Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-05-21T11:48:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DANIEL FARIAS BATISTA LEITE - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGCC) 2016.pdf: 7529591 bytes, checksum: a8834c11a656f9270356f33676b2aadc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-21T11:48:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DANIEL FARIAS BATISTA LEITE - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGCC) 2016.pdf: 7529591 bytes, checksum: a8834c11a656f9270356f33676b2aadc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / CNPq / Tecnologias de Business Intelligence (BI) têm sido utilizadas com sucesso para fins de análise de dados. Tradicionalmente, essa análise é realizada em um contexto restrito e bem controlado, onde as fontes de dados são estruturadas, periodicamente carregadas, estáticas e totalmente materializadas. Atualmente, há uma diversidade de dados nos mais diversos formatos, a exemplo de RDF (Resource Description Framework), um formato semiestruturado, semanticamente rico e externo à infraestrutura de BI. Embora tal formato seja enriquecido semanticamente, e muitas vezes possua um componente espacial, realizar a análise é um desafio. Nessa perspectiva, uma nova categoria de ferramentas analíticas vem surgindo. As ferramentas exploratórias (Exploratory OLAP), como são conhecidas, se caracterizam pela descoberta, aquisição e integração de dados externos em ambientes comuns de análise. Do nosso conhecimento, até a presente data, existem apenas duas ferramentas exploratórias propostas na literatura e elas apresentam duas grandes limitações: exploram apenas fontes de dados estruturadas; e não há exploração do componente espacial dos dados integrados. São ferramentas exploratórias OLAP, e não ferramentas exploratórias SOLAP. Baseando-se nessas ferramentas, este trabalho propõe uma abordagem exploratória SOLAP que integra dados semiestruturados espaciais semânticos com fontes de dados estruturados espaciais tradicionais. Um sistema, denominado ExpSOLAP, que dá suporte a consultas SOLAP on-line sob as duas fontes de dados foi desenvolvido. Por fim, o sistema ExpSOLAP é avaliado através de um exemplo prático, no contexto da base de dados obtida no Linked Movie Data Base, utilizando RDF e banco de dados relacional. Foram formuladas consultas que validaram a análise convencional e espacial na exploração de ambas fontes de dados. / Business Intelligence (BI) technologies have been successfully applied for data analysis purposes. Traditionally, such analysis is performed in well-controlled and restricted context, where data sources are structured, periodically loaded, static and fully materialized. Nowadays, there is a plenty of data in different formats such as the Resource Description Framework (RDF), a semi-structured and semantically rich format external to the BI infrastructure. Although such data formats are enriched by semantics and contains a spatial data component, performing data analysis is challenging. As a result, the Exploratory OLAP field has emerged for discovery, acquisition, integration and query such data, aiming at performing a complete and effective analysis on both internal and external data. To the best of our knowledge, there are only two exploratory tools proposed in the literature and they have two major limitations due to only structured data sources can be explored and there is no exploration of the spatial component of the integrated data. While they are exploratory OLAP tools, they are not exploratory SOLAP tools. Based on these tools, this work proposes an Exploratory SOLAP approach that integrates semantic spatial semi-structured data with traditional spatial structured data sources. A system named ExpSOLAP, which supports online SOLAP queries on both data sources, was developed. Finally, a case study was carried out in order to evaluate the ExpSOLAP system based on a dataset originating from the Linked Movie Data Base and using RDF and relational datasets. The formulated queries enabled to validate the conventional and spatial analysis from both data sources.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo descrever o valor percebido dos consumidores das camadas de baixa renda, moradores de bairros notadamente pobres de Porto Alegre, sobre o seu consumo de alimentos e produtos de limpeza, adquiridos preferencialmente em estabelecimentos comerciais (pequenos mercados) de bairros. Ao partir da premissa de que os consumidores das camadas de baixa renda pagam mais por seus alimentos e produtos de limpeza, se buscou investigar seus hábitos de consumo, procurando entender as motivações que norteiam seu consumo, aspectos cujo entendimento nos leva também a compreender o valor percebido que estes consumidores atribuem ao seu universo de consumo. Para tanto, o trabalho foi apoiado num referencial teórico essencialmente da área de marketing, transitando por aspectos essenciais da disciplina, como preço, comportamento de consumo, níveis de envolvimento e percepção de valor (noção de justiça X noção de injustiça). A opção pela abordagem qualitativa deve-se ao fato de que o objeto de estudo não demanda um resultado que possa ser expresso em números, mas a descrição e o melhor entendimento de um fenômeno social. Recentemente, Deighton; MacInnis; McGill & Shiv (2010) destacaram as pesquisas conceituais como ricas em ideias, na maior parte das vezes inovadoras, interessantes, fundamentadas teoricamente e capazes de estimular outras pesquisas, além de proporcionarem novas maneiras de se pensar o comportamento do consumidor. A utilização