This dissertation seeks to improve our understanding of the process by which citizens' selective exposure contributes to attitudinal polarization and engagement in political activities. In this dissertation, I test two models that explicate the relationship between selective exposure and political polarization and participation. The knowledge model suggests that the effects of selective exposure on individuals' attitudinal polarization and political engagement are mediated by knowledge of candidate issue stances. The stereotype model proposes that selective exposure indirectly influences polarized attitudes and political participation via stereotypical perceptions of candidates (i.e., McCain's age and the prospect of a Black presidency). By posing issue knowledge and stereotypical perceptions as potential mediators, this study extends current literature to analyze why and how selective exposure leads to polarization and political participation. The results provide evidence that selective exposure influences individuals' stereotypical perceptions of the candidates' age and race, and these stereotypic perceptions influence attitudinal polarization and participation in campaign activities. There was no support for the knowledge model; selective exposure did not have a significant relationship with citizens' issue knowledge nor did it play a mediating role in the relationship between selective exposure and political polarization and participation. This dissertation thus challenges the argument that selective exposure is normatively desirable due to its contribution to citizens' greater levels of political participation. The findings of this study call into question such a contention because the results show that individuals who engage in selective exposure are motivated to participate in political activities by forming stereotypic perceptions of candidates rather than by gaining factual issue knowledge, which is in contrast to democratic theories' assumptions of informed citizenship. Turning to the role of exposure to dissonant media outlets, two contrasting roles were found. On one hand, results offer some evidence that dissonant media use contributes to gaining issue knowledge and inspiring citizen participation. On the other hand, some findings suggest that it reinforces, rather than attenuates, citizens' attitudinal polarization and stereotypical perceptions of candidates. Thus the findings from this study offer mixed support for encouraging citizen exposure to dissimilar viewpoints. / text

p-Dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) and naphthalene are compounds classified as Group C carcinogens according to the USEPA. Sources of p-DCB and naphthalene include moth repellents and deodorizers typically used in closets, garment bags, and toilet bowls found in pure form. In this study, laboratory, closet, and garment bag experiments were used to determine emission rates of p-DCB and naphthalene from consumer products (closet air freshener, toilet bowl deodorizer, and moth repellent). Emission rates varied considerably between products that contain p-DCB, primarily due to product packaging, and were generally suppressed when the product was used in a closed closet or garments bag, relative to products placed in well-ventilated chambers. Experimental mass emission rates were used in conjunction with a well-mixed reactor model to predict indoor p-DCB and naphthalene concentrations for a range of reasonable residential scenarios. Results suggest that exposures under worst-case scenarios could lead to excess lifetime cancer risks of greater than 20,000 in a million (2%) for those who use consumer products that are pure p-DCB, a risk that dwarfs any reported environmental cancer risks over large segments of the US population. Since such products are typically used where clothing is kept, significant chemical adsorption onto clothing is possible following sublimation from the solid product. Chamber experiments were used to determine the amount of p-DCB and naphthalene mass that adsorbs onto selected clothing materials made of cotton, polyester, or wool. Cloth specimens were kept inside a chamber through which an air stream containing p-DCB or naphthalene was passed for one month. After this time, p-DCB or naphthalene were chemically extracted from the cloth specimens. Polyester was determined to be the most adsorbent material, while cotton was the least adsorbent for each chemical. Equilibrium partition coefficients of 0.01 m³/g for p-DCB and 0.02 m³/g for naphthalene were determined experimentally for wool. Desorption rates were determined in both laboratory chambers and a closet in a test house. Results suggest prolonged persistence of p-DCB and naphthalene on polyester and wool, e.g., half-lives of 12 to 20 days after a moth repellent is removed from the clothes storage environment. An exposure scenario was also carried out to compare the inhalation and dermal exposure risks associated with contaminated clothing. / text

