La presente investigación busca analizar los principales factores internos y externos que intervienen en el desarrollo de la exportación del musgo específicamente Sphagnum con destino a EE.UU. En tal sentido, la investigación considera como objetivo principal analizar los factores internos y externos que influyeron en las exportaciones de dicho producto en el periodo de los años 2015-2019. Por lo cual, se realizó el manejo de la información primaria considerando como base principal los antecedentes epistemológicos en bases de datos destacadas, bases de datos bibliométricas y bancos de datos (todas consideradas fuentes confiables y reconocidas); además, la búsqueda de bases teóricas que respaldan el tema de investigación; también, la detección de la realidad problemática evidenciando el problema principal y los problemas específicos; además, la investigación plantea argumentos que justifican el presente estudio, analizado la documentación e información del sector e inquiriendo en la base teórica que sustente el tema de investigación. Para la presente investigación, se consideró un enfoque cualitativo, logrando la obtención de datos a través de 15 entrevistas a directivos y colaboradores del MINAGRI, PROMPERÚ, MINCETUR, especialistas en internacionalización del sector agrícola y presidentes de las empresas exportadoras de musgo Sphagnum. Finalmente, se utilizó el software Atlas. Ti y la técnica de triangulación de datos, contrastando los antecedentes y de la información obtenida en el marco teórico y el resultado de las entrevistas para poder obtener una discusión, en base a la que se realizó las conclusiones y recomendaciones correspondientes. Finalmente, los principales factores que intervienen en el desarrollo de la exportación del musgo Sphagnum con destino a EE.UU en el periodo de 2015-2019 fueron: proceso de secado, comercio justo, uso de tecnología y normatividad. En base a ellos, los resultados del estudio, servirá para contribuir a futuras investigaciones que aborden el tema de investigación, ya sea desde la misma u otra perspectiva. / This research seeks to analyze the main internal and external factors that intervene in the development of the export of Sphagnum moss specifically to the US In this sense, the main objective of the investigation is to analyze the internal and external factors that influenced the exports of said product in the period of the years 2015-2019. Therefore, the management of primary information was carried out considering as the main basis the epistemological antecedents in prominent databases, bibliometric databases and data banks (all considered reliable and recognized sources); in addition, the search for theoretical bases that support the research topic; also, the detection of the problematic reality showing the main problem and the specific problems; In addition, the research raises arguments that justify the present study, analyzing the documentation and information of the sector and inquiring into the theoretical basis that supports the research topic. For the present investigation, a qualitative approach was considered, obtaining data through 15 interviews with managers and collaborators of MINAGRI, PROMPERÚ, MINCETUR, SERFOR, specialists in internationalization of the agricultural sector and presidents of the exporting companies of Sphagnum moss. Finally, the Atlas.ti software and the data triangulation technique were used, contrasting the antecedents and the information obtained in the theoretical framework and the results of the interviews in order to obtain a discussion, based on which the conclusions were made. and corresponding recommendations. Finally, the main factors that intervene in the development of the export of sphagnum moss to the US in the period 2015-2019 were: drying process, fair trade, use of technology and regulations. Based on them, the results of the study will serve to contribute to future research that addresses the research topic, either from the same or another perspective. / Tesis

Farmers / En el último año, considerando el aislamiento social provocado por el COVID-19, se evidenció que Perú ha sido el segundo país que más ha visto afectada su economía en la región. Sin embargo, según Estudios Económicos del BCP, se presenció cómo algunos sectores de la economía se han visto favorecidos por el contexto de la pandemia. Entre ellos destacan las ventas online y los pagos digitales. En dicho sentido, el análisis considera que las ventas online, también conocidas como comercio electrónico, y los pagos digitales, a diferencia de los demás sectores beneficiados de la economía, demuestran cómo su crecimiento no solo se mantendrá, sino que seguirá aumentando. (Capece,2020). Como punto de partida de la descripción mencionada, se desarrolló Llankay, una plataforma marketplace, en donde unimos agricultores que se encuentran dispuestos a adaptarse al nuevo comercio digital, presentando su surtido de productos, en donde ellos mismos tienen la libertad y autoridad de poder