Danos mitocondriais e diminuição nos níveis de ATP têm sido recentemente atribuídos à sertralina. Nós investigamos o efeito da sertralina em plaquetas humanas, já que estas células demonstram várias similaridades funcionais com neurônios e astrócitos. Os efeitos da sertralina em diferentes parâmetros foram investigados em plaquetas lavadas de 18 voluntários saudáveis do sexo masculino, depois de 24h de exposição ao fármaco. A toxicidade da sertralina foi observada apenas nas concentrações mais altas, 30 e 100μM, nas quais a viabilidade das plaquetas foi significantemente reduzida a 76 ± 3% e 20 ± 2 %, respectivamente. As mesmas concentrações reduziram o ATP a 73 ± 3% e 13 ± 2 %, respectivamente. Os valores basais de glicogênio não foram afetados significativamente pelo tratamento com sertralina. A captação de glutamato foi reduzida de forma significativa após o tratamento com 3, 30 e 100 μM, em 28 ± 6 %, 32 ± 5% e 54 ± 4 %, respectivamente. Nosso estudo demonstra que a sertralina em concentrações terapêuticas não compromete a viabilidade plaquetária, porém seu uso não pode ser considerado isento de risco, pois em um cenário no qual os níveis de glutamato extracelular estão potencialmente aumentados, a sertralina poderia agravar uma condição excitotóxica / Mitochondrial damage and fall in ATP levels have been recently attributed to sertraline. We investigated the effect of sertraline on human platelets, since these cells display several functional similarities with neurons and astrocytes. The effects of sertraline on different parameters were investigated in washed platelets from 18 healthy male volunteers, after 24 h of drug exposure. Sertraline toxicity was observed only at the highest concentrations, 30 and 100 μM, which significantly reduced platelet viability to 76 ± 3% and 20 ± 2%, respectively. The same concentrations significantly decreased total ATP to 73 ± 3% and 13 ± 2%, respectively. Basal values of glycogen were not significantly affected by sertraline treatment. The glutamate uptake was significantly reduced after treatment with 3, 30 and 100 μM, by 28 ± 6%, 32 ± 5% and 54 ± 4%, respectively. Our study showed that sertraline at therapeutic concentrations does not compromise platelet viability, but its use may not be without risk, since in a scenario where extracellular glutamate levels are potentially increased, sertraline might aggravate an excitotoxic condition.

The ketogenic diet is commonly used to control epilepsy, especially in cases when medications cannot. The diet typically consists of high fat, low carb, and adequate protein and produces a metabolite called acetoacetate. Seizure activity is characterized by glutamate excitotoxicity and therefore glutamate regulation is a point of research for control of these disorders. Acetoacetate is heavily implicated as the primary molecule responsible for decreasing glutamate in the synapse; it is believed that acetoacetate interferes with the transport of glutamate into the synaptic vesicles. The effects on synaptic transmission at glutamatergic synapses was studied in relation to the ketogenic diet in Drosophila larvae for this thesis. Various measures of synaptic transmission were conducted. Acetoacetate decreased neurotransmission at the synapse. It was also found that acetoacetate has direct effects on the postsynaptic membrane, which indicates a novel role for the metabolite.

Ethanol causes neurotoxicity via several mechanisms at different points in the cycle of dependence, including neuroinflammation and oxidative stress during ethanol exposure as well as excitotoxicity during ethanol withdrawal. The primary therapeutic implication is that ethanol-induced neurotoxicity requires multifunctional pharmacotherapies which reduce all mechanisms. Using an innovative pharmacological high throughput screening method on a large plant extract library we discovered flavonoids with alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) activity. In addition to their well-known anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, this novel activity means they can potentially reduce excitotoxicity and therefore makes them ideal for inhibition of ethanol-induced neurotoxicity. Rhamnetin, the candidate compound, was first found to inhibit lipopolysaccharide induced inflammation in immortalized BV2 microglia, in part, via alpha7 nAChRs. We then established an in vitro model of ethanol induced-neurotoxicity using organotypic hippocampal slice cultures which incorporated both neuroinflammatory and excitotoxic components. Neuroinflammation enhanced excitotoxicity under control conditions but the reverse was observed during ethanol withdrawal. Both mechanisms are important but their interaction is not simple. Finally, rhamnetin was evaluated in this model and found to reduce neuroinflammation and excitotoxicity associated with ethanol withdrawal. In conclusion, the studies herein provide strong evidence for alpha7 nAChRs selective flavonoids as potential pharmacotherapies for the treatment of ethanol-induced neurotoxicity and further implicate neuroinflammation, excitotoxicity, and their interaction as critical mechanisms in this pathology.

