individual interviews were conducted with service providers that provide services to the community of Groblershoop.The main findings of the study reflect that the personal, social and environmental factors do influence the caregiver’s ability to provide care to children from birth to six years among a small group of caregivers from the Groblershoop community. The personal factors explored in the study included the age, gender, health status, substance usage, educational level and income of the caregiver. Ill health was found to be a key factor which posed a challenge to caregivers in terms of being able to provide care to children. The World Health Organisation’s five key elements of care was used to provide a framework for assessing adequate caregiving. These factors were sustenance, stimulation, support, structure and surveillance. Factors such as educational levels were closely linked to income levels. The higher the educational level the better the income for the caregiver. The Child Support Grant was a major source of income for the majority of caregivers. Low levels of income also meant that the caregivers were unable to provide adequate nutrition to children.The social factors focused on in this study was public policies which make provision for care resources, parenting practice, support systems, and the gender practices of caregivers. The consequences of inadequate care were examined through focusing on the children and the associated developmental delays experienced by them. The study found that while good public policies exists not enough resources were available to enable these policies to increase the well-being of people at community level. The lack of resources available for caring in the Groblershoop community impacted on parenting practices of caregivers. Caregivers in this study, due to the lack of resources as well as other factors such as limited knowledge of child care, resulted in care being considered inadequate using the World Health Organisation’s five elements of care. Gender practices among the caregivers are based on the stereotypical gender roles which sanction the ideology of patriarchy. Women are the primary caregivers and the biological fathers were absent from the caring process. The environmental factors that were explored in this study were the climate, the physical home environment and the neighbourhood condition. Due to the excessive summer heat and the harsh cold of winter, physical activity and movement in the community is severely hampered. During summer, families sleep outside as the housing structures are built in a way that retains the heat and is freezing in the winter. Dwellings are small and typically compromises of a big room sub-divided by the family themselves. No ablution facilities are available inside dwellings and some homes still make use of chemical toilets and pit latrines.Crime and violence is closely linked to the alcohol usage at the local shebeens. These factors impact on caregiving as the environment with the lack of facilities and the harsh climate lends itself to fostering of illnesses amongst children.The study concludes that the personal, social and environmental factors significantly influence the caregiver’s ability to provide care to children from birth to six years in Groblershoop. To assist the development of children, it is essential that the above factors are considered as they influence the ability of the caregiver to use resources to achieve wellbeing. The findings of this study provides a good argument for an integrated coordinated approach to service delivery which takes into account the distinct challenges of rural communities, with regards to their distance from urban centres and the current lack of infrastructure within these communities. The study highlights the importance of focusing on how resources can effectively improve the quality of life of caregivers in communities as opposed to just making resources available and ensuring uptake. As this study demonstrates through the Human Capabilities lens, that resources alone do not result in people being able to live the lives they value. Ensuring that they are able to convert the resources into wellbeing should be the focus of how the State evaluates the effectiveness of programmes. November 2009