Redovisning av leasing har diskuterats under många år. Den nuvarande standarden, IAS 17, har kritiserat på grund av att många företag har möjlighet att klassificera sina leasingavtal som operationella för att slippa redovisa leasingen som en tillgång eller skuld i balansräkningen. IASB och FASB jobbar gemensamt för att ändra standarden för leasingredovisning och de engagerar olika grupper av intressenter genom att de skickar in comment letters. Det första förslaget för ändringar av standarden var Exposure Draft 2010/9. Förslaget fick så många kommentarer att det resulterade i ett reviderat förslag som kom ut i maj 2013 och heter Exposure Draft 2013/6. Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka attityder från olika grupper (akademiker, upprättare, användare, redovisningsprofession, nationella reglerare och andra internationella intresseorganisationer) i Europa till det nya förslaget i Exposure Draft 2013/6 - Leasing, angående frågorna som handlar om leasingredovisning hos leasingtagare och klassifikation av leasing. Tycker de olika grupperna att det nya förslaget besvarar problemen, angående klassifikation och redovisning av leasing, som finns i den nuvarande internationella redovisningsstandarden (IAS 17) eller skapar det bara nya problem? Vi har också undersökt i vilken utsträckning dessa grupper deltar med kommentarer i comment letters. Studien är en kvalitativ undersökning där vi analyserade och tolkade kommentarer och attityder i comment letters till det nya förslaget. I den teoretiska referensramen tas upp hur forskningen bedrivs för att ta fram nya standarder, hur och i vilken grad de olika grupperna är involverade i detta genom deltagande i comment letters och den kritik som riktats mot det nya förslaget angående klassifikation och redovisning. Resultatet av studien baserades på 151 comment letters skickade till IASB/FASB. Analysen har gjorts genom att använda analysmodellen i avsnitt 3.9 och det empiriska resultatet har kopplats till den teoretiska referensramen. Resultatet visade att det inte finns några akademiker från Europa som deltagit i comment letters. Den grupp som har kommenterat comment letters i störst utsträckning har visat sig vara upprättare och detta går i linje med vad tidigare forskning visat. Majoriteten inom samtliga grupper håller inte med om det nya förslaget. Attityden mot förslaget är negativ både när det gäller redovisning hos leasingtagare och klassifikation. / Discussion on the accounting treatment of leases has been going on for many years. The current standard, IAS 17 has criticized because many companies are able to classify their leases as operational leasing agreements in order not to reflect assets and liabilities on the balance sheets. IASB and FASB working together to amend the standard for lease accounting and they involve various groups of stakeholders and individuals by submitting comment letters. The first proposal for the amendment of the standard was Exposure Draft 2010/9. The proposal received so many comments which resulted a revised proposal that came out in May 2013 and called Exposure Draft 2013/6. The aim of this study was to examine the attitudes of different groups (academics, preparers, users, the accounting profession, national regulators and other international organizations) in Europe to the new proposal of Exposure Draft 2013/6 -Leasing, regarding questions relating to lease accounting in lessee and classification. Do they think that the new proposal solve the problems concerning classification and financial statements of leasing, which is found in the current international accounting standard (IAS 17) or just create new problems. We have also investigated in which extend these groups participated with comments in the comment letters. The study is a qualitative survey where we analyzed and interpreted the comments and attitudes in the comment letters to the new proposal. In the theoretical frame addressed how research is conducted to develop new standards, how and to what extent the different groups involved in this by participating in the comment letters and the criticism leveled against the new proposal concerning classification and accounting. The results of the study are based on 151 comment letters sent to the IASB/FASB. The analysis has been made by using the analysis model in section 3.9 and the empirical results have been applied to the theoretical frame of reference. Analysis showed that there are no academics who participated in the comment letters. The group that has commented most on the comment letters have proved to be the pre-parers and this is in line with what previous research has shown. The majority of all groups do not agree with the new proposal. The attitude to the proposal is negative in terms of accounting in lessee and classification.

