XX a. pabaigoje tapęs pasauliniu tinklu, sparčiai besiplečiantis ir šiuo metu turintis daugiau nei milijardą vartotojų, internetas tapo svarbiu veiksniu ekonominiame, socialiniame, kultūriniame ir švietimo gyvenime. Internetas savo vartotojams suteikia prieigą prie visų laikų didžiausių informacijos klodų ir yra svarbus saviraiškos laisvės bei teisės skleisti ir gauti informaciją instrumentas. Tačiau šis potencialas ne visada panaudojamas teisėtiems tikslams, internete aptinkama ir probleminio turinio informacijos, pavyzdžiui, vaikų pornografijos, rasinės diskriminacijos, smurto, šmeižto apraiškų, neteisėtai platinami autorių ir gretutinių teisių saugomi kūriniai, pažeidžiami asmens duomenų apsaugos principai ir pan. Todėl susiduriama su būtinybe užtikrinti balansą tarp saviraiškos laisvės tinkamo įgyvendinimo ir viešojo intereso apsaugos. Atsižvelgiant į tai, kad internetas yra tarptautinis ir visiškai decentralizuotas tinklas, vien valstybinio interneto turinio reguliavimo nepakanka, todėl būtina imtis tarptautinių iniciatyvų. Europos Bendrija iniciatyvos interneto turinio reguliavimo srityje ėmėsi praėjusio amžiaus dešimtojo dešimtmečio viduryje. Bendrija išskiria dvi pagrindinius probleminio ir kontrolės reikalaujančio interneto turinio tipus – neteisėtą ir žalingą interneto turinį, ir nuo reguliavimo iniciatyvų pradžios priėmė keletą priemonių, apibrėžiančių įvairius interneto turinio reguliavimo aspektus - neteisėto ir žalingo turinio sampratą, atsakomybę už neteisėtą... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / After becoming a global network at the end of the twentieth century internet now is being used world wide and has more than billion users. Because of incredibly fast growth and huge potential internet has become a powerful influence in economics, social, cultural and educational fields, offering a global access to the richest ever sources of digital information and is instrument to implement the right of free speech. However its possibilities are often being used not only for legitimate purposes, internet often carries an amount of potentially problematic content like child pornography, defamation, racial discrimination, unauthorized distribution of copyrighted works, unauthorized communication of personal data, etc. This is why there is a need to guarantee a balance between implementation of the right of the free speech and the free flow of information and protection of public interest and regulate the content of internet. As far as internet is a totally decentralized and global network it is obvious that it is not enough only the actions of the countries – international initiatives have also take their place. This is why at the middle 1990’s at European Community started initiatives in the sphere of internet content regulation. EC sets two types of internet content which need control – illegal and harmful content. Illegal internet content is information the distribution of which is forbidden. What is forbidden describes the national law of member states. Harmful information... [to full text]

Europos Sąjungos valstybių narių atsakomybė buvo įtvirtina ir yra vis dar plėtojama Europos Teisingumo Teismo praktikoje. Ji buvo nustatyta Francovich byloje, tokiu būdu sustiprinant ES teisės autonomiškumą ir viršenybę, sankcionuojant valstybių narių pareigų nevykdymą ir dar labiau užtikrinant individams suteikiamas Bendrijos teises. Šiame sprendime apibrėžtos ir būtinosios sąlygos, besiskiriančios nuo kitų atsakomybės rūšių. Tačiau Brasserie du Pêcheur jos dar buvo papildytos kvalifikuotu kriterijumi. Taigi ES valstybė narė gali būti pripažinta atsakinga, jeigu yra patenkinamos šios trys sąlygos: pažeidimas yra pakankamai akivaizdus; turi būti tiesioginis priežastinis ryšys tarp nustatytos valstybei pareigos pažeidimo ir nukentėjusių asmenų patirtos žalos. Pirmoji sąlyga neturėtų sukelti didelių sunkumų tiek pareiškėjams dėl žalos atlyginimo, tiek ja taikantiems teismams. Iki šiol ETT praktikoje buvo tik viena byla, kurioje pripažinta, kad ES teisės norma nesuteikia teisių asmenims. Tačiau antroji sąlyga yra labiau komplikuota. Tam, kad kiltų valstybės narės atsakomybė neužtenka vien ES teisės pažeidimo. Jis turi būti „pakankamai akivaizdus“. Remiantis Teismo praktika toks pažeidimas valstybei naudojantis plačia diskrecija yra, kai ji akivaizdžiai ir rimtai peržengia savo įgaliojimų ribas, bet kai valstybė nebuvo raginama pasirinkti teisės aktų leidybos galimybes ir turėjo ribotą veiksmų laisvę arba iš viso jos neturėjo, paties Bendrijos teisės pažeidimo gali pakakti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / