My study concerns the social recruitment of infantry soldiers in the Swedish standing army ( indelta armén). The 19th century Swedish army was composed of three parts : hired troops , the conscripts and above all the ”indelta armén”. Indelta armén was unique in the world because of its organizational form. It consisted of infantry soldiers, naval men and cavalry soldiers, which were supported by the landowning farmers. Normally two farmers had the responsibility to find an infantry soldier, to pay him an annual wage and to give him a small-crofters holding; at least this was intended when the system was first organized in the 1680s. The famous author Vilhelm Moberg has written a well-known novel ”Raskens” about one of these soldiers portraying also the whole system as well as the surrounding peasant society. All of the 20000 concerned soldiers lived in the Swedish countryside among the rest of the population. They all got special names,( for example meaning Quick, Prompt, Faithful) still existing as family names of Sweden today. The study concentrates on the question of the social importance of this system in a period of rapid transformation of Swedish society, i.e the end of the 19th century. The most important questions dealt with are: the ones concerning social and geographical recruitment of soldiers (i.e. those ôf the indelta armén), the means of support and education given to these soldiers in special army training schools. One part of the book concerns social mobility among ex-soldiers and a minor study treats their family structure. / <p>Diss. Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1986</p> / digitalisering@umu

Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 20-21).

(in English): This master thesis focuses on the children of preschool or younger school age living in recomposed family. The purpose of the thesis is to draw attention to this topic and point out risks that it could influence child development as well as describe this topic within its complexity and social contexts. The theoretical part presents the institution of family and its evolution over the last decades. Afterwards presents recomposed family by describing what anticipate this phenomenon, types of recomposed family and relationships between its members. The empirical part applies a qualitative design using semi-structured interviews. The research sample consisted of five experts in child psychology. The research problem could be formulated as a question: Which parts of the phenomenon of recomposed family could have effect on child development? The results of the analyzes of this research describe the topic and its parts remaining important in counselling or terapeutic work with children from these families. These parts are approach towards recomposed family, structure, communication, themes, types of recomposed family, adressing/calling by name, dissimilarities between adult's and child's perspective, sibship and perceived complications. All of these could more or less influence optimal child...

Cette étude concerne les personnes âgées en Égypte aux époques lagide et impériale et s’inscrit dans le cadre de la connaissance et de l’évolution de la structure de la famille et d’une société de l’Antiquité, multiculturelle. Ce travail a été mené en croisant différents types de sources, telles que les sources textuelles ou iconographiques. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons tenu compte du sexe quand cela était possible. La situation des plus âgés en Égypte aux époques lagide et impériale a été envisagée en comparaison de celle des vieux dans les autres civilisations du monde grec de l’époque hellénistique et impériale. La question des limites de la vieillesse en Égypte ptolémaïque et romaine est un problème inhérent à l’étude. Nous avons en premier lieu défini les bornes temporelles et les caractéristiques biologiques et physiques associées au fait d’être vieux. Dans une première partie, nous nous intéressons à la question de la démographie de la population égyptienne ainsi qu’à la structure et à l’organisation des ménages incluant des personnes âgées. La seconde partie aborde le point de vue de celui qui est vieux. Nous y traitons de ses stratégies de vie et de survie : les moyens à sa disposition pour subvenir à ses besoins, la manière dont il employait la vieillesse dans les écrits et les représentations iconographiques, dans quelles circonstances et dans quel(s) but(s). Enfin, nous envisageons la manière dont la vieillesse était considérée à travers les attitudes des membres de l’entourage du sujet âgé et celles officielles, reflet d’une norme sociale. / This study concerns the elderly in Egypt during the Ptolemaic and Roman periods and aims to provide a better understanding of the family organization and its evolution in a multicultural society during antiquity. For this purpose, different categories of sources, principally textual and iconographical, have been crosschecked. When possible, we took into account the differences between the sex. The situation of the elderly egyptians was elucidated by comparison with that of the elder generation from other parts of the Greek world during Hellenistic and Roman periods. To define the chronological beginning of old age during the Ptolemaic and Roman periods is a fundamental question in this study and therefore we had to pose the temporal limits and the biological and physical characteristics associated with old age. In the first part, we focused on the demographic of the elderly population and on the structure and organization of the household including old people. The second part approaches the point of view of the elderly itself. Here, we look at their lives and survival strategies : means to provide for their own needs, the way they used their old age in written documents and in iconographic representations, in what circonstances and for what goals. We then examine the way the elderly were considered through the attitudes of their relatives and close circle and of the official society which reflects the social standard.

