ABSTRACT The purpose of this essay is to contribute to an understanding of how ethical theories manifest in the political debate in Sweden, where the focus is on the debate on surrogacy. This to contribute with an understanding of the relation between ethics and politics. The purpose will also be to contribute with and understanding of the potential differences in the use of the concept “freedom” in the political discourse in Sweden. The ethical theories that was part of this paper where consequentialism, deontological ethics and ethics of care. In order to answer this questions, propositions regarding the subject of surrogacy from all the parties who are represented in the Swedish parliament where analyzed.  During this paper I discovered that all three of the ethical theories where manifested in motions from every party and in all the different positions in the matter, regarding surrogacy, even if the arguments differed. When it came to how the concept “freedom” was used, there were no clear pattern regarding which party who used it in a certain way. However, I could see that arguments related to negative freedom were mostly used as the head arguments while arguments related to positive freedom was more used to back up the head arguments. There were also no clear pattern regarding how the concept of freedom was used in relation to the parties’ respective position on surrogacy.

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Bakgrund: En människa som saknar uppehållstillstånd, saknar ofta vissa rättigheter till vård. Vårdpersonal möter papperslösa patienter i olika sammanhang vilket skapar en stor variation av inställningar och uppfattningar om deras rätt till vård. För att uppnå en rättvis och fungerande vård för denna utsatta grupp krävs bland annat tydliga riktlinjer och flexibilitet av sjuksköterskan. Syfte: Att skildra vårdpersonalens, med inriktning mot sjuksköterskans, upplevelser och etiska argument i vårdandet av papperslösa. Metod: Litteraturöversikt baserad på elva vetenskapliga artiklar hämtade i databaserna SwePub, CINAHL with Full Text och Academic Search Premier. Artiklarna har analyserats enligt Fribergs (2012a) modell. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras i fem huvudkategorier och två underkategorier. Första huvudkategorin är Vårdpersonalens inställning till att vårda papperslösa vilket visar att åsikter går isär kring papperslösas rätt till vård. Andra huvudkategorin är Upplevelser kring regelverk och riktlinjer där det framkommer att det råder oklarheter kring dessa. I den tredje kategorin Vårdrelation framkommer det att flexibilitet krävs av sjuksköterskan i mötet med papperslösa. Den fjärde huvudkategorin är Vårdpersonalens upplevda barriärer i vården som har två underkategorier. Den femte och sista huvudkategorin är Organisationer och deras samarbete och visar på ett behov av samarbete mellan vårdinstanser, myndigheter och frivilligorganisationer.   Diskussion: Resultatet analyseras utifrån Beauchamp och Childress (2013) vårdetiska teori om de fyra principerna om autonomi, att inte skada, att göra gott samt rättviseprincipen. Diskussionen visar att konflikter uppstår mellan principer och att lagar och restriktioner leder till etisk stress och etiska kostnader. / Background: A person without a residence permit, often lacks certain rights to care. Health professionals encounter undocumented patients in different contexts which generates a large variety of perceptions of their right to health care. Clear guidelines and flexibility is required by the nurse in order to achieve a fair and effective care for this vulnerable group.   Aim: To describe the experiences and ethical arguments of health professionals and nurses in particular in the care of undocumented migrants.  Method: A literature review based on eleven scientific articles were used and selected from the databases SwePub, CINAHL plus with Full Text and Academic Search Premier. The articles have been reviewed and analyzed by the Friberg model (2012a). Results: The results are presented in five main categories and two subcategories. The first main category Health professionals’ attitudes towards caring for undocumented migrants indicates that opinions differ about their rights and access to health care. Ambiguities towards the regulations are shown in the second main category Experiences surrounding regulations. The third category Caring relationship shows that flexibility is required by the nurse when caring for undocumented migrants. The fourth category presents Barriers perceived by health care professionals. The fifth and final category Organizations and cooperation demonstrates a need for health care institutions, government agencies and NGO’s to collaborate. Discussions: The result is analysed according to Beauchamp and Childress (2013) care ethical theory concerning the four principles: respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence and justice. The discussion shows that conflicts occur between the principles. Laws and limits lead to ethical stress and costs.