European Union (EU) Member States liability was established and is still developing in European Court of Justice (ECJ) case law. It was introduced in Francovich, thus strengthening EU law autonomous and superior legal order, sanctioning Member States infringements of their obligations and enhancing Community rights of individuals. Also specific and different from all other types of liability prerequisites were determinated by ECJ in this case. However, in Brasserie du Pêcheur a qualified criteria was added. So EU law provides a right to reparation and Member State may be held liable when three conditions are met: the rule of law infringed must be intended to confer rights on individuals; the breach must be sufficiently serious; and there must be a direct causal link between the breach of the obligation resting on the State and the damage sustained by the injured parties. It seems that first condition can not cause any problems to potential “Francovich” claim applicants and courts applying it. There was only one case where the Court has ruled that the rule of law in question did not confer an enforceable right to individuals. However, second condition is more complicated. For a Member State to incur liability it is not enough merely to identify a breach of EU law attributable to it. The breach must be “sufficiently serious”. In accordance with ECJ case law, “sufficiently serious” breach where Member State has wide discretion to make legislative choices is where it, in the... [to full text]

Per savo veiklos metus Europos žmogaus teisių teismas ne tik išnagrinėjo šimtus bylų, kuriose ieškovai iš įvairių Europos valstybių skundėsi dėl savo šalyje pažeistų jų teisių, bet ir sukūrė savitą, visame pasaulyje pripažintą jurisprudencijos mokyklą bei tradicijas, kaip vertinti žmogaus teisių pažeidimus ir kaip spręsti tokio pobūdžio bylas. Tačiau kyla klausimas, kokia Teismo sprendimų reikšmė nacionalinei teismų jurisprudencijai ir teisei ? Darbe analizuojami Europos žmogaus teisių teismo sprendimai, priimti bylose prieš Lietuvą. Siekiant atskleisti kiek svarbūs ir kokią reikšmę Lietuvos baudžiamajam procesui ir visai teisės sistemai turi Teismo sprendimai, lyginamos baudžiamojo proceso kodekso normos galiojusios iki minimų sprendimų priėmimo ir po jų priėmimo, kai buvo nustatyti žmogaus teisių pažeidimai. Darbe aptariami dažniausiai pasitaikantys žmogaus teisių pažeidimai: sulaikymo ar suėmimo teisėtumo problema, suėmimo ar sulaikymo trukmės pažeidimai, galimybė ginčyti suėmimo teisėtumą, suimtojo teisė į gynybą, teisė į greitą bylos išnagrinėjimą, nekaltumo prezumpcijos principo pažeidimai. Rašant darbą remtasi Lietuvos baudžiamojo proceso įstatymais bei kitais teisės aktais, baudžiamojo proceso, tarptautinės teisės specialistų mokslo darbais, straipsniais teisinėje literatūroje, Lietuvos Aukščiausiojo Teismo praktika baudžiamosiose bylose, Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinio Teismo nutarimais ir išvadomis, Europos žmogaus teisių teismo jurisprudencija. / During its years of activity, the European Court of Human Rights has tackled hundreds of cases where plaintiffs from various European countries complained about their rights violations in their own countries. Moreover, the Court created a specific and globally acknowledged jurisprudence school and traditions on the way the human rights violations should be assessed and how this kind of cases should be dealt with. Still, the question remains: what is the importance of the Court’s decisions to the national courts jurisprudence and the Law? The work analyses decisions of the European Court of Human Rights taken in court cases against Lithuania. In order to disclose the importance and significance of the Court’s decisions for the Lithuanian penal process and the legal system in general, a comparison has been made between the norms of the penal process code in force before and after the relevant Court’s decisions when the human rights violations were identified. The work discusses the most frequent human rights violations, such as the problem of the legality of detention and arrest, violations of the period of arrest or detention, the possibility of litigation of the arrest legality, the right of the arrested for defense, the right for fast case trial, and the violations of the presumption of innocence. The author based her work on the laws of the Lithuanian penal process and other legal acts, on the scientific works and articles in legal literature by the specialists in the penal... [to full text]