gestionar sus precios finales, lo que les permite asegurar márgenes de ganancia más justos. Sus productos son comprados por distintos perfiles de empresa como restaurantes, hoteles, comerciantes, juguerías y más, en general, cualquier empresa que requiera el abastecimiento de insumos para su negocio, además de buscar otros atributos de valor para consolidar un aliado estratégico, como productos de calidad, compromiso y ahorro de tiempo. / In the last year, considering the social isolation caused by COVID-19, it was evident that Peru has been the second country that has seen its economy most affected in the region. However, according to BCP Economic Studies, it was witnessed how some sectors of the economy have been favored by the context of the pandemic. These include online sales and digital payments. In this sense, the analysis considers that online sales, also known as electronic commerce, and digital payments, unlike the other benefited sectors of the economy, demonstrate how their growth will not only be maintained but will continue to increase. (Capece, 2020). As a starting point for the aforementioned description, Llankay was developed, a marketplace platform, where we unite farmers who are willing to adapt to the new digital commerce, presenting their assortment of products, where they have the freedom and authority to manage their final prices, which allows them to ensure fairer profit margins. Its products are purchased by different company profiles such as restaurants, hotels, merchants, juice stores, and more, in general, any company that requires the supply of supplies for its business, in addition to seeking other valuable attributes to consolidate a strategically, such as products of quality, commitment and saving time. / Trabajo de investigación

En el presente proyecto se desarrollará la reinvención de Namacu, empresa de moda sostenible en base a la elaboración y exportación de prendas de fibra de alpaca producidas por artesanos cusqueños especializados, lo que garantiza una alta calidad. La fibra de alpaca es un tipo de lana cada vez más demandada en el mercado peruano e internacional. Sin embargo, la comercialización de este tipo de fibra es mayormente como materia prima. Si bien existe producción en menor escala, esta producción de prendas tiene diseños básicos y comunes. Por tal motivo, Namacu comercializa prendas de fibra de alpaca de diseñador, con una cadena de valor justa con los productores y artesanos. Esto permite al consumidor tener ropa exclusiva y tener el conocimiento de que se realizan prácticas justas permitiendo el desarrollo de todos los involucrados. Esto es una clara muestra de responsabilidad social y sostenibilidad como parte fundamental de la visión de la empresa para generación de valor agregado. La principal fuente de ingresos será la venta minorista en Lima, Arequipa, Cusco y más adelante en las principales ciudades de Estados Unidos. Se requiere un socio inversionista que aporte el 20% del capital, es decir S/ 12,218. Este capital considera el lote de producción y herramientas necesarias para el rediseño de la compañía. Esta inversión podrá ser recuperada por los inversionistas en menos de 2 años y demuestra una alta rentabilidad. / In this project, the reinvention of Namacu, a sustainable fashion company based on the production and export of alpaca fiber garments produced by specialized Cusco artisans, will be developed, guaranteeing high quality. Alpaca fiber is a type of wool that it’s demand is increasing in the Peruvian and international markets. However, the commercialization of this type of fiber is mainly as a raw material. Although there is production on a smaller scale, this garment production has basic and common designs. For this reason, Namacu sells designer alpaca fiber garments, with a fair value chain with producers and artisans. This allows the consumer to have exclusive clothing and have the knowledge that fair practices are carried out allowing the development of all those involved. This is a clear sign of social responsibility and sustainability as a fundamental part of the company's vision for generating added value. The main source of income will be retail sales in Lima, Arequipa, Cusco and later in the main cities of the United States. An investment partner is required to contribute 20% of the capital, that is, S/ 12,218. This capital considers the batch of production and tools necessary for the redesign of the company. This investment can be recovered by investors in less than 2 years and shows high profitability. / Trabajo de investigación