Leasing har länge varit en viktig finansieringskälla för företag och därför är det viktigt att redovisningen av leasingavtal ger användarna av de finansiella rapporterna en komplett och korrekt bild av företagets leasingverksamhet. Den nuvarande leasingstandarden IAS 17 har under en tid fått utstå kritik för dess komplexitet, bristen på jämförbarhet i informationen mellan företag som tillämpar samma standard, samt att den inte uppfyller användarnas informationsbehov. IASB och FASB ingick 2010 ett samarbete för att med ett gemensamt projekt ersätta den befintliga leasingstandarden. Första förslaget har blivit omarbetat och 2013 utgavs ett reviderat förslag till förändring av standarden (ED/2013/6).Syftet med vår uppsats var att ta fram de som vi ansåg var de mest uppmärksammade förslagen i ED/2013/6och med hjälp av typfall försöka att förutsäga vilka effekter dessa förslag skulle komma att få för företag om förslaget antas. Vi har med typfallen undersökt effekterna på ett exempelföretags räkenskaper och därefter även undersökt vilka effekter förändringarna fått på företagets nyckeltal.Med typfallen kommer vi fram till att förslaget får stora effekter på företagets räkenskaper och således även deras nyckeltal. Framförallt är det skuldsättningen som ökar när leasingåtagandet numera redovisas som en skuld i balansräkningen. Likaså ser vi att räntekostnaden ökar i resultaträkningen till följd av att leasingräntan nu redovisas som en räntekostnad. Avskrivningarna ökar också då rättigheten att använda leasingtillgången skrivs av på liknande sätt som om företaget hade ägt tillgången. Däremot minskar företagets kostnader när leasingavgiften inte längre redovisas som en kostnad, i enlighet med dagens operationella leasingavtal, vilket får positiva effekter på räntabiliteten på totalt kapital.Det framgår från de inkomna remissvaren att förslaget fortfarande inte uppfyller IASBs och FASBs mål med att öka användbarheten för intressenterna och jämförbarheten mellan företag samt minska komplexiteten. Företag måste fortfarande göra uppskattningar gällande fastställandet av leasingperioden, bedömningen av leasingavgifter samt omvärderingen av dessa. IASB och FASB har därför inte lyckats uppnå sitt syfte med det publicerade förslaget. En del arbete kvarstår för att erhålla en praktiskt fungerade standard.Vår studie har bidragit till forskningsområdet genom att belysa de effekter som ED/2013/6 kan komma att medföra för leasingtagare, om det antas i sin nuvarande form. Vi kom fram till att det nya förslaget inriktar sig på användarna av de finansiella rapporterna och att det på ett bättre sätt återspeglar de risker som företagen utsätts för i samband med leasingavtal. / Leasing has long been an important financing source for corporations and therefore it’s important that the disclosure of leasing arrangements provide users of financial reports a complete and accurate picture of the company’s leasing activities. The current leasing standard IAS 17 has been criticized for its complexity, lack of comparability between corporations that have adopted the same accounting standards, in addition to the fact that it doesn’t provide the users with the information they need. The IASB and FASB converged in a joint project 2010 to replace the existing leasing standard. The first proposal has been revised and 2013 they issued a revised exposure draft (ED/2013/6).The purpose of this essay is to analyze the ED/2013/6 and focus on the parts that we deemed to be extra interesting. With the help of typical cases we tried to foresee the impact these parts of the revised exposure draft would have on corporations and their financial reports and by extension their key figures if the proposal is accepted in its current state. In the typical cases we reach the conclusion that the proposal will have an impact on the lessees financial statements and by extension its key figures. Especially the debt to equity ratio increases when the lease liability is reported on the balance sheet. We also noticed that the rent expense increased as a consequence of the rent arising from the lease contract. The depreciation also increases since the right of use asset is being amortized in the same way as if the company owned the lease asset. In contrary the rest, the corporations reported expenses decrease since the lease expense is no longer reported as an expense in the financial reports, in contrast to the current standards operational lease contracts. This is something that has a positive impact on the return on capital key figure.From the comment letters it can be understood that the proposal still doesn’t achieve IASB’s and FASB’s objective to improve the usefulness for the companies’ stakeholders and the comparability between corporations as well as reducing the complexity. Corporations still have to make estimates regarding the duration of the lease period, assessing the lease expense and reevaluating the both of them if necessary. Some work still remains before IASB and FASB can accomplish the purpose to attain a practically working standard.Our study’s contribution to the field has been to illustrate the impact that ED/2103/6 will have on lessees. We conclude that the proposal aim to provide accurate information for the users of the financial reports and as such better reflects the risks associated with the lease arrangements for lessees.The essay is hereafter written in Swedish.