Family structure affects not only household income but can influence how revenues contributeto financial satisfaction. That is to say, it is possible that a certain family structure can be more efficient in producing satisfaction than another. Using microdata from the National Household Survey (ENAHO) 2013, a probit econometric model is proposed for urban households in Peru, in which the likelihood of satisfaction with household income is a function of income itself, both in absolute terms and relative to other households, and of various household characteristics, including aspects of family structure. Analysis of ENAHO 2013 reveals that 80.2% of house- holds report being satisfied with their income; satisfaction levels among lone parents are the lower than in other groups (77.3%) and the highest satisfaction levels are reported by married couples with children and cohabiting couples with children (82.8% and 80.3% respectively). Results of the regression model support the conclusions of other studies, in that per capita hou- sehold income has a positive impact on the probability of income satisfaction; however, it is not the only significant variable. In particular, we have found evidence that the difference between household expenditure and average household expenditure in the region (a measure of relative expenditure) also influences the likelihood of income satisfaction, as well as changes in household economy relative to that of other households in the area. Regarding family structures considered in the study, households of married couples with children, cohabiting couples with children, and cohabiting couples without children are less responsive than other households in several variables: number of household members, income per capita, difference between household expenditure and the regional average, and university education of the household head. In single- parent households in general, satisfaction with income is particularly sensitive to changes in the number of household members, per capita income, difference between household expenditure and the regional average, university education of the household head, and perception of declinein household living standards relative to other households in the area. / La estructura familiar no solo afecta los ingresos del hogar, sino que puede influir en la maneracomo los ingresos contribuyen a la satisfacción financiera. Es decir, para un mismo nivel de ingresos, es posible que una estructura familiar sea más eficiente en producir satisfacción que otra. Utilizando los microdatos de la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares (Enaho) 2013, se plantea un modelo econométrico tipo probit, para los hogares urbanos en Perú, en que la probabilidad de satisfacción con los ingresos del hogar es una función del ingreso mismo, tanto en términos abso- lutos como en relación con los demás hogares, y de diversas características del hogar, incluyendo aspectos de la estructura familiar. El análisis de la Enaho 2013 revela que el 80,2% de los hogares indica estar satisfecho con sus ingresos; los niveles de satisfacción de los hogares monoparentales son los menores entre los grupos (77,3%) y los niveles más altos son reportados por los casados con hijos y convivientes con hijos (82,8% y 80,3% respectivamente). Los resultados del modelo de regresión respaldan las conclusiones de otros estudios, según los cuales el ingreso per cápita del hogar tiene un impacto positivo en la probabilidad de satisfacción con los ingresos del hogar; sin embargo, no es la única variable significativa. En especial, se ha encontrado evidencia de que la diferencia del gasto del hogar respecto al gasto promedio de los hogares de la región (una medida de gasto relativo) también influye sobre la probabilidad de satisfacción con los ingresos, así como la evolución de la economía del hogar en comparación con la de los demás hogares de la localidad. Por lo que se refiere a las estructuras familiares consideradas en el estudio, los hogares casados con hijos, convivientes con hijos y convivientes sin hijos se han mostrado menos sensibles que el resto de hogares en diversas variables: número de miembros del hogar, ingreso per cápita, diferencia del gasto del hogar respecto al promedio regional, percepción de deterioro relativo del nivel de vida del hogar y estudios universitarios del jefe de hogar. En los hogares monoparentales, en general, la satisfacción con los ingresos se muestra especialmente sensible frente a cambiosen número de miembros del hogar, ingreso per cápita, diferencia del gasto del hogar respecto al promedio regional, estudios universitarios del jefe del hogar y percepción de deterioro del nivel de vida del hogar relativo a otros hogares de la zona.