de uma etapa de observação ao trabalho proporcionou uma vivência fundamental do universo de estudo e sedimentou o terreno para a elaboração e execução das entrevistas em profundidade, instrumento este que propiciou uma riqueza significativa de informações na sua coleta. Por fim, a análise de conteúdo, apoiada nos trabalhos de Bardin (1979) e Minayo (2012), trouxe à tona resultados que demonstram um valor percebido de seu consumo altamente positivo pelas camadas de baixa renda da população, afastando a ideia de injustiça pelos preços mais altos que pagam e colocando os estabelecimentos comerciais (pequenos mercados) de bairros de baixa renda no centro de um processo de sociabilização das comunidades, aonde as pessoas encontram confiança, ética e, em especial, um universo de consumo com o qual tem afinidade cultural, colocando o valor percebido em um patamar muito distante dos modelos tradicionais de preço, qualidade e conveniência. / This monograph aims to describe the perceived value of low-income consumers, residents of poor neighborhoods in Porto Alegre, on their consumption of food and cleaning products, preferably acquired in neighborhood’s shops (small markets). Based on the premise that consumers of low income populations pay more for their food and cleaning products, seek to investigate their consumption habits, trying to understand the motivations that guide their consumption, aspects whose understanding leads us also to understand the perceived value these consumers attach to their universe of consumption. Therefore, the work was supported by a theoretical framework mainly in the area of marketing, moving through the essential aspects of the discipline, such as price, to consumer behavior, levels of involvement and perceived value (notion of justice X notion of injustice). The choice of a qualitative approach is due to the fact that the object of study does not require a result that can be expressed in numbers, but an understanding, as it is a description of a social phenomenon at its best. Recently, Deighton; MacInnis; Shiv & McGill (2010) highlighted the research conceptual as rich in ideas, in most cases innovative, interesting, theoretically grounded and able to stimulate further research, in addition to providing new ways of thinking about the behavior of consumer. Using an observation phase the work experience provided a fundamental study of the universe and cemented the ground for the development and implementation of in-depth interviews, this instrument that provided a significant wealth of information in its collection. Finally, content analysis, supported by the work of Bardin (1979) and Minayo (2012), brought up results that demonstrate a perceived value of their consumption highly positive by layers of low-income population, pushing the idea of injustice by higher prices they pay and putting commercial establishments (small markets) of low-income neighborhoods in the center of a process of socialization of communities, where people are trusted, ethical and, in particular, a universe with which the consumer has an cultural affinity, placing the perceived value at a level far away from the traditional models of price, quality and convenience.

abstract: The purpose of this dissertation was to develop a Compassionate Communication Scale (CCS) by conducting a series of studies. The first study used qualitative data to identify and develop initial scale items. A series of follow-up studies used exploratory factor analysis to investigate the underlying structure of the CCS. A three-factor structure emerged, which included: Compassionate conversation, such as listening, letting the distressed person disclose feelings, and making empathetic remarks; compassionate touch, such as holding someone's hand or patting someone's back; and compassionate messaging, such as posting an encouraging message on a social networking site or sending a sympathetic email. The next study tested convergent and divergent validity by determining how the three forms of compassionate communication associate with various traits. Compassionate conversation was positively related to compassion, empathetic concern, perspective taking, emotional intelligence, social expressivity, emotional expressivity and benevolence, and negatively related to verbal aggressiveness and narcissism. Compassionate touch was positively correlated with compassion, empathetic concern, perspective taking, emotional intelligence, social expressivity, emotional expressivity, and benevolence, and uncorrelated with verbal aggressiveness and benevolence. Finally, compassionate messaging was positively correlated with social expressivity, emotional expressivity, and uncorrelated with verbal aggressiveness and narcissism. The next study focused on cross-validation and criterion-related validity. Correlations showing that self-reports of a person's compassionate communication were positively related to a friend or romantic partner's report of that person's compassionate communication provided cross-validation. The test for criterion-related validity examined whether compassionate communication predicts relational satisfaction. Regression analyses revealed that people were more relationally satisfied when they perceived themselves to use compassionate conversation, when they perceived their partner to use compassionate conversation, and when their partner reported using compassionate conversation. This finding did not extend to compassionate touch or compassionate messaging. In fact, in one regression analysis, people reported more relational satisfaction when they perceived that their partners used high levels of compassionate conversation and low levels of compassionate touch. Overall, the analyses suggest that of the three forms of compassionate communication, compassionate conversation is most strongly related to relational satisfaction. Taken together, this series of studies provides initial evidence for the validity of the CCS. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Communication Studies 2013