Ce mémoire propose une analyse des enjeux éthiques et politiques à l’œuvre dans les crises des réfugié.es à l’aune de l’éthique féministe du care. Il présente une critique épistémologique des approches prédominantes en philosophie politique libérale : en raison d’un manque de considérations empiriques, ces approches créent des angles morts et invisibilisent certain.es enjeux vécus par les réfugié.es. De plus, la philosophie politique libérale n’offre pas les outils normatifs adéquats pour établir une responsabilité envers les réfugié.es. Face à ce double constat, je propose que l’éthique du care peut contribuer à remédier à ces problèmes. D’une part, grâce à la notion de responsabilité relationnelle, on peut montrer en quoi les citoyen.nes et États du Nord global ont la responsabilité de venir en aide aux populations déplacées. D’autre part, l’analyse contextuelle des enjeux quotidiens et incarnés préconisée par cette théorie éthique permettra d’éviter de reproduire certains angles morts dans nos enquêtes philosophiques. Cela permettra ultimement de mieux identifier et comprendre les injustices reproduites par les crises des réfugié.es et les meilleures façons d’y remédier. / This thesis offers an analysis of the ethical and political issues at play in contemporary refugee crises in the light of the feminist ethics of care. It presents a methodological critique of the predominant approaches in liberal political philosophy: due to a lack of empirical considerations, it tends to hide concrete issues experienced by refugees. Moreover, liberal political philosophy does not offer adequate normative tools to establish responsibility for refugees. In light of this, I argue that the ethics of care can help to overcome these problems. On the one hand, through the notion of relational responsibility, it can show that citizens and states in the global North have a responsibility to help displaced populations. On the other hand, the ethics of care preconizes a contextual analysis of everyday and embodied issues: this will avoid reproducing blind spots in our philosophical inquiries. This will ultimately allow us to better identify and understand the injustices reproduced by refugee crises, as well as the steps needed to remedy them.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beruht auf der Beobachtung, dass in der Geflüchtetenarbeit (GA) vor allem Frauen aktiv sind und stellt die Frage, welche Rolle Geschlecht in der GA spielt und wie die weiblichen Ehrenamtlichen ihre Arbeit mit den Geflüchteten erfahren. Besonderes Augenmerk liegt auf der Wahrnehmung von Unterschiedlichkeit und Gemeinsamkeit. Ein dritter Schwerpunkt liegt auf den Strategien, die weibliche Ehrenamtliche einsetzen, um Differenz in der Arbeit mit Geflüchteten zu überwinden. Das erste Paper analysiert zwei quantitative Studien mit deutschen Ehrenamtlichen in der Geflüchtetenhilfe. Es zeigt, dass GA als eine Form von „Care Work“ verstanden werden kann, die von Care-Ethik beeinflusst ist. An zweiter Stelle ergab die Analyse, dass vor allem weibliche Freiwillige ihr Engagement auch als gesellschaftspolitischen Einsatz gegen Fremdenfeindlichkeit und Rassismus sahen. Somit argumentiert das Paper, dass GA entgegen traditionellen Annahmen in der Forschungsliteratur eine Form von politischer Partizipation von Frauen darstellt. Das zweite Paper konzentriert sich auf die direkte Beziehung mit Geflüchteten und basiert auf 22 qualitativen Interviews mit weiblichen Ehrenamtlichen. Sozialpsychologischen Annahmen folgend, dass eine gemeinsame Identität zur Verringerung von Vorurteilen beiträgt, zeigt es auf, wie die Studienteilnehmerinnen Verbundenheit mit Geflüchteten herstellten. Demgegenüber betonen poststrukturalistische, postkoloniale und feministische Theorieansätze die Bedeutung von Differenz, die Konstruktionen von Gemeinsamkeit immer wieder durchschneidet. Schließlich führt das dritte Paper den politischen Care-Ansatz und die Herausforderung durch Differenz zusammen und legt dar, wie weibliche Ehrenamtliche in der GA Differenz mithilfe care-ethischer Grundsätze zu Integration aushandeln. Das Paper bezieht sich auf Care-Ethik, die auf Beziehungen und Verantwortung als zentralen ethischen Maximen beruht und entwickelt die Idee einer ‚caring integration‘. / In German refugee support work (RSW), women comprise the majority of the volunteers. Therefore, this PhD project focuses on the experiences, motivations and attitudes of female volunteers in RSW from three angles. Apart from investigating the role of gender in RSW, it studies constructions of sameness and difference and how the female volunteers resolve the latter in their daily work. The first paper analyses two quantitative studies on German volunteers in RSW. It first establishes that RSW can be conceptualised as a form of care work influenced by care ethics, which potentially forms one motive for women to be drawn to volunteering. Secondly, female volunteers also interpret their voluntary care work politically and employ it as a tool to speak out against racism and right-wing mobilisation. The paper thus demonstrates that contrary to traditional assumptions in the literature, RSW constitutes a form of political participation for women and argues that care and politics are not mutually exclusive. The second paper takes a closer look at the actual experience of female volunteers in RSW based on 22 qualitative interviews. Following social-psychological ideas of a common identity facilitating prejudice reduction, the paper first illustrates how the volunteers form bonds with refugees. However, in a second step it employs poststructural, feminist and postcolonial theory to demonstrate how difference continually intersects and disrupts these constructions of sameness. Finally, the third paper argues that female volunteers in RSW negotiate difference by following a care-ethical approach to integration. Based on the feminist ethics of care which centres on relationships and responsibility, the paper develops the theme of a ‘caring integration’. In addition, it investigates to what extent this notion can be found in the actual practice of female volunteers in refugee support work relying both on the quantitative and qualitative data.