La figure de la chanteuse populaire reflète au Japon la réalité de la condition féminine dans ce pays. Alors que l'archipel a traversé, à l’instar de la France ou des États-Unis, une période marquante des mouvements féministes, qui généra une timide amélioration de la place des femmes dans la société, la majorité des Japonaises est toujours aux prises avec une norme sociale qui leur demeure ingrate et défavorable : selon le rapport du « Forum économique mondial sur les disparités entre les sexes » publié en 2017, le Japon se situerait en terme d'égalité des sexes au 114e rang sur 144 pays. Derrière cette réalité, c'est avec une notion du genre hypernormée et bien ancrée dans la société que les Japonaises sont contraintes de composer, quel que soit leur milieu d'origine. Dans le monde de la musique populaire japonaise, cette norme sociale régissant les représentations féminines se répercute sur la posture de bien des chanteuses, soit dans l'immaturité naïve renvoyant à la vulnérabilité, soit dans une certaine magnanimité fondée sur la maternité, ces deux attitudes n'étant pas nécessairement incompatibles. Là où nombre de leurs homologues d’autres styles musicaux intériorisent ce carcan social, certaines idoles féminines se montrent particulièrement représentatives de ce phénomène.Depuis le 11 mars 2011, la société nipponne a vu grossir les rangs de ses artistes opposés au nucléaire, non sans alimenter la réflexion sur les rapports entre musique et politique de celles et ceux qui s’interrogent sur les postures engagées des musiciens. Il est cependant à souligner qu'en la matière, les artistes de sexe féminin attirent nettement moins l’attention publique. Malgré une large participation des femmes aux mouvements antinucléaires depuis la catastrophe de Fukushima, les chanteuses et musiciennes engagées semblent souvent être reléguées à un moindre rang par rapport à leurs confrères masculins. Cette méconnaissance de l’engagement des musiciennes et cette rupture entre la société civile et le monde musical populaire s’expliquent par — tout autant qu'ils sont liés à — la condition des femmes dans une société obstinément patriarcale. Si un tel état de choses ne soulève pas, du moins à l’heure actuelle, une opposition radicale chez les artistes, il se développe toutefois chez elles des stratégies, des arrangements qui leur assurent une place, une visibilité aux yeux de la société.Notre étude examine la situation contemporaine des artistes femmes et leur posture en tant que musiciennes engagées à travers l’analyse de leur expression artistique, en lien direct avec le contexte social et sociétal où celle-ci s'inscrit. Le cadre temporel choisi s'étend des années 1970, lorsque surgissent au Japon les mouvements de libération des femmes, à nos jours — et plus précisément à la période post-Fukushima, qui voit la participation des femmes aux mouvements sociaux du pays se faire plus saillante. Le cœur de nos recherches portera plus particulièrement sur la caractérisation des musiciennes engagées et de leurs postures dans le Japon des années 1990 à ce jour, révélant la possibilité pour les femmes japonaises, désormais, d'une pluralité de positionnement selon leur milieu social et économique d'appartenance. / The figure of the Japanese pop singer reflects the reality of women’s status in Japan. Although Japan went through a crucial feminist movement, like France or the United States, which resulted in a slight improvement in women’s situation in society, the majority of women are still struggling with social norms that remain unrewarding and unfavorable to them. According to the Global Gender Gap Report the World Economic Forum published in 2017, Japan ranks 114th out of 144 countries in terms of gender equality. In this reality, one may notice that Japanese women, whatever their social milieu, are forced to comply with the notion of hyper-normed gender that is anchored in society. In the sphere of Japanese popular music, this social norm dominating female representation has repercussions for many female singers’ positions, either in naive immaturity relating to vulnerability or in a certain magnanimity based on motherhood, two notions not necessarily incongruent. Certain female idols are particularly representative of this phenomenon, whereas their counterparts in other musical styles internalize this social straitjacket. Since March 11, 2011, artists against nuclear increase in Japanese society have fueled reflection on the relationship between music and politics by those who question the postures of politically committed musicians. It should be pointed out, though, that female artists attract quite a bit less public attention than their male counterparts. Although women significantly participate in movements against nuclear programs since the Fukushima disaster, committed female singers and musicians often seem to be relegated to a lower rank than their male colleagues. This ignorance of female musicians’ commitment and the breaking-off between civil society and the popular musical scene can be explained by—as much as it is linked to—the condition of women in a stubbornly patriarchal society. If such a state of affairs does not, in the present time, raise radical opposition among artists, it nevertheless develops in them strategies and arrangements that ensure them a place and visibility in society.Our study examines the contemporary situation of female artists and their positions as committed musicians, by analyzing their artistic expression and considering the social and societal contexts in which they are implicated. The time frame ranges from the 1970s, when women's liberation movements emerged in Japan, to today—and more specifically to the post-Fukushima period, when women's participation in the country's social movements became more prominent. The core of our research focuses particularly on the characterization of committed female musicians and their postures in Japan from the 1990s to the present, revealing the possibility for Japanese women to have positioning plurality based on their social and economic backgrounds.