Titel Den outforskade parten i ett leasingavtal – En studie om hur leasegivande företag kommer att påverkas ifall en ny redovisningsstandard för leasing införs Författare Fredrik Hellblom-Björn och Daniel Håkansson Handledare Rolf Rundfelt Introduktion IASB har under lång tid diskuterat behovet av en ny redovisningsstandard för leasing. Förslagen har mottagit mycket kritik, då många anser att de inte förbättrar redovisningen. Trots den stora kritiken på förslagen till leasegivares redovisning, har väldigt få studier genomförts på leasegivare. Syfte Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur leasegivande företag kommer att påverkas om en ny redovisningsstandard för leasing införs. Metod Studiens induktiva ansats innebär att insamlad empiri har bildat grund för de slutsatser som dras. Undersökningens design har följt en Små-N-studie, vilket innebär att ett mindre antal kvalitativa intervjuer har utförts. Intervjuerna har genomförts med redovisningsexperter,leasegivarrepresentanter och en analytiker. Slutsats Studien visar att en ny redovisningsstandard för leasingkommer att påverka leasegivare på flera olika sätt. Till följd av ökade krav på upplysningar, samt en mer komplexredovisning, kommer leasegivare påverkas negativt kostnadsmässigt. Främst sker detta via högre administrativa kostnader och betydande implementeringskostnader.Leasegivarna riskerar även att påverkas negativt av en minskad efterfrågan av leasing som finansieringslösning, tillföljd av en mer komplex redovisning för leasetagarna. / Title The unexplored part of a lease – A study on how lessors will be affected if a new accounting standard for leases is adopted Authors Fredrik Hellblom-Björn och Daniel Håkansson Supervisor Rolf Rundfelt Introduction The IASB has for a long time discussed the need for a new accounting standard for leases. The proposed standards havemet a lot of criticism, since many find they don’t enhance the accounting. In spite of the criticism of lessor accounting,very few studies have been conducted on lessors. Aim The purpose of this study is to explore how lessors will beaffected if a new accounting standard for leases is adopted. Method The inductive approach of the study means that the gathered empirical material forms the basis for the made conclusions.The design of the study is a small-N study, which means that a small number of interviews have been conducted. The interviews were held with accounting experts, lessors and afinancial analyst. Conclusion The study shows that a new accounting standard for leases will affect lessors in several ways. A consequence of increased mandatory disclosure and a more complex accounting will affect the lessors costs negatively. The costs will primarily increase through higher administrative burden and implementation costs. The lessors also risk being affected negatively by a decreased demand for leasing as financing solution as a consequence of more complex lessee accounting.

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to establish the extent of dermal and respiratory exposure at selected locations at a South African platinum mine. The study included exposure to lead oxide fumes in an assay laboratory, nickel sulfate powder at a nickel sulfate crystallizer circuit and packing site and metallic copper dust whilst executing copper stripping. Methods: In an availability study, the dermal metal exposures were measured before, during and at the end of shifts. Dermal exposure samples were taken with GhostwipesTM from the dominant hand, wrist and forehead. Wipes were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Wipe samples were taken from surfaces in the workplace and analyzed according to NIOSH 9102, using ICP-AES. Personal and static inhalable dust samples were taken and the dust samples were analyzed according to NIOSH 7300, using ICP-AES. A validated questionnaire was used to evaluate self reported dermatological complaints of the workers at the fire assay laboratory and base metal recovery plant. Results: 100% of the nickel respiratory exposures and 36.8% of the lead respiratory exposures were above the occupational exposure limits (OEL). Copper respiratory exposure was present but less significant with a geometric mean of 0.071 mg m-3. All of the dermal lead measurements and the majority of the nickel and copper dermal measurements were below the limit of detection. Nickel surface contamination was the most significant and ranged between 8.430 μg cm-2 and 387.488 μg cm-2. Only 30% of the copper surface sample results were below the detection limit with a maximum surface sample of 14.41 μg cm-2. Lead surface contamination was low with 90% of the samples below the limit of detection. All of the workers at the nickel crystallizer circuit and packing site had a Dalgard score above 1.3 and therefore are at a higher risk of developing a skin disease. None of the workers at the copper stripping site had a significant Dalgard score and only one worker at the fire assay laboratory had a score above 1.3 and therefore is at a higher risk of developing a skin disease. Conclusions: Recommendations were made to lower the exposure to inhalable lead and nickel. The low lead dermal measurements may be due to adequate personal protective equipment usage and hygiene practices. Although the ethnicity of the workers may be the reason for the low incidence of dermatological complaints, the Dalgard score indicated that five workers are at risk of developing skin diseases. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Occupational Hygiene))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed Feb. 11, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-97).