With its starting point in social and community building activities of everyday life, this project seeks a complex understanding of a former industrial site in Malmö - Norra Sorgenfri - its past, present and possible futures. Critical and participatory mappings, speculations, policy making and small-scale interventions are part of the produced material that circulate around the feminist ethics of care, and how it can inform a socially aware architectural practice. The site, a celebrated regeneration project, produces an interstice in relation to the more controlled urban fabric surrounding it. It is more open to diverse modes of occupation and use, accommodating activities and groups that otherwise have a hard time to make a space for themselves in the city. I argue that a feminist ethics of care enables designers and involved participants to make a complex engagement with places. Care can help us to redefine the role of the architect and to alter architectural practice. In the 1980:s Carol Gilligan introduced care as an attached way of human connection, requiring listening and understanding differences and needs. In this light, I define a design practice where sustainability is understood in relation to responsibility and actions oriented towards other people. Urban caring is about carefully seeing and using what is here; the small-scale and subtle that might go unnoticed in planning/architectural projects. My proposals contain how to read, care-fully observe, interpret and act - as an urban-caretaker. Among the design proposals and methods are: critical mapping as a central participatory task, a manual of care as part of the mapping and from an intimate understanding of the site, a series of design tests -strategies, policy making and small-scale interventions- , a manifesto that suggests ways for this knowledge to be transferred to other sites, and the interactive map a care-full companion. Urban caring offers an open-ended process, enabling the site to develop in a number of directions. My role has not been to over-determine what the outcome might be, but instead to facilitate tools of enabling positive change toward possible futures. / Projektet strävar efter en komplex förståelse av ett före-detta industriområde i Malmö - Norra Sorgenfri. Det handlar om nya sätt för arkitekter och planerare att arbeta med en känslig plats: att ta hand om existerande egenskaper och villkor, platsens historier och möjliga framtider, samt inte minst de viktiga roller som sociala och samhörighetsskapande vardagsaktiviteter spelar i Norra Sorgenfri idag. Tesen som jag driver är att en feministisk omsorgsetik (ethics of care på engelska) kan möjliggöra ett hållbart engagemang med en plats, mer specifikt här ett industriområde med ett rikt småskaligt kulturliv, och på så sätt forma en socialt ansvarstagande urban praktik. Norra Sorgenfri är ett hyllat urbant utvecklingsprojekt och utgör ett ”mellanrum” i relation till den omgivande mer kontrollerade stadsstrukturen. Platsen är mer öppen för olika användningssätt och ackommoderar aktiviteter och grupper av människor som annars kan ha svårt att göra sin röst hörd i staden.  Med hjälp av konceptet care (omsorg) kan arkitektens roll och arkitekturfältet omdefinieras till att bli mer inkluderande och deltagande i samhällsförändringar. På 1980-talet introducerade feministiska etikern Carol Gilligan omsorg som ett mer empatiskt sätt att relatera till andra människor, med fokus på lyssnande och förståelse för skillnader och behov. I detta ljus definierar jag en arkitekturpraktik där hållbarhet förstås utifrån ansvar och handlingar gentemot andra människor.  Urban caring handlar om att omsorgsfullt se och använda det som finns här; det småskaliga och subtila som riskerar att gå obemärkt förbi i arkitektur- och planeringsprojekt. Mina förslag innehåller metoder för att läsa, omsorgsfullt observera, tolka och agera – som en urban caretaker. Bland förslagen finns: kritiska kartläggningar som ett centralt sätt att arbeta med deltagandeprocesser, en omsorgsmanual (manual of care) som en del av kartläggningen och utifrån en ingående förståelse av platsen, en serie av designtest – strategier och småskaliga interventioner, ett manifest som föreslår hur kunskapen från detta projekt kan överföras till andra platser, och den interaktiva kartan en omsorgsfull följeslagare (care-full companion).

The dissertation examines the ethics of staff in perioperative care. The aim was to analyze the errors that occur during surgery, to determine the participants in perioperative care who commit these mistakes, and to analyze the reasons why these errors occur. The theoretical part deals with the concept of security from different perspectives of patient safety in surgery, and the international guidelines that direct it. The situation in the Czech Republic in terms of care for patient safety in surgery is also described. One chapter deals with the autor's internship in operating rooms in Sweden. Using the results of observations, the empirical part of the dissertation analyzes the actual behaviour of staff in perioperative care during surgery against the binding documents that ensure safe perioperative care. It also sets out the reasons that lead to non-compliance of health and safety regulations in perioperative theatres. In conclusion, I suggest steps that would help to improve the situation. Key words Perioperative care, safety, security, pacient pafety, medical ethics, nursing ethics

Integrity, a significant concept in western ethics, emphasises the idea of the Self being an integrated whole, consistent with itself and moral obligations. Contemporary frameworks such as the Inner Development Goals (IDG, 2019) reflect the importance of integrity in promoting sustainability. While the humanistic understanding of integrity has become widely accepted, its traditional notion presents challenges in managing sustainability both theoretically and practically. This research attempts to discover how it might be possible to conceptualise personal integrity differently. I explore how the perception, comprehension, and experience of integrity is transforming within the realm of sustainability together with sustainability professionals working in Sweden and Denmark and posthumanist thinkers with the help of postqualitative inquiry. The concept of integrity is examined within organisational dynamics, specifically concerning the relations between professionals and their organisations. Drawing inspiration from Donna Haraway's concepts of ‘staying with the trouble’ and ‘tentacular thinking’, as well as the posthuman notion of care, I delve into the complex moral experience of my interlocutors who find themselves closely aligned with the posthuman paradigm. At the same time, organisations mainly approach the organisational roles of sustainability professionals within the conventional business-as-usual narrative.