Danos mitocondriais e diminuição nos níveis de ATP têm sido recentemente atribuídos à sertralina. Nós investigamos o efeito da sertralina em plaquetas humanas, já que estas células demonstram várias similaridades funcionais com neurônios e astrócitos. Os efeitos da sertralina em diferentes parâmetros foram investigados em plaquetas lavadas de 18 voluntários saudáveis do sexo masculino, depois de 24h de exposição ao fármaco. A toxicidade da sertralina foi observada apenas nas concentrações mais altas, 30 e 100μM, nas quais a viabilidade das plaquetas foi significantemente reduzida a 76 ± 3% e 20 ± 2 %, respectivamente. As mesmas concentrações reduziram o ATP a 73 ± 3% e 13 ± 2 %, respectivamente. Os valores basais de glicogênio não foram afetados significativamente pelo tratamento com sertralina. A captação de glutamato foi reduzida de forma significativa após o tratamento com 3, 30 e 100 μM, em 28 ± 6 %, 32 ± 5% e 54 ± 4 %, respectivamente. Nosso estudo demonstra que a sertralina em concentrações terapêuticas não compromete a viabilidade plaquetária, porém seu uso não pode ser considerado isento de risco, pois em um cenário no qual os níveis de glutamato extracelular estão potencialmente aumentados, a sertralina poderia agravar uma condição excitotóxica / Mitochondrial damage and fall in ATP levels have been recently attributed to sertraline. We investigated the effect of sertraline on human platelets, since these cells display several functional similarities with neurons and astrocytes. The effects of sertraline on different parameters were investigated in washed platelets from 18 healthy male volunteers, after 24 h of drug exposure. Sertraline toxicity was observed only at the highest concentrations, 30 and 100 μM, which significantly reduced platelet viability to 76 ± 3% and 20 ± 2%, respectively. The same concentrations significantly decreased total ATP to 73 ± 3% and 13 ± 2%, respectively. Basal values of glycogen were not significantly affected by sertraline treatment. The glutamate uptake was significantly reduced after treatment with 3, 30 and 100 μM, by 28 ± 6%, 32 ± 5% and 54 ± 4%, respectively. Our study showed that sertraline at therapeutic concentrations does not compromise platelet viability, but its use may not be without risk, since in a scenario where extracellular glutamate levels are potentially increased, sertraline might aggravate an excitotoxic condition.

La Sclérose Latérale Amyotrophique (SLA) est une maladie neurodégénérative caractérisée par une perte sélective des motoneurones et impliquant les effets neurotoxiques des astrocytes. Le but de ce travail est d’explorer les altérations du métabolisme dans les astrocytes induites par des conditions associées à la SLA. Nous avons dans un premier temps mis en place une méthodologie d’analyse spectrométrique (résonance magnétique nucléaire et spectrométries de masse) du métabolome cellulaire. Ensuite, nous avons invalidé les cellules NSC-34 comme modèle in vitro d’étude de l’excitotoxicité induite par le glutamate. Nous avons enfin étudié les altérations métaboliques dans les astrocytes primaires dans des conditions de la SLA et décrit plusieurs dysfonctionnements métaboliques dans ces cellules induits par l’expression de la mutation SOD1G93A, par la présence des motoneurones sauvages et par l’exposition au glutamate. Ce travail met en évidence les relations métaboliques entre la SLA et le métabolisme énergétique cérébral. Nos résultats contribuent à la compréhension des altérations métaboliques des astrocytes dans la SLA et pourraient aider à appréhender de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques associées aux altérations métaboliques dans la SLA, afin de protéger les motoneurones des perturbations induites par le glutamate. / The selective degeneration of motoneuron that characterizes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), implicates non-cell-autonomous effects of astrocytes. The aim of this work is to explore the metabolic status of astrocytes exposed to ALS-associated conditions, using metabolomics approach. We first, developed a methodology for the analysis of cellular metabolome using different analytical technologies, and then we evaluated the relevance of differentiated NSC-34 as an in vitro model for glutamate excitotoxicity studies. Finally, we evaluated metabolic alterations in astrocytes in ALS-associated conditions and we described several metabolic dysfunctions in these cells induced by the expression of a SOD1G93A mutation, the presence of wildtype motoneurons and glutamate exposition. These studies highlight major impacts of ALS on the brain energetic metabolism. This work provides novel insight for understanding the metabolic dysfunction of astrocytes in ALS conditions and opens perspective of therapeutics targets though focus on these metabolic ways, in order to protect motoneurons from glutamate injury.

Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Author: Bc. Veronika Novotná Supervisor: doc. MUDr. Josef Herink, DrSc. Title of diploma thesis: Mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases The diploma thesis deals with mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases and it is divided into two main parts. The first part summarized the classification of neurodegenerative diseases and general charakteristic of mitochondria.Then a describe of the processes of oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, apoptosis and briefly decribe the nervous system. The second part deals with description of mitochondrial dysfunction in selected nerodegenerative diseases. The recent studies refer to connection between mitochondrial dysfunctions and formation of neurodegenerative diseases. Keywords: excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, neurodegenerative disorders, neuronal cell death, oxidative damage

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Monosodium glutamate (MSG) has been the target of research due to its toxicological effects. Neonatal administration of MSG in animals can affect the morphological and electrophysiological organization of the brain, leading to behavioral disorders in adulthood, including increased pain sensitivity. The present study aimed to investigate the mechanism of action by which MSG induces nociception and the effect of diphenyl diselenide (PhSe)2, an organoselenium compound with pharmacological properties already documented, on nociception induced by MSG. Newborn Wistar rats were treated with ten subcutaneous injections of MSG at a dose of 4.0 g/kg or saline, once a day. At the 60th day of life, rats received daily (PhSe)2 (1 mg/kg) or vehicle (canola oil) by intragastric route for 7 days. The behavioral tests (locomotor activity, hot plate, tail-immersion and mechanical allodynia) were carried out. In addition, hippocampal ex vivo assays were performed to determine Na+, K+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase activities, cytokines levels and [3H] glutamate uptake. The results demonstrated that MSG increased nociception in the hot plate test, but not in the tail immersion test, and in the mechanical allodynia stimulated by Von-Frey Hair. (PhSe)2 decreased all nociceptive behaviors induced by MSG. MSG increased hippocampal Na+,K+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase activities and pro-inflammatory cytokines levels as well as decreased the anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) and the [3H]glutamate uptake in hippocampi of rats. (PhSe)2 treatment protected against these alterations. These results demonstrated the mechanisms of action involved in nociception induced by MSG and the antinociceptive action of (PhSe)2 after neonatal injections of MSG in rats through the decrease hippocampal excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation associated to the administration of MSG in rats. / O Glutamato monossódico (GMS) tem sido alvo de investigação devido aos seus efeitos toxicológicos. A administração neonatal de GMS em animais pode influenciar na organização morfológica e eletrofisiológica do cérebro, levando a distúrbios de comportamento na idade adulta, incluindo o aumento da sensibilidade à dor. O presente estudo teve como objetivo pesquisar o mecanismo pelo qual o GMS induz nocicepção e avaliar o efeito do disseleneto de difenila (PhSe)2, um composto orgânico de selênio com propriedades farmacológicas já documentadas, na nocicepção induzida por GMS. Ratos Wistar recém-nascidos foram tratados com dez injeções subcutâneas de GMS na dose de 4,0 g/kg ou salina, uma vez por dia. Aos 60 dias de vida, os ratos receberam (PhSe)2 (1mg /kg) ou o veículo (óleo de canola), por via intragástrica, uma vez ao dia, durante 7 dias. Testes comportamentais (atividade locomotora, teste da placa quente, imersão da cauda e alodinia mecânica) foram realizados após trinta minutos do último tratamento com (PhSe)2. Além disso, ensaios ex vivo foram realizados para determinar a atividade das enzimas Na+, K+-ATPase e da Ca2 +-ATPase, os níveis de citocinas e a captação de glutamato em hipocampo. Os resultados demonstraram um aumento na nocicepção induzida por GMS no teste da placa quente e no teste de alodinia mecânica, porém não no teste de imersão da cauda. O (PhSe)2 diminuiu todos os comportamentos nociceptivos induzidos pelo GMS. O GMS estimulou a atividade da Na+, K+-ATPase e da Ca2+-ATPase e induziu o aumento dos níveis de citocinas pró-inflamatórias, bem como a diminuição da citocina anti-inflamatória, IL-10, e da captação de glutamato no hipocampo de ratos. O tratamento com (PhSe)2 protegeu contra estas alterações. Estes resultados demonstraram mecanismos de ação envolvidos na nocicepção induzida pelo GMS e a ação antinociceptiva do (PhSe)2 após injeções neonatais de GMS em ratos através da diminuição da excitotoxicidade e neuroinflamação hipocampal associada à administração de GMS em ratos.