Cette thèse a pour objet de comparer le contrôle des concentrations tel qu’il est exercé en France et au Japon afin de souligner les différences et les points communs des deux systèmes en la matière. Cette comparaison s’effectuera tout d’abord sur le plan de la conception du contrôle, afin d’examiner quels types d’opérations constituent une opération de concentration faisant l’objet du contrôle, ce dans les deux systèmes étudiés. Cette étude sera suivie de la comparaison de l’analyse des opérations de concentrations, afin de déterminer les critères d’appréciation des opérations en France, en Europe et au Japon. Enfin il sera procédé à la comparaison des procédures et des décisions prononcées dans les deux systèmes. Cette thèse tient compte dans sa partie française des nouveautés apportées par la Loi de Modernisation de l’Economie (loi LME), et dans sa partie japonaise de la réforme de la procédure du contrôle des concentrations du 6 juin 2011 afin de rendre compte des dernières avancées en la matière. Elle s’attarde également sur l’état du contrôle européen des concentrations, celui-ci ayant une place fondamentale dans le système français / This thesis aims at comparing the merger control currently enforced in France and Japan in order to highlight the differences and common views of both systems in this field. This comparison will first focus on the conception of said control, in order to determine which kinds of mergers are targeted by merger control in both jurisdictions. This study will be followed by the comparison of the analysis of mergers, in order to determine the rationale used for the evaluation of mergers in France, Europe and Japan. Finally, we shall compare the merger control procedures and rulings of those systems. This thesis is based on the French antitrust law reform of August 4th, 2008 (loi “LME”), as well as the Japanese merger proceedings reform of June 14th, 2011 in order to give an insight on the newest developments in the merger control field. Because of its fundamental part in French antitrust law, this thesis also focuses on European merger control.

While there is a concern that Sustainable Tourism has not been entirely adopted in practice (Graci, 2008), this thesis shows that Sustainable Tourism has been implemented by South Korean Tour Operators under the name of Fair Tourism. Fair Tourism is a rising trend as Sustainable Tourism in South Korea, and discussion on this new sector of the industry has increased in recent years (S. Gil Lee, 2016). This thesis adds to that discourse with three research objectives: 1) Define the concept of Fair Tourism. 2) What activities constitute Fair Tourism from practitioners’ viewpoint? 3) Examine how Fair Tour operators manage their sustainable supply chain based on the SCOR model.<div><br></div><div>To understand practitioners’ perception of Fair Tourism, this study has applied social constructionism, which recognized that human beings construct meanings through individual interaction (Walker, 2015). Semi-structured interviews with fifteen Fair Travel operators and thematic analysis have been applied for methodology (Elo & Kyngäs, 2008; McIntosh & Morse, 2015). This study has two significant findings. First, the findings have revealed a generally accepted definition of Fair Tourism by both researchers and operators. The definition includes Ensuring Economic Contribution to The Destination, Environmental and Social Sustainability, and Mutually Respectful Relationship. This generally acknowledged definition has helped Fair Tour operators develop the sector. Second, this thesis found that operators genuinely respect their suppliers. Operators regard their suppliers as partners who share responsibilities and benefits, leading to satisfactory outcomes for all partners (Macaulay et al., 1999). Their relationship with partners is long-term and deep rather than transactional.</div><div><br></div><div>Theoretically, this thesis contributed to the finding that Sustainable Tourism can be practicable under the name of Fair Tourism, demonstrating practitioners’ replies that are 100 percent consistent. This study applied a novel approach, focusing on the operators’ point of view, while previous studies on Fair Tourism focused on defining the term and the industry's demand (Byun, 2016; M.-K. Kim & Cho, 2019; Shin et al., 2018). Given that Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) model has been developed for the analysis of the manufacturing industry, this study has advanced this manufacturing performance measurement framework and applied it to the tourism industry.</div>

Recent years have witnessed a proliferation in the number of products receiving specialized ethical certification labels, even though scholars have underscored that the actual effects of such labels are not well understood. (Luetchford 2012) In the area of coffee in particular, case studies have highlighted that Fair Trade labeling seems to operate in unexpected ways, beyond its straightforward financial incentives. This has led to a call for deeper investigation into the specific mechanisms—particularly the extra-economic and social processes—through which Fair Trade acts on coffee growers and their communities. This is seconded by recent studies that have noted a lack of equality between men and women members of Fair Trade co-operatives, in stark contrast to the label’s advertised aims of advancing gender