Este estudo visa compreender a adequação dos rendimentos às necessidades e condições de vida dos brasileiros. Observando os dados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) realizada pelo IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística) para o período: 2008 e 2009, o estudo identifica um modelo que se concentra na investigação sobre o fato de 75% dos domicílios brasileiros declararem dificuldades orçamentárias. Para desenvolver um modelo, foi utilizada a percepção declarada e subjetiva de adequação da renda, informada pelo chefe de família ou pessoa de referência no domicílio. O referencial teórico baseia-se no comportamento do consumidor e foca nos recursos econômicos. O método quantitativo foi desenvolvido com Inteligência Artificial, mais especificamente Redes Bayesianas. Redes Bayesianas são estruturas em forma de grafos onde as distribuições de probabilidade são representadas por nós ligados por arcos acíclicos, que podem representar ou não relações causais entre as variáveis. No final pretende-se contribuir para o conhecimento e melhoria no desenho de políticas públicas e para as empresas em geral, dando um panorama sobre o que afeta as dificuldades das famílias, proporcionando uma visão que vai além da tradicional divisão de classes econômicas. / This study aims to understand the adequacy of Brazilians´ income to their needs and living conditions. According to the data from the Household Budget Survey (POF) conducted by IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) for the years of 2008 - 2009, the study identifies a model which focuses on the investigations about the fact that 75% of Brazilian households reported budgetary difficulties. To develop a model, was used the perceived adequacy of income declared by the householder or reference person in the household. The theoretical framework was based on consumer behavior and focuses on economic resources. The quantitative method was developed by Artificial Intelligence, specifically Bayesian Networks. Bayesian Networks are structures in the form of graphs for which the probability distributions are represented by nodes connected by acyclic arcs, which may or may not represent causal relationships between variables. At the end we intend to contribute to knowledge and improvement in the design of public policies and business in general, giving a more detailed look at what affects the difficulties of families, providing a vision that goes beyond the traditional division of economic classes.

Novas configurações familiares ganham espaço e visibilidade na sociedade contemporânea e aumenta o número de pessoas que opta pela não-maternidade/paternidade. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é o de investigar as motivações conscientes e inconscientes que levam os casais heterossexuais a escolherem não ter filhos. Os participantes foram três casais sem filhos por opção, com idades entre 38 e 49 anos, sendo que as mulheres, em fase próxima ao final da possibilidade de reprodução, localizavam-se na faixa entre 41 e 44 anos. Eram casais da população não-clínica, com mais de oito anos de escolaridade, casados há, no mínimo, quatro anos. Com base na metodologia clínica-qualitativa, foram utilizados, como instrumentos, uma entrevista semi-dirigida com os dois membros do par conjuntamente e a aplicação individual das pranchas I, II, IV, V, VII MF (para as mulheres), X e XVI do TAT, analisados de acordo com o referencial da psicanálise, adotando-se, em especial, a psicanálise das configurações vinculares como referência teórica. As principais motivações declaradas pelos casais para a ausência voluntária de filhos envolvem um estilo de vida orientado para o mundo adulto, objetivos relacionados à carreira e ao desenvolvimento profissional, prioridade dada à satisfação conjugal, experiência com modelos de parentalidade, fatores de personalidade e de habilidade parental, entre outros. Em relação aos tipos de vinculação estabelecidos, observa-se uma variedade, enfatizando-se a singularidade de cada caso, havendo, entretanto, possibilidade de criatividade, desenvolvimento e flexibilidade. A tomada da decisão por não procriar mostra-se consensual ao menos em nível consciente, além de ser atravessada pelas experiências geracionais nas famílias de origem. É possível, também, um relacionamento positivo e satisfatório daqueles que optam por não ter filhos com suas profissões. Percebe-se o quanto a experiência da opção pela não-parentalidade é multideterminada e pode envolver diferentes níveis de ambivalência ou de conflito, assim como variadas maneiras de lidar com eles. Conclui-se, portanto, sobre a importância de se pensar a profundidade da experiência de cada casal em toda a sua complexidade, verificandose que, mesmo que as motivações declaradas tenham sido semelhantes, o interjogo inconsciente que leva a esta escolha é sempre único. / Distinctive familial configurations are gaining ground and legitimacy in contemporary society, and voluntary childlessness is increasing more and more. The general aim of this study is to investigate conscious and unconscious motivations leading couples to choose childlessness. The participants were three heterosexual childfree couples, aged from 38 to 49, and in which women neared the end of fecundity capacity, ages 41 to 44. These couples were selected from the non-clinical population, had eight years or more of education, and were married for at least four years. Based on the clinical-qualitative methodology, the instruments used were semi-directed interview with both members of the couple together, and the individual application of the following TAT pictures: I, II, IV, V, VII (women only), X and XVI, analyzed from a psychoanalytical reference. The particular theory adopted was the psychoanalysis of attachment configurations. The couples\' reported main motivations for childlessness involved: an adult-oriented lifestyle, career and professional goals, the priority given to the marital satisfaction, personality and parenting styles and skills, etc. It was observed a variety of kinds of marital rapport established by the couples, and the singularity in each case was emphasized. In the rapports, however, it was verified the possibility of creativity, development and flexibility. The decision-making process seemed to be consensual, at least at the conscious level, being also influenced by the generational experiences of the families of origin. In addition, it was observed that those childless by choice couples had a positive relationship with their professions. The study points at the many-sided quality of the experience of voluntary childlessness, which involves a wide range of ambiguity and conflict, and various ways of dealing with them. Therefore, it was concluded that it is important to consider the depth of the experience for each couple, taking into account all of its complexity. Even if the reported motivations were similar, the unconscious circumstances that lead to that choice might be unique.