Lietuva 2004 m. prisijungė prie Europos patentų konvencijos. Nuo tada vienos patentinės paraiškos pagrindu galima siekti patento keliose Europos valstybėse. Išduodant Europos patentą, Europos patentų tarnyboje yra atliekama materialioji išradimo ekspertizė, t.y. Europos patentas išduodamas tik tada, kai išradimas atitinka tam tikras jam nustatytas sąlygas. Europos patentų konvencija, įtvirtindama šias sąlygas, t.y. patentabilumo kriterijus – naujumą, išradimo lygį, pramoninį pritaikomumą – juos apibūdina lakoniškai. Tai sudaro prielaidas nevienodam patentabilumo kriterijų interpretavimui, ir jau dabar kelia daug ginčų dėl patentabilumo reikalavimų tikrųjų sampratų. Šiam teisiniam neaiškumui panaikinti reikalinga nagrinėti Europos patentų tarnybos praktiką, o tiksliau joje pateikiamų patentabilumo reikalavimų sampratas. Laikantis Europos patentų konvencijos struktūros, šiame magistro darbe nagrinėjami kiekvienas iš patentabilumo kriterijų, taip pat analizuojamos patentabilumo išimtys, t.y. nepatentuojami objektai. Komentuojami ir vertinami reikšmingiausi Europos patentų tarnybos (Techninės apeliacinės tarybos ir Išplėstinės apeliacijų tarybos) sprendimai, kuriuos apžvelgiant paaiškėja, jog patentabilumo kriterijų sampratos yra sudarytos iš daugelio aspektų. Nagrinėjant Europos patentų tarnybos praktiką, magistro darbe taip pat atskleidžiama, jog greta šių sudėtingų daugialypių teisinių kategorijų kaip naujumas, išradimo lygis, pramoninis pritaikomumas, yra formuluojamas ir dar... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In the year 2004 Lithuania has joined the European Patent Convention which enables to seek a patent in several European countries on the basis of a single patent application. However, a European patent may be issued only after the patentability examination is carried out, i.e. only if the subject matter complies with certain conditions established in European Patent Convention. European Patent Convention indicating such conditions, i.e. patentability requirements – novelty inventive step, industrial applicability – gives a laconic description of them. Consequently, an inconsistent interpretation of such patentability requirements is likely to ensue as many disputes over the concepts of patentability requirements already arise. To overcome such legal uncertainty the practice of European Patent Office needs to be analysed and in particular – the concepts of the patentability criteria provided thereof. Following the structure of European Patent Convention, each of the patentability criteria is analysed separately, also examining the non patentable subject matter. The most significant decisions of the European Patent Office (those of Technical Board of Appeal and Enlarged Board of Appeal in particular) are commented and judged. Their analysis shows the concepts of patentability requirements being multifaceted, comprising numerous principles. The European Patent Office practice dealt with also implies that alongside the traditional patentability requirements an additional one is... [to full text]

Pagrindinis darbo tikslas yra parodyti ryšį tarp Europos sąjungos struktūrinių fondų paramos įmonei ir regiono darnios plėtros. darbą sudaro trys dalys. Teorinėje dalyje nagrinėjamos regionų plėtros teorijos ir jų koncepcijos.Praktinėje dalyje atliekama ūkinė-finansinė UAB "Girių bizonas" analizė. Rezultatų dalyje pateikiamas atliktas empyrinis tyrimas ir jo rezultatai. Darbą sudaro 67 psl. 20 lentelių, 14 grafikų, 1 priedas. / The purposes of the paper are to show connection between European union structural funds support to company and region harmony expansion. The object of the paper is company, which has got a support from European structural funds and its influence to a region harmony expansion. The work consists of the three main chapters, that is, the theoretical part, the analytical part and the deduction of the project. The theoretical part is based on analysis of scientific literature and information publications that examines regions harmony expansions theory and European union structural funds purposes and objects. The analytical part presents the economical - financial analysis of the company, which has got a support from European union structural funds and it shows the support from European union region expansion fund analysis and purpose. The last project part presents the qualitative research of personal of that company and their opinion position about necessity of European unio structural fonds support to company and its influence to region harmony expansion. The work consists of 67 pages, 20 tables, 14 pictures 1 appendix.