The diploma thesis refers to the applicability of ethical theories in solving the dilemmas of social workers in homes for the elderly. The thesis is divided into four parts. In the first part there is defined a residential social service in the form of a home for seniors and characterized the nature of social work in this facility. The second part defines eleven dilemmas social workers encounter in their practice and also the reasons why social workers avoid them. The third part describes the essence of ethical theory in social work practice. It is focused on the description of three selected theories which include deontology, utilitarianism and the ethics of care. The last part concerns the application of these theories to the two ethical dilemmas of social workers: to contact or not to contact client's family, to solve or not to solve client's problems.

The diploma thesis is focused on the dilemmas of social workers at the Labor Office of the Czech Republic, at the department of benefits of material emergency. The aim of this work was to find out with what dilemmas the social workers at the Czech Labor Office, the department of physical expectations meet, and then to analyze two selected dilemmas through ethical theories. The thesis is divided into five chapters, the first three are focused on the theoretical introduction to the topic. The first chapter describes the scope, organizational structure of the Labor Office of the Czech Republic, the system of assistance in material need and benefits, which resolve the state of material need of the citizens. The second chapter is aimed at a social worker in the separation of the benefits of material need and social work with clients in material need. In the third chapter I describe ethics and ethical aspects of social work. The fourth and fifth chapters are crucial for this work. The fourth chapter describes and describes specific dilemmas encountered by social workers at the Labor Office of the Czech Republic in the department of subjects of material Need. The last fifth chapter contains a description of the selected ethical theory and two of my chosen dilemmas, which are analyzed in terms of selected ethical theories, namely deontology, utilitarianism and ethics of care.

Submitted by Marcio Emanuel Paixão Santos (marcio.santos@ucsal.br) on 2018-06-20T23:23:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAOTEREZAJOELMABARBOSAALMEIDA.pdf: 2203477 bytes, checksum: 9239797624bf2c47143ae748876d21d5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Linda Bulhosa (linda.gomes@ucsal.br) on 2018-06-21T19:11:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAOTEREZAJOELMABARBOSAALMEIDA.pdf: 2203477 bytes, checksum: 9239797624bf2c47143ae748876d21d5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-21T19:11:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAOTEREZAJOELMABARBOSAALMEIDA.pdf: 2203477 bytes, checksum: 9239797624bf2c47143ae748876d21d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-24 / Esta dissertação intitulada, “Educação Ambiental e Valorização da Ética para Cuidado no Contexto Escolar”, tem por objetivo compreender os fatores que mobilizam estudantes do Ensino Fundamental e Ensino Médio a depredarem o patrimônio escolar, os sentidos que atribuem aos conhecimentos aprendidos sobre educação ambiental e os modos como representam e se relacionam com o ambiente escolar onde estudam. A ideia original para a pesquisa surgiu ao considerar os aspectos de depredação escolar e sua inter-relação com a questão da educação ambiental. O campo empírico da pesquisa é a escola pública estadual, Colégio Estadual Professora Sílvia Ferreira Brito, ambiente escolar onde os aspectos de depredação é uma problemática, e por isso adotada neste estudo para análise e compreensão. Nessa perspectiva, optei por uma pesquisa de natureza qualitativa, com uma abordagem (auto) biográfica, cujos instrumentos para produção do gênero literário foram os grupos focais e as entrevistas narrativas. Na análise do material produzido emergiram categorias como as representações sociais dos estudantes como um referencial de vida e para compreendê-las busquei estabelecer diálogos com autores como Moscovici (2015) e Halbwachs (1990); revelaram-se as projeções afetivas dos estudantes, cuja dimensão do afeto se apresenta como guia orientador das escolhas e condutas estudantis, as quais analiso alicerçada nas ideias de Piaget (1999), Vygotsky (2000), Morin (2015), Cortella (2015), Puig e Araújo (2007); destaco, também, os sentidos dos tipos de valores humanos, dos quais a ética do cuidado é ressaltada como um valor essencial para a vida, nessa reflexão estabeleci uma conexão com autores como Milton Rokeach (1973), Schwartz (1999), Pimentel (2004), Vinha e Tognatta (2009), Chauí (2007), Boff (2012), Gadotti (2003) e Dias (2004). Os resultados da pesquisa revelam uma complexidade de fatores que provocam a problemática ambiental dentro do contexto escolar, os quais permeiam a dimensão das relações intrapessoais, interpessoais e ambientais, envolvendo a construção dos valores humanos e a formação da personalidade do adolescente como fase crucial para estruturação destes valores e sinalizam a ética para o cuidado do ambiente escolar como um valor essencial para a vida. Nesse sentido, percebo que a educação ambiental necessita ser vista a partir uma educação socioambiental, que permita aos estudantes reconhecer e reconstruir valores pessoais, sociais e ambientais a luz da reflexão ética para o cuidado. E vislumbro na Pedagogia de Projetos essa possibilidade educativa para a formação dos estudantes. / This dissertation, entitled "Environmental Education and Valuation of Ethics for Care in the School Context," aims to understand the factors that lead elementary and high school students to depredate school assets, the meanings they attribute to knowledge learned about environmental education, and the ways they represent and relate to the school environment where they study. The original idea for this research study emerged from considering aspects of school depredation and its relationship with the issue of environmental education. This study was conducted at the State School Teacher Sílvia Ferreira Brito, a school where the aspects of depredation are problematic. The purpose was to analyze and understand this environment. A qualitative research with a (auto) biographical approach was adopted, and focus groups and narrative interviews were the instruments chosen. In the analysis of the material produced emerged categories as the social representations of the students as a reference of life and to understand them I tried to establish dialogues with authors like Moscovici (2015) and Halbwachs (1990); (1999), Vygotsky (2000), Morin (2015), Cortella (2015), and the other students' , Puig and Araújo (2007); I also point out the meanings of the types of human values, of which the ethics of care are emphasized as an essential value for life, in this reflection I established a connection with authors such as Milton Rokeach (1973), Schwartz (1999), Pimentel (2004) ), Vinha and Tognatta (2009), Chauí (2007), Boff (2012), Gadotti (2003) and Dias (2004). The results of the research reveal a complexity of factors that provoke environmental problems within the school context, which permeate the dimension of intrapersonal, interpersonal and environmental relations, involving the construction of human values and the formation of the adolescent personality as a crucial phase for structuring these values and indicate ethics for the care of the school environment as an essential value for life. In this sense, I realize that environmental education needs to be seen from a socioenvironmental education, which allows students to recognize and reconstruct personal, social and environmental values in the light of ethical reflection for care. And I see in Project Pedagogy this educational possibility for the formation of students.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-01-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:36:38Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 urel_apj_me_mar.pdf: 442054 bytes, checksum: 729319bb62e901878f9bd553fff1af6d (MD5) / A pesquisa pretende abordar o problema que se refere à perspectiva abordada pela Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo no que tange à escolha da temática ética para as oficinas de filosofia para crianças. Problema que nos leva a buscar um caminho que nos indique como pensar esse tema pelo viés do sujeito e não pelas finalidades estabelecidas pela educação escolarizada. O objetivo primeiro desta dissertação é analisar a Oficina de Enriquecimento Curricular Filosofia para o Ciclo I do Ensino Fundamental, na busca pelos elementos que dificultam a realização dessas oficinas nas escolas públicas do Estado de São Paulo. Para tanto, entendemos que nossa primeira preocupação é analisar a concepção de Educação à qual o projeto está vinculado, no sentido de compreendermos o que motiva a elaboração desse projeto. Nossa pesquisa se caracteriza metodologicamente pela análise documental, com base em autores da Filosofia da Educação. Escolhemos como objeto de pesquisa os documentos que propõem a oficina de filosofia para crianças. A partir da concepção de Ética explícita nos documentos, buscamos uma possibilidade da proposta dessa temática aliada ao conceito de Cuidado de si, perspectivado por Michel Foucault. Analisamos, também, a