abstract: Human fingertips contain thousands of specialized mechanoreceptors that enable effortless physical interactions with the environment. Haptic perception capabilities enable grasp and manipulation in the absence of visual feedback, as when reaching into one's pocket or wrapping a belt around oneself. Unfortunately, state-of-the-art artificial tactile sensors and processing algorithms are no match for their biological counterparts. Tactile sensors must not only meet stringent practical specifications for everyday use, but their signals must be processed and interpreted within hundreds of milliseconds. Control of artificial manipulators, ranging from prosthetic hands to bomb defusal robots, requires a constant reliance on visual feedback that is not entirely practical. To address this, we conducted three studies aimed at advancing artificial haptic intelligence. First, we developed a novel, robust, microfluidic tactile sensor skin capable of measuring normal forces on flat or curved surfaces, such as a fingertip. The sensor consists of microchannels in an elastomer filled with a liquid metal alloy. The fluid serves as both electrical interconnects and tunable capacitive sensing units, and enables functionality despite substantial deformation. The second study investigated the use of a commercially-available, multimodal tactile sensor (BioTac sensor, SynTouch) to characterize edge orientation with respect to a body fixed reference frame, such as a fingertip. Trained on data from a robot testbed, a support vector regression model was developed to relate haptic exploration actions to perception of edge orientation. The model performed comparably to humans for estimating edge orientation. Finally, the robot testbed was used to perceive small, finger-sized geometric features. The efficiency and accuracy of different haptic exploratory procedures and supervised learning models were assessed for estimating feature properties such as type (bump, pit), order of curvature (flat, conical, spherical), and size. This study highlights the importance of tactile sensing in situations where other modalities fail, such as when the finger itself blocks line of sight. Insights from this work could be used to advance tactile sensor technology and haptic intelligence for artificial manipulators that improve quality of life, such as prosthetic hands and wheelchair-mounted robotic hands. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Mechanical Engineering 2013

Context. Colossal systems that are evolving are primarily system of systems (SOS). The system of systems are characteristic of functionally independent subsystems. These subsystems exhibit heterogeneity in terms of software or hardware. Each subsystem may reflect heterogeneity in dimensions such as the system complexity, system configuration, programming language and platforms, etc. Exploratory testing (ET) is perceived to be the best for testing such systems. An enhancement to exploratory testing is the session-based test management (SBTM) where several activities form a part of each session. These activities are mainly dependent on tester and the test charter of that session. There is lack of information in existing literature regarding a standard framework to design test charters for exploratory testing which forms the main area of focus of this thesis research. Objectives. Firstly, to investigate the design of test charters in general. Secondly, to find out the factors influencing the design of test charters. Lastly, to develop a framework to design effective test charters in SOS context. Methods. A mixed method approach that incorporates both qualitative and quantitative research methods is used. This research includes the quantitative leg of the online survey along with the interviews and literature review that are qualitative in nature. Literature review has been chosen to investigate the test charter design in general. Besides, interviews and online surveys  have been used to research regarding the factors and test charter framework.  Snowball sampling method and convenience sampling method have been used to sample the research data. Moreover, thematic analysis method is used for analyzing the qualitative data while descriptive statistics is used for quantitative data analysis. Results. The design aspects of test charter are documented, the factors influencing test charter design and the framework for effective test charter design for exploratory testing are presented. Conclusions. The thesis objectives are fulfilled. The findings on how the test charters are generally designed have helped in gaining insight on the primary elements that constitute a test charter design. Further, investigating the factors influencing the test charter design has helped in knowing the main elements affecting the test charter design. Finally, the main contribution of this thesis, the developed flexible test charter framework for exploratory testing encapsulates variables that should be considered, controlled or varied systematically during the course of testing. It is deemed to act as a guideline for practitioners for effective test charter design.

