Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T18:16:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARY_ LUCIA_ ADLER_ EWERTON.pdf: 1860382 bytes, checksum: 9c0827ad426465311411b7f5bc0f1bd5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-24 / Qualitative study, aiming to address the relationship between family structure and adolescent pregnancy in a systemic approach. Assumes that the family structure operates in the conduct of its members in influencing their decisions. The research was conducted at the Center for Health Care of Adolescents (NASA), the Maternal and Child Unit, and initiated after the approval of the Ethics in Research HU-UFMA. The inclusion criterion was adopted family have a pregnant teenager, between 10 and 19 years in attendance at NASA, Maternal and Child Unit. Families with pregnant adolescents with mental changes, hearing or language, not the object of study. The sample followed the criteria proposed saturation field, having participated in the study were eight families. Data collection was conducted from September to November 2009, initially being held at NASA, as teenagers, and then, in homes with families. Triangulation was made of instruments: semi-structured interviews with adolescents, interviews with families, genogram families and field observation. The method used was content analysis, in the form of thematic analysis for data processing. Some results include: the family speech is greatly effective in how teenagers interact with the risk for becoming pregnant. The nature of the relationship between mothers and daughters present interactional agendas of the previous generation with regard to the topic of sexuality and teenage pregnancy. The subjects of this study point to the structural determinism of family interaction resulting in the choice of becoming pregnant or not pregnant. In most families there was a transgenerationality of teenage pregnancy. The story of mothers operates as a guide and as a context of justification of the behavior of adolescents. It should be emphasized in conclusion that the plot that underlies the behavioral responses of family members is linked in large part to family structure and history shared by its members, sufficient reason for early pregnancy is the subject of a systemic intervention from family stories as preventive procedure. / Estudo qualitativo, tendo como objetivo abordar a relação existente entre estrutura familiar e gravidez na adolescência em um enfoque sistêmico. Parte do pressuposto que a estrutura familiar atua no comportamento dos seus membros influenciando em suas decisões. A pesquisa foi realizada no Núcleo de Atenção à Saúde da Adolescente (NASA), da Unidade Materno-Infantil, sendo iniciada após a aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa HUUFMA. O critério de inclusão adotado foi ter a família uma adolescente grávida, entre 10 e 19 anos, em atendimento no NASA, Unidade Materno-Infantil. As famílias, com adolescentes grávidas com alterações mentais, auditivas ou de linguagem, não foram objeto do estudo. A amostra seguiu os critérios da metodologia de saturação de campo, tendo participado do estudo oito famílias. A coleta de dados foi efetuada de setembro a novembro de 2009, sendo realizada inicialmente no NASA, com as adolescentes, e, depois, nas residências com as famílias. Foi feita a triangulação de instrumentos: entrevistas semi-estruturadas com as adolescentes, entrevistas abertas com as famílias, genograma das famílias e observação de campo. O método utilizado foi de análise de conteúdo, na modalidade de análise temática para o tratamento dos dados. Entre os resultados, destacam-se: o discurso familiar tem grande eficácia na forma como as adolescentes interagem com a situação de risco para engravidar. A natureza da relação estabelecida entre mães e filhas apresentam pautas interacionais da geração anterior no que se refere ao tema de sexualidade e gravidez na adolescência. Os sujeitos do estudo apontam para o determinismo estrutural resultante da interação familiar na escolha de engravidar ou não engravidar. Na maioria das famílias observou-se a transgeracionalidade da gravidez na adolescência. A história das mães opera como guia e como contexto de justificação do comportamento das adolescentes. Ressalta-se na conclusão que, a trama que subjaz às respostas comportamentais dos membros da família encontra-se vinculada, em grande parte, à estrutura familiar e à história compartilhada pelos membros, razão suficiente para que a gravidez precoce seja objeto de uma intervenção sistêmica a partir das histórias familiares como conduta preventiva.