Syfte: Studiens syfte var att belysa sjuksköterskors erfarenhet av abortvård i den offentliga vården i provinserna Neuquén och Río Negro, Argentina. Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskor som arbetar i primärvården möter kvinnor i behov av abort men på grund av den restriktiva lagstiftningen beror vården som erbjuds på den enskilda sjukvårdspersonalen. Abort är olagligt i Argentina, med några få undantag, och även om sjukvårdspersonal är skyldig att erbjuda eftervård vid abort så är illegala aborter den vanligaste orsaken till mödradödlighet i landet. Metod: En kvalitativ studiedesign med semi-strukturerade intervjuer med sju sjuksköterskor, som valdes genom ändamålsenligt urval. Insamlad data analyserades genom Philip Burnards metod för innehållsanalys.Resultat: Analysen resulterade i fyra kategorier; Relationen mellan sjuksköterska och patient, Betydelsen av stöd och kunskap för att vårda, Sjuksköterskans inställning till abort och förebyggande metoder och Upplevelsen av hinder i abortvården. Varje kategori delades in i två underkategorier. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskornas erfarenhet av för- och eftervård vid abort skiljde sig åt beroende på deras bakgrund, arbetsplats och inställning till abort. Flera sjuksköterskor kände sig begränsade av den restriktiva lagstiftningen, brist på kunskap och stöd från kollegor. Genom att utbilda sig själva och skapa nätverk med annan hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal så kunde många av sjuksköterskorna erbjuda vård till kvinnor i behov av abort eller eftervård. / Aim: The aim of the study was to illuminate the experiences of registered nurses attending women in pre- and/or post-abortion care in the public health sector in the provinces of Neuquén and Río Negro, Argentina.Background: Nurses working in primary care are receiving women in need of abortion but due to the restrictive law the care provided depends on the individual health professional. Abortion is illegal in Argentina with few exceptions and even though health professionals in the public health sector are obliged to provide post-abortion care clandestine abortion is the major cause of maternal mortality. Methods: A qualitative research design involving semi-structured interviews with seven nurses selected by purposive sampling. The collected data was analyzed using the method of content analysis outlined by Philip Burnard.Results: Four categories emerged from the analysis; Nurse-patient relationship, Nurses approach to abortion and preventive measures, Significance of support and knowledge in providing care and Experiencing obstacles in abortion care. Each category was divided into two subcategories. Conclusion: The nurse’s experiences of pre- and post-abortion care varied due to their background, workplace and attitude on abortion. Several nurses felt limited by the restrictive law and lack of knowledge and support from co-workers. However by educating themselves and creating networks with other health professionals many nurses were accompanying women in need of abortion or post-abortion care.

This thesis examines feminist commodity networks through an ethnographic case study of QVWC SHOP in Melbourne, Australia. The work is built through an emic perspective on the understanding of selling, producing, and buying through the QVWC SHOP. The emic perspective is also connected to the larger systems, such as social networks and community building. QVWC SHOP is a store focusing on selling locally made items by women, including cis, trans and nonbinary. QVWC SHOP is part of the Queen Victoria Women’s centre in Melbourne, which is a non-profit building that rents space for different organisations for women’s needs. The centre is also an important cultural space, organizing events and exhibitions around the year. In 2020, the Women’s centre opened the QVWC SHOP, that they promote as a feminist shop selling goods made by women, for women. The focus in this thesis is on understanding how the shop builds a community for the women involved with the store, reflect over what feminist commodities are and what it means to be a producer, employee, or consumer at the QVWC SHOP. The reflections are built through data from participant observation and semi-structured interviews with interlocutors from the field, as well as relevant theoretical works. Furthermore, themes of care, sustainability, attachment, and solidarity are all important in the work. Overall, this thesis focuses on the processes of creating social networks and community building in the context of a feminist shop.

The dissertation examines the ethics of staff in perioperative care. The aim was to analyze the errors that occur during surgery, to determine the participants in perioperative care who commit these mistakes, and to analyze the reasons why these errors occur. The theoretical part deals with the concept of security from different perspectives of patient safety in surgery, and the international guidelines that direct it. The situation in the Czech Republic in terms of care for patient safety in surgery is also described. One chapter deals with the autor's internship in operating rooms in Sweden. Using the results of observations, the empirical part of the dissertation analyzes the actual behaviour of staff in perioperative care during surgery against the binding documents that ensure safe perioperative care. It also sets out the reasons that lead to non-compliance of health and safety regulations in perioperative theatres. In conclusion, I suggest steps that would help to improve the situation. Key words Perioperative care, safety, security, pacient pafety, medical ethics, nursing ethics