Danos mitocondriais e diminuição nos níveis de ATP têm sido recentemente atribuídos à sertralina. Nós investigamos o efeito da sertralina em plaquetas humanas, já que estas células demonstram várias similaridades funcionais com neurônios e astrócitos. Os efeitos da sertralina em diferentes parâmetros foram investigados em plaquetas lavadas de 18 voluntários saudáveis do sexo masculino, depois de 24h de exposição ao fármaco. A toxicidade da sertralina foi observada apenas nas concentrações mais altas, 30 e 100μM, nas quais a viabilidade das plaquetas foi significantemente reduzida a 76 ± 3% e 20 ± 2 %, respectivamente. As mesmas concentrações reduziram o ATP a 73 ± 3% e 13 ± 2 %, respectivamente. Os valores basais de glicogênio não foram afetados significativamente pelo tratamento com sertralina. A captação de glutamato foi reduzida de forma significativa após o tratamento com 3, 30 e 100 μM, em 28 ± 6 %, 32 ± 5% e 54 ± 4 %, respectivamente. Nosso estudo demonstra que a sertralina em concentrações terapêuticas não compromete a viabilidade plaquetária, porém seu uso não pode ser considerado isento de risco, pois em um cenário no qual os níveis de glutamato extracelular estão potencialmente aumentados, a sertralina poderia agravar uma condição excitotóxica / Mitochondrial damage and fall in ATP levels have been recently attributed to sertraline. We investigated the effect of sertraline on human platelets, since these cells display several functional similarities with neurons and astrocytes. The effects of sertraline on different parameters were investigated in washed platelets from 18 healthy male volunteers, after 24 h of drug exposure. Sertraline toxicity was observed only at the highest concentrations, 30 and 100 μM, which significantly reduced platelet viability to 76 ± 3% and 20 ± 2%, respectively. The same concentrations significantly decreased total ATP to 73 ± 3% and 13 ± 2%, respectively. Basal values of glycogen were not significantly affected by sertraline treatment. The glutamate uptake was significantly reduced after treatment with 3, 30 and 100 μM, by 28 ± 6%, 32 ± 5% and 54 ± 4%, respectively. Our study showed that sertraline at therapeutic concentrations does not compromise platelet viability, but its use may not be without risk, since in a scenario where extracellular glutamate levels are potentially increased, sertraline might aggravate an excitotoxic condition.

Kainic acid induced excitotoxicity causes pyramidal cell death in the CA3a/b region of the hippocampus. Electrical synapses, gap junctional communication, and single membrane channels in non-junctional membranes (hemichannels) composed of connexin36 (Cx36) have been implicated in both seizure propagation and the spread of excitotoxic cell death. In rats, Cx36 protein is expressed by pyramidal neurons. Localization of protein in mouse, however, is highly controversial. Expression is reported to be restricted to hippocampal interneurons yet the same excitotoxic mechanisms (electrical and metabolic coupling between pyramidal neurons) are invoked to explain the role of Cx36 in excitotoxic pyramidal loss in murine brain. To address this controversy, I show by confocal immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization that Cx36 protein expression is restricted to interneurons and microglia in murine hippocampus and is not expressed by, or is below level of detection in pyramidal neurons. Using behavioural and electrophysiological measures, seizure propagation was found to be moderately enhanced in the absence of Cx36 likely due to the loss of interneuron-mediated synchronous inhibition of the pyramidal cells. Further, CA3a/b neurons die post kainic acid injury in the presence of Cx36 but are protected in Cx36-/- mice. When delayed excitotoxic cell death is maximal, Cx36 is primarily expressed by activated microglia as demonstrated by confocal immunofluorescence, in situ hybridization, and Western blotting. These activated microglia are located in the direct vicinity of, and surrounding cells in the damaged Ca3a/b region. Finally, I show that loss of Cx36 from activated microglia in mice is sufficient to prevent excitotoxic cell death in the CA3a/b with surviving neurons functional as assessed by both electrophysiological and behavioural measures. Together, these data identify a new mechanism of excitotoxic injury, mediated by neuronal-glial interactions, and dependent on microglial Cx36 expression.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder with limited treatment options. Previous research has shown that metabolism of the platelet activating factor (PAF) family of lipid second messengers is impaired in AD. While PAFs are known to exacerbate glutamate excitotoxicity, signal tau hyperphosphorylation, and mediate amyloid β neurotoxicity, it is not yet clear whether cognitive decline can be ascribed to activation of the G-protein-coupled PAF receptor (PAFR). Here, I assessed whether loss of PAFR would alter Morris water maze performance in the TgCRND8 (Tg) mouse model of AD. I show that learning is impaired in Tg PAFR+/+ but not in Tg PAFR-/- mice. Together, these findings suggested that blocking PAFR-mediated glutamate overload or inhibiting PAF-synthesizing enzymes are two relevant therapeutic strategies. As traditional medicine is a major form of health care in regions like Mesoamerica, I conducted an ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by Q’eqchi’ Maya healers of southern Belize to treat symptoms relevant to AD. I collected a total of 22 plants, 19 of which were identified to the species level. None of the plant extracts used for symptoms of AD were neurotoxic when tested on cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). I found that extracts of Margraviaceae gentlei and Gonzalagunia panamensis protected CGNs from glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, in vitro, and Peperomia hirta inhibited sPLA2 activity. These results demonstrate a pharmacological basis for Q’eqchi’ Maya traditional medicine used to treat symptoms relevant to AD, and highlight several plants with potential for future development into natural products for the treatment of AD.