Análise exploratória visual e simulação interativa visual são duas áreas afins, porém tratadas separadamente até o momento. 0 trabalho relatado neste texto objetivou a abordagem unificada destas duas classes de problemas, a partir da identificação de ambas com as questões de linguagens visuais, visualização de dados e de programas. A partir de estudos de casos considerados representativos destas duas classes (análise de dados multivariados populacionais, análise de dados multivariados espaciais, análise de dados univariados, estudo de campos eletromagnéticos a partir de resultados da análise de elementos finitos, simulação interativa visual de objetos animados dinamicamente e simulação interativa de sistemas discretos) é estabelecida uma classificação de entidades e atributos. Entidades são consideradas como pertencendo a três grandes classes: sistemas compostos por múltiplas entidades, objetos manufaturáveis e entidades ou fenômenos naturais, e são caracterizadas por atributos que podem ser analisados de acordo com sua natureza, o tipo dos valores que podem assumir, a natureza e dimensão do domínio no qual estão definidos. A seguir, são identificados os objetivos e tarefas no tratamento das entidades e atributos. Como objetivos considera-se observação de objetos num contexto, analise da estrutura dos objetos, analise das suas propriedades estáticas ou dinâmicas, analise comparativa de vários objetos e comunicação de informações. Tarefas básicas que servem a realização dos diversos objetivos são navegação, seleção, consulta, preparação e controle de processamento, anotação de textos e armazenamento de resultados. Esta classificação de tarefas permite a determinação das ferramentas básicas necessárias a realização tanto de analise exploratória como de simulação interativa, ambas visuais. E estabelecido um conjunto coordenado de ferramentas que permitem a realização das tarefas mencionadas com as diferentes classes de entidades. Essencial a estas classes de problemas é a representação visual a ser adotada como forma de transmissão de uma informação a respeito de uma entidade. Este aspecto é enfatizado neste trabalho; é estabelecida uma taxonomia para representações visuais, a saber, Ícones, gráficos e tabelas, diagramas e redes, modelos geométricos, mapas e seqüencias. de acordo com a informação fornecida e com o atendimento dos objetivos identificados anteriormente. Na seqüência, é proposta uma metodologia para a escolha de representações visuais baseada na classe das entidades sob estudo e nos objetivos do estudo (ou de uma face do estudo), numa primeira etapa, e na natureza dos atributos e dimensão de seu domínio, numa segunda etapa. A tese apresenta a abordagem baseada em ferramentas como paradigma básico de linguagem visual para analise exploratória e simulação interativa visual e estende o use da abordagem declarativa de visualização de programas a questão de visualização de dados. As classes de entidades reconhecidas ao longo do estudo são modeladas de acordo com a abordagem orientada a objetos: da mesma forma, o conjunto de ferramentas é organizado numa plataforma orientada a objetos. Esta plataforma é comparada, do ponto de vista funcional e considerando diferentes classes de usuários, com sistemas existentes. A estrutura proposta é, ainda, discutida como um modelo de referência para analise exploratória e simulação interativa visual. / Two related areas, visual exploratory analysis and visual interactive simulation, have been handled separately until now. This thesis gives an integrated approach to these two classes of problems, based on their relationships to visual languages, data visualization and program visualization. Case studies representing both areas like multivariate analysis of populational data, multivariate analysis of spatial data, analysis of univariate data, study of electromagnetic fields based on finite element analysis, dynamic graphical simulation and interactive visual discrete-event simulation, allow the construction of a taxonomy for entities and attributes. Entities are considered to belong to three classes: multiple-entity systems, manufacturable objects, and natural entities or phenomena. They are characterized by their attributes, which in turn are classified by nature, value types and nature and dimension of their definition domain. The goals and tasks in the study of entities and attributes are identified. Goals are observing an object in a context, analyzing an object structure, analyzing their static and dynamic properties, comparing objects or different states of objects and communicating information. Tasks are elementary procedures employed to achieve certain goals: navigation, selection, query, modification, processing control, text annotation and data storage. This classification of tasks determine the basic tools that a scientific user needs to visually explore data or conduct visual interactive simulation studies. These tools are organized as a set of interactive procedures that can be applied to visual representations of entities or their attributes. Visual representations are, of course, essential to visual exploratory analysis and visual interactive simulation, in order to precisely and adequately represent information about entities. This question is emphasized in this work. Based on the information conveyed by the several existing graphical representations as well as the goals established earlier, six classes of visual representations are considered: icons, graphs and tables, diagrams and networks, geometric