Theme: The Regulation of the European Parliament‘s internal Procedure Main categories: The European Parliament, European Parliament Rules of Procedure, European Parliament‘s President, Parliamentary committees, Quaestors, Political groups, Bureau, Delegations. In this Master thesis we analyze the European Parliament‘s principles and peculiarities of The internal Procedure and work organization. We deal with the European Parliament‘s structural Units, which are compared with structural Units of Seimas in the Republic of Lithuania. This comparison shows the complicated European Parliament‘s structure. In this Master thesis the main attention is paid to the analysis of the European Parliament‘s internal procedure and work organization. Furthermore, we study separated structural Units in the European Parliament, such as: the European Parliament‘s President, Political groups, Parliamentary committees, Bureau, Questors, Delegations, Secretariat and other smaller Units (The Directorate – General for the Presidency, The Directorate – General for Internal Policies, The Directorate – General for External Policies, The Directorate – General for Personnel, The Directorate – General for Infrastructure and Interpretation, The Directorate – General for Finance, The Legal Service). In the third part the European Parliament‘s structural Units are compared with structural Units of Seimas in the Republic of Lithuania. The are some similarities and differences. This comparison shows the... [to full text]

Este trabalho apresenta as conclusões de nosso estudo sobre a representação humana nos afrescos da sinagoga de Dura Europos, datada do século III EC, na Síria, à luz do interdito bíblico do Decálogo (Ex 20, 4-5; Dt 5, 8-9) onde se estabelece que os israelitas não devem fazer para si imagem de escultura, e reiterado pelo versículo Dt 4,16, onde se afirma que os israelitas não devem fazer alguma imagem esculpida na forma de ídolo, semelhança de homem e mulher. Inicia-se explicando o significado desse interdito e como ele se apresenta nos livros da Bíblia Hebraica que abordam a questão da confecção de imagens e idolatria. A análise dos textos bíblicos e da bibliografia de referência sobre o tema possibilita inferir que o interdito não proibia a confecção de todo tipo de representação humana, mas somente aquelas fabricadas para adoração. Segue-se a essa análise uma contextualização da representação humana pelos israelitas na Antiguidade, desde o período pré-monárquico até o século III EC, o século em que a sinagoga de Dura Europos é construída e adornada com afrescos representando cenas bíblicas. O objetivo é criar uma conexão entre o interdito da Bíblia Hebraica e a história judaica, que levou ao desenvolvimento de um conjunto de sinagogas no final desse período, no qual Dura Europos está inserida, nas quais encontramos a representação humana na forma de afrescos em paredes ou pisos mosaicos. A pesquisa bibliográfica sobre os vestígios arqueológicos do período demonstra que os israelitas produziram tanto as imagens permitidas como aquelas consideradas interditas e sofreram influências externas que levaram à concepção da sinagoga de Dura Europos. Por último, formulamos uma apresentação dos afrescos dessa sinagoga e procuramos verificar qual o significado que os estudiosos atribuíram a eles. A partir dessa análise foi possível concluir que a representação humana nos afrescos da sinagoga de Dura Europos não contrariava o interdito bíblico, pois não tinha propósito de adoração, e sim uma finalidade didática. A intenção era transmitir um ensinamento e reforçar a identidade da comunidade judaica a partir da reprodução de cenas que retratavam a história da salvação israelita. A rememoração dos momentos gloriosos do passado visava criar expectativas positivas sobre o futuro, mediante uma situação presente preocupante em relação à sobrevivência da comunidade judaica de Dura Europos e do judaísmo em si. / This paper presents the findings of our study on human representation in the frescoes of Dura Europos synagogue, dating from the third century CE, in Syria, in the light of the biblical injunction of the Decalogue (Ex 20: 4-5; Deuteronomy 5: 8-9 ) which establishes that the Israelites should not do for themselves \"graven image\", and reaffirmed by the verse Deuteronomy 4:16, which says that the Israelites should not make a graven image in the form of idol, \"likeness of man and woman \". It begins by explaining the meaning of this decree and how it appears in the books of the Hebrew Bible that address the issue of making images and idolatry. The analysis of biblical texts and reference bibliography on the subject allows us to infer that the injunction did not prohibit the manufacture of all types of human representation, but only those made for worship. It follows that analysis a contextualization of human representation by the Israelites in ancient times, from pre-monarchical period to the third century CE, the century in which the Dura Europos synagogue is built and adorned with frescoes depicting biblical scenes. The goal is to create a connection between the decree of the Hebrew Bible and Jewish history, which led to the development of a set of synagogues at the end of that period, in which Europos Dura is inserted, in which we find human representation in the form of frescoes on walls or mosaic floors. The literature on archaeological relics from the period shows that the Israelites both produced images allowed as those considered prohibited and experienced external influences that led to the conception of Dura Europos synagogue. Finally, we formulate a presentation of the frescoes that synagogue and try to find what the meaning that scholars have attributed to them. From this analysis it was concluded that the human representation in the frescoes of Dura Europos synagogue was not contrary to biblical injunction so I had no way of worship, but rather a didactic purpose. The intention was to convey a teaching and reinforcing the identity of the Jewish community from the reproduction of scenes depicting the history of Israel\'s salvation. The remembrance of the glorious moments of the past aimed at creating positive expectations about the future, by a worrying current situation regarding the survival of the Jewish community of Dura Europos and of Judaism itself.