Submitted by Rosangela Silva (rosangela.silva3@unioeste.br) on 2018-05-22T18:52:10Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Jéssica Cristina Ruths.pdf: 1101497 bytes, checksum: d7d0df7a3cdd14478c636990fcf83cd7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-22T18:52:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Jéssica Cristina Ruths.pdf: 1101497 bytes, checksum: d7d0df7a3cdd14478c636990fcf83cd7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-05 / The pesticides affect human health due to its intrinsic toxicity, producing effects that vary according to the active principle, the absorbed dose and the form of exposure. Among the various effects of these substances stands out the association with the occurrence of cancer. Thus, the objective was to analyze the association between exposure to pesticides and the occurrence of cancer in the populations of the municipalities of Anahy and Vera Cruz do Oeste, Paraná. Two studies were developed that gave origin to two articles. In the first one, a documentary, cross-sectional and quantitative study was developed. Data collection was performed in the Hospital Registry of Cancer (Integrator RHC) system, the time period selected for analysis was from 2012 to 2014. The variables selected were occupation, primary location of the neoplasm and the municipality of residence. For comparisons between the categories we used the Chi-square test for K proportions, followed by the Marascuilo procedure. In the second, a field survey was carried out in the municipalities of Anahy and Vera Cruz do Oeste, through the application of a semi-structured interview script, with individuals who had or had cancer and were exposed to pesticides at some point in their previous life. Data collection took place from October 2016 to April 2017. Quantitative data were analyzed based on descriptive statistics using Microsoft Excel Software, while qualitative data were used to counter or reinforce quantitative data. The first study identified a statistically significant difference for neoplasms of lip, oral cavity and pharynx, with a greater proportion of occurrence among military, police, military and firefighters; for melanomas and other skin cancers, with the highest proportion among agricultural, forestry and fishing workers; for breast neoplasms, with a higher proportion among administrative service workers; for female genital organ neoplasms, where the largest was between male and female administrative services and male genital organs, with a higher proportion of military, police, military and firefighters. In the second study the results showed that 46.88% of the individuals who had or had cancer in Anahy and 32% in Vera Cruz do Oeste were exposed to pesticides prior to the diagnosis of cancer. There was a predominance of elderly individuals, farmers and low schooling. The main activities were the harvesting, planting, carpiring and the application of agrochemicals. Temporality was, in general, expressive, 56.42% of the population was exposed for more than 30 years. It was identified contact with 19 formulas of pesticides, of these, 47.36% do not have release of use, since they were considered harmful to human and environmental health. There was a prevalence of skin, prostate and breast cancers, respectively. The present study poses that occupational exposure may contribute to the illness of specific groups and that the results do not rule out the influence of exposure to pesticides in the occurrence of cancer. / Os agrotóxicos repercutem na saúde humana devido a sua toxicidade intrínseca, produzindo efeitos que variam conforme o princípio ativo, a dose absorvida e a forma de exposição. Entre os vários efeitos destas substâncias destaca-se a associação com a ocorrência de câncer. Sendo assim, objetivou-se analisar a ssociação entre exposição a agrotóxicos e a ocorrência de câncer nas populações dos municípios de Anahy e Vera Cruz do Oeste, Paraná. Foram desenvolvidos dois estudos que deram origema dois artigos. No primeiro desenvolveu-se um estudo documental, transversal e de natureza quantitativa. A coleta de dados foi realizada no sistema de Registro Hospitalar de Câncer (Integrador RHC), o período de tempo selecionado para análise foram os anos de 2012 a 2014. As variáveis selecionadas foram a ocupação, a localização primária da neoplasia e o município de residência. Para comparações entre as categorias se utilizou o teste de Qui Quadrado para K proporções, seguido do procedimento de Marascuilo. Já no segundo foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo, nos municípios de Anahy e Vera Cruz do Oeste, através da aplicação de um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturado, com indivíduos que têm ou tiveram câncer e foram expostos a agrotóxicos em algum momento da vida pregressa. A coleta de dados se deu no período de outubro de 2016 a abril de 2017. Os dados quantitativos foram analisados com base na estatística descritiva, através do Software Microsoft Excel, enquanto os qualitativos foram utilizados para contrapor ou reforçar os quantitativos. O primeiro trabalho identificou diferença estatisticamente significativa para neoplasias de lábio, cavidade oral e faringe, sendo maior a proporção da ocorrência entre os trabalhadores das forças armadas, policiais, militares e bombeiros; para melanomas e outras neoplasias de pele, com a maior proporção entre trabalhadores agropecuários, florestais e da pesca; para neoplasias de mama, com maior proporção entre trabalhadores de serviços administrativos; para neoplasias de órgãos genitais femininos, onde a maior foi entre proporção trabalhadores de serviços administrativos e mercados e para neoplasias de órgãos genitais masculino com maior a proporção entre trabalhadores das forças armadas, policiais, militares e bombeiros. No segundo trabalho os resultados mostraram que 46,88% dos indivíduos que têm ou tiveram câncer em Anahy e 32% em Vera Cruz do Oeste, foram expostos aos agrotóxicos previamente ao diagnóstico do câncer. Houve predomínio de indivíduos idosos, agricultores e com baixa escolaridade. As principais atividades realizadas foram a colheita, o plantio, o ato de carpir e a aplicação de agrotóxicos. A temporalidade, em geral, foi expressiva, 56,42% da população esteve exposta por mais de 30 anos. Identificou-se contato com 19 fórmulas de agrotóxicos, destas, 47,36% não possuem liberação de uso, pois foram consideradas nocivas à saúde humana e ambiental. Houve prevalência de cânceres de pele, próstata e mama, respectivamente. O presente estudo coloca que a exposição ocupacional, pode contribuir para o adoecimento de grupos específicos e que o os resultados não descartam a influência da exposição aos agrotóxicos na ocorrência de câncer.

Orientador: Herling Gregorio Aguilar Alonzo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T06:53:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cabral_ElizabethReginadeMelo_M.pdf: 1914359 bytes, checksum: d409b490e5d371f9dcde7ee768da8976 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Introdução: No Brasil, a utilização intensiva de agrotóxicos teve início com o II Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento (1975-1979), que estimulava compulsoriamente a compra desses produtos pelos agricultores por meio de créditos rurais. Hoje, o país é considerado o maior consumidor de agrotóxicos do mundo. Na agricultura, a utilização deste produto é intensiva e multiquímica e pesquisas relacionadas à exposição a longo prazo aos agrotóxicos são escassas, tanto no conhecimento da extensão da carga química de exposição ocupacional, quanto aos danos à saúde. Objetivo: Determinar as características da exposição a longo prazo a agrotóxicos e suas implicações na saúde dos trabalhadores agrícolas de uma região de Campinas-SP. Método: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo transversal realizado em uma região do Distrito de Saúde Norte, do município de Campinas-SP. Foi realizado o arrolamento dos estabelecimentos e trabalhadores agrícolas. Utilizou-se um questionário semiestruturado abordando variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas e sobre as condições de saúde, as condições de trabalho, o uso de agrotóxicos, episódios de intoxicação e a dosagem das colinesterases. Para o tempo de exposição aos agrotóxicos criou-se um Índice de Exposição, que quantificou e uniformizou o tempo em categorias (baixa, média, alta e muito alta exposição). Resultados: Participaram do estudo 36 estabelecimentos agrícolas e 205 trabalhadores. O número de trabalhadores que recusaram e/ou foi excluído do estudo perfizeram um total de 14,9%. A população estudada foi constituída predominantemente por adultos jovens do sexo masculino, assalariados (66,8%) e que desenvolvem atividades agrícolas com exposição a agrotóxicos há mais de 10 anos (63,9%). Dentre os trabalhadores, 11,7% relataram um episódio de intoxicação por agrotóxicos e 2% nos últimos 12 meses anteriores à pesquisa. Foram citados 144 nomes comerciais de agrotóxicos, aos quais os trabalhadores foram