models, maps, and sequences of these representations. A methodology for selecting the appropriate visual representation is then proposed, based firstly on the goals of the study and the classes of entities and attributes, and secondly on the nature and dimension of the attributes domain. This thesis presents a tool-centered approach as the paradigm for both visual exploratory analysis and visual interactive simulation. The thesis also extends the concept of declarative visualization employed for program visualization to scientific data visualization. The classes of entities identified in the case studies are modeled using the object-oriented approach; the set of tools defined here is also organized in an objectoriented framework. Our proposal is discussed as a reference model for visual exploratory analysis and visual interactive simulation.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo descrever o valor percebido dos consumidores das camadas de baixa renda, moradores de bairros notadamente pobres de Porto Alegre, sobre o seu consumo de alimentos e produtos de limpeza, adquiridos preferencialmente em estabelecimentos comerciais (pequenos mercados) de bairros. Ao partir da premissa de que os consumidores das camadas de baixa renda pagam mais por seus alimentos e produtos de limpeza, se buscou investigar seus hábitos de consumo, procurando entender as motivações que norteiam seu consumo, aspectos cujo entendimento nos leva também a compreender o valor percebido que estes consumidores atribuem ao seu universo de consumo. Para tanto, o trabalho foi apoiado num referencial teórico essencialmente da área de marketing, transitando por aspectos essenciais da disciplina, como preço, comportamento de consumo, níveis de envolvimento e percepção de valor (noção de justiça X noção de injustiça). A opção pela abordagem qualitativa deve-se ao fato de que o objeto de estudo não demanda um resultado que possa ser expresso em números, mas a descrição e o melhor entendimento de um fenômeno social. Recentemente, Deighton; MacInnis; McGill & Shiv (2010) destacaram as pesquisas conceituais como ricas em ideias, na maior parte das vezes inovadoras, interessantes, fundamentadas teoricamente e capazes de estimular outras pesquisas, além de proporcionarem novas maneiras de se pensar o comportamento do consumidor. A utilização de uma etapa de observação ao trabalho proporcionou uma vivência fundamental do universo de estudo e sedimentou o terreno para a elaboração e execução das entrevistas em profundidade, instrumento este que propiciou uma riqueza significativa de informações na sua coleta. Por fim, a análise de conteúdo, apoiada nos trabalhos de Bardin (1979) e Minayo (2012), trouxe à tona resultados que demonstram um valor percebido de seu consumo altamente positivo pelas camadas de baixa renda da população, afastando a ideia de injustiça pelos preços mais altos que pagam e colocando os estabelecimentos comerciais (pequenos mercados) de bairros de baixa renda no centro de um processo de sociabilização das comunidades, aonde as pessoas encontram confiança, ética e, em especial, um universo de consumo com o qual tem afinidade cultural, colocando o valor percebido em um patamar muito distante dos modelos tradicionais de preço, qualidade e conveniência. / This monograph aims to describe the perceived value of low-income consumers, residents of poor neighborhoods in Porto Alegre, on their consumption of food and cleaning products, preferably acquired in neighborhood’s shops (small markets). Based on the premise that consumers of low income populations pay more for their food and cleaning products, seek to investigate their consumption habits, trying to understand the motivations that guide their consumption, aspects whose understanding leads us also to understand the perceived value these consumers attach to their universe of consumption. Therefore, the work was supported by a theoretical framework mainly in the area of marketing, moving through the essential aspects of the discipline, such as price, to consumer behavior, levels of involvement and perceived value (notion of justice X notion of injustice). The choice of a qualitative approach is due to the fact that the object of study does not require a result that can be expressed in numbers, but an understanding, as it is a description of a social phenomenon at its best. Recently, Deighton; MacInnis; Shiv & McGill (2010) highlighted the research conceptual as rich in ideas, in most cases innovative, interesting, theoretically grounded and able to stimulate further research, in addition to providing new ways of thinking about the behavior of consumer. Using an observation phase the work experience provided a fundamental study of the universe and cemented the ground for the development and implementation of in-depth interviews, this instrument that provided a significant wealth of information in its collection. Finally, content analysis, supported by the work of Bardin (1979) and Minayo (2012), brought up results that demonstrate a perceived value of their consumption highly positive by layers of low-income population, pushing the idea of injustice by higher prices they pay and putting commercial establishments (small markets) of low-income neighborhoods in the center of a process of socialization of communities, where people are trusted, ethical and, in particular, a universe with which the consumer has an cultural affinity, placing the perceived value at a level far away from the traditional models of price, quality and convenience.