Este trabalho apresenta as conclusões de nosso estudo sobre a representação humana nos afrescos da sinagoga de Dura Europos, datada do século III EC, na Síria, à luz do interdito bíblico do Decálogo (Ex 20, 4-5; Dt 5, 8-9) onde se estabelece que os israelitas não devem fazer para si imagem de escultura, e reiterado pelo versículo Dt 4,16, onde se afirma que os israelitas não devem fazer alguma imagem esculpida na forma de ídolo, semelhança de homem e mulher. Inicia-se explicando o significado desse interdito e como ele se apresenta nos livros da Bíblia Hebraica que abordam a questão da confecção de imagens e idolatria. A análise dos textos bíblicos e da bibliografia de referência sobre o tema possibilita inferir que o interdito não proibia a confecção de todo tipo de representação humana, mas somente aquelas fabricadas para adoração. Segue-se a essa análise uma contextualização da representação humana pelos israelitas na Antiguidade, desde o período pré-monárquico até o século III EC, o século em que a sinagoga de Dura Europos é construída e adornada com afrescos representando cenas bíblicas. O objetivo é criar uma conexão entre o interdito da Bíblia Hebraica e a história judaica, que levou ao desenvolvimento de um conjunto de sinagogas no final desse período, no qual Dura Europos está inserida, nas quais encontramos a representação humana na forma de afrescos em paredes ou pisos mosaicos. A pesquisa bibliográfica sobre os vestígios arqueológicos do período demonstra que os israelitas produziram tanto as imagens permitidas como aquelas consideradas interditas e sofreram influências externas que levaram à concepção da sinagoga de Dura Europos. Por último, formulamos uma apresentação dos afrescos dessa sinagoga e procuramos verificar qual o significado que os estudiosos atribuíram a eles. A partir dessa análise foi possível concluir que a representação humana nos afrescos da sinagoga de Dura Europos não contrariava o interdito bíblico, pois não tinha propósito de adoração, e sim uma finalidade didática. A intenção era transmitir um ensinamento e reforçar a identidade da comunidade judaica a partir da reprodução de cenas que retratavam a história da salvação israelita. A rememoração dos momentos gloriosos do passado visava criar expectativas positivas sobre o futuro, mediante uma situação presente preocupante em relação à sobrevivência da comunidade judaica de Dura Europos e do judaísmo em si. / This paper presents the findings of our study on human representation in the frescoes of Dura Europos synagogue, dating from the third century CE, in Syria, in the light of the biblical injunction of the Decalogue (Ex 20: 4-5; Deuteronomy 5: 8-9 ) which establishes that the Israelites should not do for themselves \"graven image\", and reaffirmed by the verse Deuteronomy 4:16, which says that the Israelites should not make a graven image in the form of idol, \"likeness of man and woman \". It begins by explaining the meaning of this decree and how it appears in the books of the Hebrew Bible that address the issue of making images and idolatry. The analysis of biblical texts and reference bibliography on the subject allows us to infer that the injunction did not prohibit the manufacture of all types of human representation, but only those made for worship. It follows that analysis a contextualization of human representation by the Israelites in ancient times, from pre-monarchical period to the third century CE, the century in which the Dura Europos synagogue is built and adorned with frescoes depicting biblical scenes. The goal is to create a connection between the decree of the Hebrew Bible and Jewish history, which led to the development of a set of synagogues at the end of that period, in which Europos Dura is inserted, in which we find human representation in the form of frescoes on walls or mosaic floors. The literature on archaeological relics from the period shows that the Israelites both produced images allowed as those considered prohibited and experienced external influences that led to the conception of Dura Europos synagogue. Finally, we formulate a presentation of the frescoes that synagogue and try to find what the meaning that scholars have attributed to them. From this analysis it was concluded that the human representation in the frescoes of Dura Europos synagogue was not contrary to biblical injunction so I had no way of worship, but rather a didactic purpose. The intention was to convey a teaching and reinforcing the identity of the Jewish community from the reproduction of scenes depicting the history of Israel\'s salvation. The remembrance of the glorious moments of the past aimed at creating positive expectations about the future, by a worrying current situation regarding the survival of the Jewish community of Dura Europos and of Judaism itself.