palavra experiência por meio de Jorge Larrosa, ao qual acreditamos ser possível uma possibilidade de abertura para pensarmos como o cuidado de si indicaria uma disposição ética do sujeito a si e aos outros / The objective of the present dissertation is to approach the debatable perspective taken by São Paulo State Secretariat of Education when choosing the theme ethics for its Philosophy workshops for children. In order to do so, it seems necessary to encounter an approach that leads to the consideration of the topic in the light of the Subject instead of the purposes established by formal education. The main aim of the study is to analyze the Workshop of Curricular Enrichment – Philosophy in the first stage of Brazilian Fundamental Education (i.e. students aged 6 to 10 years), seeking elements that hinder the accomplishment of these workshops in public schools in São Paulo state. Firstly, the concept of Education to which the project is affiliated is analyzed in order to understand the motivation behind the project‟s elaboration. The research‟s methodology consists of document analysis based on authors who specialize in Philosophy of Education. The study‟s corpus comprises the documents utilized in the philosophy workshops for children. The study proposes the conflation of the conception of Ethics presented on the documents with the concept of Care of the Self, as devised by Michel Foucault. The word experience was also analyzed as per Jorge Larrosa, offering a possibility to consider how the Care of the Self may indicate an ethical disposition of the Subject toward itself and toward others

Ce travail de recherche vise à questionner le concept d’éthique militaire. Le travail s’appuie sur une grille analytique combinant trois théories venant de trois disciplines différentes : l’éthique du care, développée en philosophie morale, la théorie des parties prenantes, en éthique des affaires, les approches néo-institutionnelles, en sciences de gestion. Cette grille est ensuite appliquée à deux terrains différents : le premier terrain concerne l’étude de batailles aux enjeux moraux particulièrement exacerbés : la bataille d’Alger, la guerre en Irak, la bataille de Srebrenica. Le deuxième terrain consiste en des entretiens qualitatifs auprès d’officiers revenant du champs de bataille : 10 officiers américains ayant vécu le conflit irakien et 7 officiers français revenant d’Afghanistan. Ces deux terrains sont complétés par une analyse des programmes de formation initiale proposés aux Etats-Unis et en France pour les officiers. Les résultats de recherche montrent que les personnels militaires mettent au centre de leur action une sollicitude envers leur camarade de régiment. C’est une véritable éthique du care, bien plus que des vertus ou les respect de grands principes de droit, qui conduit l’action des soldats et officiers, sans pour autant que ce souci d’autrui s’applique à l’ensemble des parties prenantes au conflit. Les enseignements de ce travail peuvent permettre de futures recherches dans la formation des soldats et officiers, ainsi que dans les travaux sur les valeurs, l’éthique ou les cultures organisationnelles. L’originalité de la thèse tient également à l’application de l’éthique du care et de la théorie des parties prenantes aux organisations militaires. / This research questions the idea of military ethics. Our work uses an analytical framework combining three different disciplines: Ethics of care, developed in moral philosophy, Stakeholder theory, from business ethics, New institutionalism theory, from management science. This framework is then applied on two different research fields: the first one deals with the study of battles where ethical stakes were particularly high: the battle of Alger, the Iraqi war, the Srebrenica battle.The second one is qualitative interviews with officers coming back from the battlefield: 10 US officers from the Iraqi conflict and 7 French militaries from Afghanistan. These two research fields are completed by an analysis of initial trainings made in France and in the US for officers. Research results shows military men act upon a feeling of care, particularly strong towards their regimental comrade. This is a true ethics of care, more than virtues or an attachment to great principles that drives soldiers and officers’ action, even if this care to the other needs does not apply to all stakeholders, only to people from the same unit. Lessons of this work can lead to future researches not only for soldiers and officers trainings, but also in values, ethics and corporate culture.The research originality is also in the implementation of ethics of care and stakeholder theory upon military organisations.