<p>This thesis consists of three papers on the economics and structure of Swedish families.</p><p>Paper [I] examines the determinants of children’s educational achievement in Sweden. Special attention is given to the labour market work by mothers and fa-thers in terms of its influence on the educational outcome of their children, measured as grade point average (GPA) in compulsory as well as upper secon-dary school. The results show that there is a positive relationship between paren-tal income and GPA. Regarding the number of hours worked in the labour mar-ket, the results differ between mothers and fathers. Having a mother that works less than full time has positive effects on the child’s grades throughout the schooling of the child, whereas significant effects of the hours of work that the father puts in are found during upper secondary school only.</p><p>Paper [II] explores the role of financial surprises and match quality in the disso-lution of relationships. The analysis is carried out both for surprises in the short term earnings and surprises in the long-run earnings capacity. It is found that positive surprises in short term earnings have a destabilizing effect for a rela-tionship. Generally, a negative surprise in long-run earnings capacity for males has a destabilizing effect. However, if it is combined with a female positive sur-prise, the effect is stabilizing. Commitments become more stable the older the spouses are at the start, and if young children are present.</p><p>Paper [III] studies the role of unemployment in the dissolution of relationships by applying a two-step estimation method to an extensive data set, which con-tains information about young Swedish males and females. Unemployment is recognized as endogenous in the separation decision, and the results show that the effect of unemployment on separation is biased when unemployment is as-sumed to be exogenous in the separation equation. The probability of separation is found to be increasing with male unemployment, while female unemployment decreases the probability of dissolution.</p>

This thesis consists of three papers on the economics and structure of Swedish families. Paper [I] examines the determinants of children’s educational achievement in Sweden. Special attention is given to the labour market work by mothers and fa-thers in terms of its influence on the educational outcome of their children, measured as grade point average (GPA) in compulsory as well as upper secon-dary school. The results show that there is a positive relationship between paren-tal income and GPA. Regarding the number of hours worked in the labour mar-ket, the results differ between mothers and fathers. Having a mother that works less than full time has positive effects on the child’s grades throughout the schooling of the child, whereas significant effects of the hours of work that the father puts in are found during upper secondary school only. Paper [II] explores the role of financial surprises and match quality in the disso-lution of relationships. The analysis is carried out both for surprises in the short term earnings and surprises in the long-run earnings capacity. It is found that positive surprises in short term earnings have a destabilizing effect for a rela-tionship. Generally, a negative surprise in long-run earnings capacity for males has a destabilizing effect. However, if it is combined with a female positive sur-prise, the effect is stabilizing. Commitments become more stable the older the spouses are at the start, and if young children are present. Paper [III] studies the role of unemployment in the dissolution of relationships by applying a two-step estimation method to an extensive data set, which con-tains information about young Swedish males and females. Unemployment is recognized as endogenous in the separation decision, and the results show that the effect of unemployment on separation is biased when unemployment is as-sumed to be exogenous in the separation equation. The probability of separation is found to be increasing with male unemployment, while female unemployment decreases the probability of dissolution.

The aim of this study has been to highlight the situation for young men within the context of honour. The aim has also been to highlight the restrictions of young men within the context of honour, and how they rebel against those demands. The study was based on a qualitative research method and carried out in Sweden. The results have been analyzed using the hermeneutic perspective. The results showed that the situation for young men within the context of honour is often manifested by controlling their sisters and the expectation that the young men support their families in the future by marring a woman who has been approved by the collective. The young men are restricted because they are not free to dispose of their spare time themselves, cannot choose their future partner or socialize with people from other cultures. The young men can rebel against these restrictions by negotiating with those in authority within the family, by gaining support within or outside the context or by breaking away from it. The conclusion of the study was that by highlighting the situation for young men within the context of honour you gain understanding for the context as a whole.