equity and women’s development. (Bacon 2010; Lyon 2008) This friction has contributed to the emergence of separate, all-women’s Fair Trade co-operatives in coffee-growing regions around the globe, and the specialty marketing of their coffee (e.g., Café Femenino and Las Hermanas from Nicaragua) as specifically empowering for women. (Fair Trade USA 2012; Bacon 2010; Lyon 2008) Yet, as with other ethical labels, the actual processes through which these women’s co-operatives affect their members is under-studied and in need of deeper ethnographic investigation. (Hanson et al. 2012; Lyon 2008) In order to address these gaps in the literature, this study captures the complex social processes set in motion by Fair Trade through a comparative ethnography of a traditional mixed men and women’s co-operative and a newer, all-women’s co-operative in neighboring coffee-growing communities in northern Nicaragua. This research positions the sociological construct of social capital as a robust theoretical lens capable of illuminating diverse dynamics within these groups and their larger structural contexts. The use of social capital theory not only allows access to critical and unexplored insights into the “associational life” created by Fair Trade co-operatives, but also presents an opportunity to explore a “strategic site” of social capital in action and extend the theory by addressing debates surrounding its oft-contested definitions and relationship to gender. (Putnam 2000:60; Portes 2010:2; Burawoy 1998) Specifically, this research examines three perspectives on social capital: Bourdieu’s (1986) resource framework, Coleman’s (1988:108) description of social capital as a platform or “appropriable social organization,” and Putnam’s (2000) notion of social capital as trust. Further, this study critically interrogates the characterization of social capital as a kind of “women’s capital,” and its promotion as both a means and an ends to gendered empowerment. (Maclean 2010:498) In pursuit of these aims, this research both draws on and adds to the literature in the areas of ethical consumption and Fair Trade studies, economic sociology, the sociology of globalization, gender theory, gender and development, men and masculinities, local and transnational feminist movements, empowerment frameworks, and the social determinants of health. This extended case method ethnography links microprocesses to macroforces, through a localized understanding of globalization—in this case the impact of Northern ethical consumption practices and ideologies on producer communities in the Global South. In addition, as an applied ethnography in the tradition of public sociology, this study provides analysis that is useful not only to scholars, but could directly inform further setting-appropriate development efforts.

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Denna kandidatuppsats fokuserar på relationen mellan konsumtion, konsumenter och miljöförändringar från ett holistiskt synsätt. Syftet är att undersöka konsumenters attityd och kunskap om konsumtion, välbefinnande, och miljöproblem. För min studie har jag använt mig av kvalitativa semistrukturella intervjuer och litteraturstudier. Resultatet av min studie visar att många av intervjupersonerna inte är bekanta med begreppet hållbar utveckling. Detta till trots hade dem kunskap om klimatförändringar samt miljömässiga och sociala problem relaterade till konsumtion. Välbefinnande beskrivs av intervju personerna, främst som ”att ha tillräckligt”, ex. boende, jobb, mat och speciellt att ha god hälsa. Ingen av de tillfrågade konsumenterna var nöjda med den tillgängliga informationen om konsumtion och olika varor, men de hade alla idéer om hur man bättre kan informera om konsumtion. De av konsumenterna mest upplevda barriärerna var tid för att planera inköp, avsaknad av information eller privat ekonomi. / This study focuses on the relations between consumption, consumers and environmental change seen from a holistic perspective. The purpose of the study is to examine the attitudes and knowledge among consumers, about consumption, well-being, and environmental issues. To study these questions, I did personal qualitative semi-structural interviews and literature studies. My research showed that now many of the interviewed persons were familiar with the concept of sustainable development. However, the subjects showed to have good knowledge on climate change and other environmental and social problems related to consumption. To most of the interviewed persons, well-being meant to have “enough”, explained as housing, work, food, and especially good health. None of the consumers were satisfied with the information about different commodities and they all had different ideas of how information about consumption could be improved. The most experienced barrier to the consumer’s possibility to consume more sustainable, was time or rather lack of time in everyday life to plan the purchases, as well as personal economy.