Šią magistro baigiamojo darbo temą pasirinkome todėl, kad ji yra nauja, įdomi ir mažai išnagrinėta. Be to, ji yra artima patiems darbo autoriams. Mes atlikome Europos Sąjungos paramos panaudojimo Lietuvos žemės ūkyje analizę tam, kad sužinotume, kaip ši parama yra skirstoma ir įsisavinama. Aišku, realus paramos poveikis žemės ūkiui bus matomas tik po kelerių metų, tačiau pirmuosius šios paramos panaudojimo rezultatus jau galime pamatyti. Problema yra ta, kad ne visa ši parama yra paskirstoma ir panaudojama. Egzistuoja nemažai problemų, kurios šią problemą ir įtakoja. Mūsų darbo tyrimo objektas yra visos Lietuvos žemės ūkis. Darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti, kokią įtaką Europos Sąjungos parama daro šalies žemės ūkiui. Šiame darbe mes išsiaiškinome Lietuvos žemės ūkio pokyčius, išanalizavome žemės ūkio politikos vykdymo teisingumą ir efektyvumą, apžvelgėme Lietuvos žemdirbių aktyvumą, parodėme teigiamus ir neigiamus paramos lėšų panaudojimo aspektus. / This subject of master thesis was chosen because of its newness, relevance and lack of researches. Moreover the subject is relevant for both of the authors. We performed analysis how European Community support for the Lithuanian agricultural sector is distributed and absorbed. It is evident, that the real impact will be seen after several years, but initial results of use already can be seen. The main problem is that not all given support is distributed and used appropriately. The object this master thesis is whole Lithuanian agricultural sector. The primary objective is to comprehensively analyse the impact of European Community support for the Lithuanian agricultural sector. We researched the changes of Lithuanian agriculture, analysed the efficiency and equity of implemented policy, overlooked the activity of farmers and tried to define positive and negative aspects of support use. To reach the objective of this master thesis and to collect the initial data for the analysis we used scientific literature, documents and statistic data provided by support administrating institutions and the method of comparison. The first part of the analysis covers the main aspects of implemented policy of European Community and Lithuania, the second part gives the analysis of SAPARD, BPD fourth priority programme and the draft of expansion of rural areas for 2004-2006 support use, short overview of the changes of Lithuanian agriculture and guidelines for the new period of 2007-2013 year... [to full text]

Daugiavaliutinės sistemos pakeitimas į vienvaliutinę Europos ekonominės ir pinigų sąjungos pagrindu – to paties integracijos ir konvergencijos proceso etapas. Pinigų politika, neseniai buvusi kiekvienos valstybės kompetencijoje, perduota į Europos centrinio banko rankas. Savanoriškas monetarinio nacionalinio nepriklausomumo atsisakymas ir perėjimas į konsoliduotą europinį lygį – unikalus valstybių bendradarbiavimo istorijos reiškinys. / The replacement of a multi-currency system by a single currency on the basis of the European Economic and Monetary Unit is the stage in the same integration and convergence process; monetary policy that recently was the matter of each state was handed over to the European Central Bank. A voluntary rejection of monetary national independence and transition to the consolidated European level is a unique phenomenon in the history of the cooperation of the states.