The essay deals with the position of widows in the rural society using the example of the domain of Nový Rychnov. It is based on the research of the local sources like parish registers, listings of confesion, land registers, wedding contracts, testaments. As a main methodological basis is used microhistory. The introduction deals with situation of widows on the ground of demographic statistic and in the context of laws. The question women´s position in the rural family and reflection of widowhood by the then society was not disregarded. The attention was concentrated on the way, which particular rural widows resolved situation after their husbands´ death. There were four possibilities in face of widowed women: new marriage, independent leading of farm, retirement and position of inmate. The situation of woman can be changed during her life. This four alternatives is the basis of the following analysis. Particular chapters at first summarize results of research up to now and previous statistical analyses, which have addressed several questions about widows on a general level. Next, the great care is dedicated to concrete examples. The analysis have showed existence of conscious strategies on the part of widowed women. There were usually more possibilities for a widowed woman. Rural women were able to deal with their husbands´ death, assess their current family, financial and legal standing and make a decision based on this assessment. The advance of widowed women always depended on their individual situation and circumstances. The aim of present study is the question, why women opted different types of conclusion their situation. In examining the lives of the widows, one can identify both certain stereotypes, as well as individual strategies. The problem of rural widows cannot be simplified on the result of analysis and demands detailed analysis. The aim of essay is to show, that there were many differencies between widows and their deals.

Följande frågor driver denna studie framåt. Hur upplever invandrarkvinnor det svenska samhällets krav på egen försörjning i förhållande till deras förutsättningar gällande familjens förväntningar på dem själva? Hur balanserar de samhällets förväntningar kring egen försörjning i förhållande till familjens förväntningar på sig själva inom familjen?   Den svenska arbetsmarknaden kan vara svår att integrera sig på för alla, inte minst för invandrare som inte behärskar språket. Därtill är det ännu svårare för en kvinna som lever i en patriarkal familjestruktur att ta sig ut på arbetsmarknaden, eftersom en sådan struktur bygger på att mannen styr i familjen och att männen därför står högre i rang än kvinnorna. Detta innebär att kvinnorna alltid måste fråga mannen först innan de tar sig för något, vad det än handlar om. En sådan struktur är enligt enförsörjarmodellen och det är mannen som arbetar, kvinnan ska vara hemma och ta hand om barn och hushåll. I ett nytt samhälle där tvåförsörjarmodellen styr blir det därför en stor vändning när kvinnan plötsligt ges möjlighet att arbeta.   Studien lägger fram, genom kvalitativa intervjuer, hur sju kvinnor flydde till Sverige från Kosovo på 90-talet och deras upplevelser av möjligheter till integration på den svenska arbetsmarknaden i förhållande till deras familjetradition. Resultatet visar att de invandrade kvinnorna vill jobba men att de stöter på hinder i form av familjens traditioner och deras upplevelse av omgivningens förväntningar. Kvinnorna känner sig väl bemötta av myndigheter, men upplever att de inte får den hjälp de egentligen är i behov av med tanke på deras familjetraditioner. Detta i sin tur gör det svårt för dem att balansera samhällets förväntningar kring egen försörjning i förhållande till familjens förväntningar på sig själva. / Following questions drive this study forward. How do immigrant women experience the Swedish society’s demands for self-sufficiency in relation to their requirements regarding the family's expectations of themselves? How do they balance the society’s expectations of self-sufficiency in relation to their family’s expectations on themselves within the family? The Swedish labor market can be hard to be integrated in for anyone, not at least for immigrants who do not master the language. In addition, it is even harder for a woman who lives in a patriarchal family structure to establish herself on the labor market, because such structures are based on the man ruling the family and that the men therefore have higher rank than the women. This means that the women always have to ask for their husbands’ permission before they do anything, no matter what it is. In such a structure only one supply for the family and the man works while the woman stays at home and takes care of the children and the household. Therefore, in a new society where both men and women supply for the family, it makes a large change when the woman suddenly is given the opportunity to work. This study presents, through qualitative interviews, how seven women fled to Sweden from Kosovo in the 90s and their experiences of opportunities for integration in the Swedish labor market in relation to their family tradition. The result shows that the immigrated women want to work but that they meet obstacles in terms of family traditions and their experiences of the expectations from the surroundings. The women feel that they are well received by the authorities, but they experience that they do not get the help that they truly need, considering their family traditions. This, in turn, makes it harder for them to balance society’s expectations concerning their own provision in relation to the family’s expectations on themselves.