A partir de estudos acerca das teorias sócio-histórico-culturais para o ensino e a aprendizagem, e de uma experiência de aplicação das mesmas na Educação Matemática, apresenta-se uma sequência didática envolvendo noções de semelhança de triângulos, trigonometria no triângulo retângulo, comprimento da circunferência e área do círculo, com o uso de atividades lúdicas e exploratórias. A construção dessa sequência se justifica como algo relevante para a sala de aula, porque se percebe que os conteúdos matemáticos apresentados de forma tradicional já não são atrativos para os alunos. Esta dissertação, aproximando-se de uma pesquisa de caráter qualitativo, busca evidenciar o processo de desenvolvimento dessa sequência didática e sua aplicação em uma sala do 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental, em uma escola pública. Como resultados, verificou-se que o uso de atividades lúdicas e exploratórias propiciou um maior envolvimento dos alunos na busca de conhecimentos acerca dos temas tratados (e também da professora-pesquisadora), de maneira a despertar o raciocínio crítico e reflexivo, conduzindo-os a uma aprendizagem mais significativa, além de possibilitar o desenvolvimento pessoal quanto a habilidades e atitudes. Conclui-se que é possível fazer um trabalho diferenciado na condução do aluno ao conhecimento, mesmo em salas de aula onde há pouca motivação original dos estudantes, com persistência e maior dedicação docente, e espera-se que esta dissertação possa contribuir para inspirar as atividades didático-pedagógicas de outros professores de Matemática. / Based on studies about socio-historical-cultural theories for teaching and learning, and on an experience of applying them in Mathematics Education, a didactic sequence is presented, involving notions of similarity of triangles, trigonometry in the rectangle triangle, the length of the circumference, and the area of the circle, with the use of playful and exploratory activities. The construction of this sequence is justified as relevant, because it is perceived that the mathematical contents presented in a traditional way are no longer attractive for the students. This dissertation, approaching a qualitative research, seeks to highlight the process of development of this didactic sequence and its application in a room of the 9th grade of Elementary School, in a public institution in Brazil. As results, it was verified that the use of playful and exploratory activities led to a greater involvement of the students in the search of knowledge about the subjects treated (and also of the teacher-researcher), in order to awaken critical and reflexive reasoning, leading them to more meaningful learning, and to enable personal development in skills and attitudes. It was concluded that doing a differentiated work in unmotivated classrooms is something feasible, in order to lead the students towards meaningfull knowledge, and it is hoped that this dissertation can contribute to inspire the didactic-pedagogical activities of other Mathematics teachers.

Esse trabalho consistiu da produção de um material pedagógico com base na Proposta Curricular de Matemática do Estado de São Paulo, especificamente para o conteúdo de geometria, para alunos da 1ª série do Ensino Médio, e de uma análise da aplicação desse material em turmas de uma escola estadual da cidade de Santos, SP. Foi elaborada uma sequência didática de oito aulas, realizadas em 16 horas-aula, inspiradas no enfoque sócio-histórico de Vygotsky. Destas, as duas primeiras foram aulas de revisão, resgate de conhecimentos anteriores e diagnóstico dos alunos; as três aulas seguintes foram de atividades compartilhadas, através da resolução de problemas ou construção de ideias de uma maneira exploratória, com os temas rampas, ângulos e relações trigonométricas no triângulo retângulo, com ponto de destaque na utilização de um morro conhecido da cidade; as duas aulas seguintes seguiram os mesmos métodos, com os temas de ângulos e áreas de polígonos, com destaque na utilização de ferramentas para desenho; e a última atividade foi o jogo da memória, utilizando os conhecimentos das aulas anteriores. A aplicação e análise da pesquisa se caracterizam por ser um estudo de campo, apoiado em uma pesquisa ação, seguindo um enfoque qualitativo. Das análises, podemos concluir que atividades compartilhadas ajudaram alguns alunos mais tímidos, mas também fizeram com que os mais adiantados, às vezes, se sentissem prejudicados; as atividades, desenvolvidas para terem sentido para os alunos, auxiliaram-nos na memorização dos conhecimentos; e finalmente, que a afetividade em relação ao conhecimento matemático, interferiu na motivação dos alunos, mas que esse é também um fator interno que não depende somente da diversificação das metodologias nas aulas. / This work consisted on the production of a pedagogical material based on the curricular documents of Mathematics in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, specifically on geometry, for students of the first year, in High School. It also includes an analysis of the application of this material in classes of a public state