expostos, isso deu uma média de 4,1 tipos de agrotóxicos (IC 95% 3,9 - 4,6; dp= 3). Quanto às classes de uso, as mais relatadas foram os inseticidas, com 26,4%, seguidos dos fungicidas (20,7%), e herbicidas (20,1%). Apenas 29,2% dos trabalhadores relataram utilizar equipamentos de proteção individual. O tempo médio de exposição aos agrotóxicos foi de 13.611horas (IC 95% ± 3.672 horas), o valor mínimo foi de 44,3h, o valor até o primeiro quartil representou 846h, a mediana representou 4.200h, o terceiro quartil foi de 15.120h e, o valor máximo, de 203.520h de exposição. Nos últimos 12 meses anteriores, 75,6% dos trabalhadores apresentaram alguma sintomatologia relacionada ao uso de agrotóxicos. Irritação ocular (38,1%), dor de cabeça (37,4%) e lacrimejamento (25,2%) foram os sintomas mais referidos. Quanto à dosagem das colinesterases plasmáticas, 7,8% apresentaram redução da atividade. Conclusão: A ocorrência de intoxicações por agrotóxicos esteve dentro do esperado, quando comparado com outros estudos realizados no Brasil. O Índice de Exposição pode ser considerado um método para o estudo das exposições a logo prazo. Com a análise das informações levantadas, dos escassos dados epidemiológicos disponíveis, da avaliação de risco/vulnerabilidade e poder de decisão das populações expostas aos agrotóxicos, percebe-se que as repostas do setor saúde não acompanharam o ritmo, acelerado, de crescimento do setor agropecuário / Abstract: Introduction: In Brazil, the intensive use of pesticides began with the Second National Development Plan (1975-1979), which stimulated compulsorily purchase of such products by farmers through rural credit. Nowadays, the country is considered the largest consumer of pesticides in the world. In agriculture, the use of this product is intensive and multichemical and research related to long-term exposure to pesticides are scarce, both in knowledge of the extent of the chemical burden of occupational exposure, the damage to health. Objective: To determine the characteristics of long-term exposure to pesticides and their implications for the health of farm workers in a region of Campinas. Method: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in a region of the Northern Health District, the city of Campinas. We conducted the inventory of the establishments and agricultural workers. We used a semistructured questionnaire covering socioeconomic, demographic and health conditions, working conditions, the use of pesticides, intoxications and determination of the cholinesterase. For the duration of exposure to pesticides was created an exposure index, which quantified the time and standardized categories (low, medium, high and very high exposure). Results: There were 36 farms and 205 workers. The number of workers who refused and / or was excluded from the study amounted to a total of 14.9%. The study population consisted predominantly of young adult male employees (66.8%) and agricultural activities that develop with exposure to pesticides for over 10 years (63.9%). Among workers, 11.7% reported an episode of pesticide poisoning and 2% in the last 12 months preceding the survey. 144 were cited trade names of pesticides to which workers were exposed, this gave an average of 4.1 different types of pesticides (CI 3.9 to 4.6, SD = 3). The classes use the most pesticides were reported, with 26.4%, followed by fungicides (20.7%) and herbicides (20.1%). Only 29.2% of workers reported using personal protective equipment. The mean duration of exposure to pesticides was 13.611horas (CI ± 3672 hours), the minimum value was 44.3 h, the value represented by the first quartile 846h, the median represented 4.200h, the third quartile was 15.120he, the maximum value of 203.520h exposure. Over the past 12 months, 75.6% of workers had some symptoms related to pesticide use. Eye irritation (38.1%), headache (37.4%) and tearing (25.2%) were the most reported symptoms. As for the dosage of plasma cholinesterase, 7.8% had decreased activity. Conclusion: The occurrence of pesticide poisoning was as expected, when compared with other studies in Brazil. The index of exposure can be considered a method to study the term exposure to right. By analyzing the information gathered, the scarce available epidemiological data, risk assessment / vulnerability and empowerment of populations exposed to pesticides, it is clear that the responses of the health sector have not kept pace, accelerated growth of the agricultural sector / Mestrado / Epidemiologia / Mestre em Saúde Pública