The purpose of this study was to investigate and deepen the understanding of how children's family structure interacts with trust in teachers and whether a possible connection can be explained by family relationships. We also examined whether the child's trust in teachers can be affected by the child's financial situation. The interest is based on a previous study conducted by us which showed a connection between family structure, relationship and trust. The study was conducted quantitatively by analyzing secondary data using logistic regression analysis. The results of the study showed that there may be a connection between the variables examined because children living with two parents had higher odds of trusting their teachers than children of single parents. The conclusions that could be drawn based on the results and their relation to previous research and theories were that parents may distribute their resources differently to children, depending on the family constellation, which may affect the attachment. The connection, in turn, seemed to affect the relationship between parents and children, which thus seemed to mediate with low trust in teachers, similar to family structure in the form of divorced parents. This was further discussed by mentioning that this cannot be seen as a causal link as other factors may have contributed to this impact. / Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka och fördjupa förståelsen kring hur barns familjestruktur samverkar med tillit till lärare samt huruvida ett eventuellt samband kan förklaras av familjerelationer. Vi ville även undersöka om tilliten till lärare kan bli påverkat av barnets ekonomiska situation. Intresset grundades i tidigare studier genomförda av författarna vilka visade på att det kunde finnas ett samband mellan familjestruktur, relation och tillit. Studien genomfördes kvantitativt genom att analysera sekundärdatat med hjälp av en logistisk regressionsanalys. Studiens resultat visade på att det fanns ett samband mellan de undersökta variablerna då barn som bor med två föräldrar hade högre odds att lita på lärare än barn till självstående föräldrar, oavsett om det gällde mödrar eller fäder. Slutsatserna som kunde dras utifrån studien och dess relation till tidigare forskning och teorier var att föräldrar kunde fördela sina resurser olika på barn, beroende på familjestruktur, vilket kunde påverka anknytningen. Anknytningen tycktes i sin tur påverka relationen mellan föräldrar och barn vilket således tycktes mediera med lågt förtroende för lärare. Detta diskuterades vidare genom att nämna att detta inte kan ses som ett orsakssamband eftersom andra faktorer kan ha bidragit till detta samband.

The thesis is an analysis of the roles of Czech women within the family structure, as influenced by social and welfare policies. The primary goal of the thesis is to examine social and welfare policies implemented during the communist rule against the changes made in the in the transition to the democratic state after 1989, and evaluate what impact they have had on women. Individual policies regarding housing, childcare, parental leave, pensions, education, reproductive rights and women's role in employment are studied both before and after 1989, and compared with the changing roles of women in the family. Themes in the study include the cultural expectation of women to remain in the household as primary caretakers of children, the rapid advancement of women within education and employment, and the influence of policies over the maintenance of family and fertility.

Family structure is a widely used independent variable. However, in recent years researchers have questioned its predicting power. They also strive to improve its use. This study drew on Holman's (2001) theoretical model and examined the association between the family structure independent variables (Family Structure, Family Instability, and Parental Romantic Partners) and the outcome variables (Coming to Terms, Self-esteem, Maturity, and Depression). The analysis was conducted with a sample of 3,705 individuals (2,316 females and 1,389 males) randomly selected from the entire population that completed the Relationship Evaluation Questionnaire (RELATE). Results showed that Family Instability was a stronger predictor than Family Structure and Parental Romantic Partners. Among all of the outcome variables, Coming to Terms had the strongest association with each of the independent variables. Implications of the results are discussed.

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