school, in the city of Santos- SP. We elaborated a didactical sequence of eight classes, developed in 16 classhours, based on Vygotsky´s socio-historical approach. The first two classes were for revision, rescuing students´ previous knowledge for diagnosis. The following three classes included shared activities, through problem solving or exploratory situations, with the mathematical subjects: ramps, angles and trigonometric relations in the rectangle triangle, where we point out the use of a known hill of the city. The next two classes had the same methods, with the themes of angles and areas of polygons, where we point out the use of tools for drawing; and finally, the last activity was the memory game, using the knowledge of previous classes. We characterize the application and analysis in this research as a field study, with a research-action structure, in a qualitative perspective. From the analysis, we conclude that shared activities can be helpful for some shy students, but it also causes more advanced students sometimes to feel harmed. On the other hand, the activities designed to make sense for the students helped them to remember easier. Finally, we saw that affectivity related to mathematical knowledge interfered with the students´ motivation, but this is an internal factor, that does not depend only on the methodology diversification.

Context: Software testing is an integral part of software development life cycle. To improve the quality of software there are different testing approaches practiced over the years. Traditionally software testing is carried out by following approach focusing on prior test design. While exploratory testing is an approach to test software where the tester does not require to follow a specific test design. But rather, exploratory testing should facilitate the tester in testing the complete system comprehensively. Exploratory testing is seen by some, as a way to conduct simultaneous learning, test design and execution of tests simultaneously. While others point to exploratory testing enabling constant evolution of tests in an easy manner. Objectives: In this study we have investigated the field of exploratory testing in literature and industry to understand its perception and application. Further among the stated claims by practitioners, we selected defect detection efficiency and effectiveness claim for empirical validation through an experiment and survey. Methods: In this study, a systematic literature review, interview, experiment and survey are conducted. In the systematic review a number of article sources are used, including IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, Engineering village, Springer Link, Google Scholar and Books database. The systematic review also includes the gray literature published by the practitioners. The selection of studies was done using two-phase and tollgate approach. A total of 47 references were selected as primary studies. Eight semi-structures interviews were conducted with industry practitioners. Experiment had total 4 iterations and 70 subjects. The subjects were selected from industry and academia. The experimental design used was one factor with two interventions and one response variable. Results: Based on our findings from literature review and interviews, the understanding of exploratory testing has improved over the period but still lacks empirical investigation. The results drawn from experimental and survey data shows that exploratory testing proved effective and efficient in finding more critical bugs in limited time. Conclusions: We conclude that exploratory testing has a lot of potential and much more to offer to testing industry. But more empirical investigation and true facts and figures are required to motivate the testing industry to adapt it. We have reported a number of advantages, disadvantages, challenges and factors in this study. We further investigated the claims stated by the ET practitioners through an experiment and survey. The statistical tests were conducted on the collected data to draw meaningful results. We found statistical significance difference in number of true defects found. Using exploratory testing approach testers found far more defects than test case based testing. Although, there was no statistical significance difference between the two approaches for false defects. / Slutsatser: Vi anser att det experimentella tester har stor potential och mycket mer att erbjuda testning industrin. Men mer empirisk undersökning och sann fakta och siffror är skyldiga att motivera testning industrin att anpassa den. Vi har rapporterat en rad fördelar, nackdelar, utmaningar och faktorer i denna studie. Vi undersökte vidare fordringar anges av ET utövare genom ett experiment och undersökning. De statistiska test genomfördes på insamlade data för att dra meningsfulla resultat. Vi fann statistisk signifikans skillnaden i antalet sann fel som upptäcks. Använda utforskande testning strategi testare fann långt fler fel än testfall baserat testning. Även om det inte fanns någon statistisk signifikans skillnad mellan de två synsätten för falska defekter. / 0046 73 651 8048