Abstract Personality disorders (PDs) are relatively common mental disorders associating with other psychiatric disorders and disability. The aim of the study was to determine the occurrence of PDs in a general population subsample and psychiatric hospital patients, the associations of PDs with childhood family structure, the co-occurrence of PD with common psychiatric disorders, and the associations between PDs and temperament. The study is part of the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Project (NFBC 1966), consisting of cohort members living in Oulu (N = 1,609) on 1st January 1997 (the Oulu Study). The study consisted of a two-stage psychiatric field survey with questionnaires and a structured clinical interview and analysis of the patient records in public outpatient care. Information concerning psychiatric illness of all cohort members (N = 12,058) was gathered from the Finnish Hospital Discharge register (FHDR). The best-estimate procedure was used for the assessment of psychiatric morbidity including PDs. Childhood family structure and other sociodemographic variables were drawn from questionnaires of the field study conducted during earlier follow-up studies. In this study PDs were classified into three clusters: Cluster A (paranoid, schizoid and schizotypal PD), Cluster B (antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic PD), and Cluster C (avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive, and passive-aggressive PD). The most common PDs in the Oulu Study sample were Cluster C PDs, whereas Cluster B PDs were most common in the hospital-treated sample. PDs were highly associated with mood, anxiety and substance use disorders. Single-parent family type in childhood was associated with PDs, especially Cluster B PDs in adulthood. PD clusters were associated with different profiles of temperament, but the temperament dimensions could not distinguish different PDs very well. These results indicated that it is important to recognize PDs and their comorbid psychiatric disorders. This will have implications in both general outpatient care and psychiatry. These results indicate the importance of recognition of childhood risk factors for PDs for the prevention of severe PDs. The results suggest a need for more studies about the aetiology and development of PDs. / Tiivistelmä Persoonallisuushäiriöt ovat yleisiä mielenterveyden ongelmia, joihin liittyy usein psykiatrista oheissairastavuutta ja toimintakyvyn laskua. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli arvioida persoonallisuushäiriöiden yleisyyttä nuorilla aikuisilla. tehtävänä oli arvoida yhteyksiä lapsuuden perherakenteeseen ja yleisimpiin psykiatrisiin häiriöihin sekä arvioida persoonallisuushäiriöiden yhteyksiä temperamenttitekijöihin. Tutkimus on osa Pohjois-Suomen vuoden 1966 syntymäkohortin psykiatrista osaprojektia, Oulu Studyä. Tutkimusaineiston muodostivat Oulu Studyn otokseen kuuluvat kaikki 1. tammikuuta 1997 Oulussa asuneet kohortin jäsenet (N = 1 609) sekä sairaalahoidossa olleiden persoonallisuushäiriö- diagnoosin saaneiden osalta koko alkuperäisen syntymäkohortin (N =  12 058) jäsenet. Tutkimus koostui kaksivaiheisesta psykiatrisesta kenttätutkimuksesta, jossa tietoja tutkittavilta kerättiin sekä kyselylomakkeiden ja haastattelututkimuksen avulla. Lisäksi tutkittavilta kerättiin tiedot heidän elinaikanaan toteutuneesta julkisten psykiatristen sairaala- ja avohoitopalvelujen käytöstä sairauskertomustietojen perusteella. Niin kutsutun best-estimated -menetelmän avulla arvioitiin tutkittavien psykiatrista sairastavuutta mukaan lukien persoonallisuushäiriöt. Tutkittavien lapsuuden perherakennetta ja sosiodemografisia tekijöitä arvioitiin aiempien seurantatutkimusten tietojen avulla. Tutkimuksessa persoonallisuushäiriöt luokiteltiin DSM-III-R-diagnoosiluokituksen mukaisesti kolmeen eri pääryhmään ja niiden mukaisiin alaryhmiin: Ryhmä A (epävakaa, eristäytyvä ja psykoosipiirteinen persoonallisuus), ryhmä B (epäsosiaalinen, epävakaa, huomionhakuinen ja narsistinen persoonallisuus) ja ryhmä C (estynyt, riippuvainen, pakko-oireinen ja passiivis-aggressiivinen persoonallisuus). Oulu Studyn väestöotoksessa yleisimpiä näistä olivat ns. C-ryhmän persoonallisuushäiriöt, kun taas sairaalahoidetuilla henkilöillä B-ryhmän persoonallisuushäiriöt olivat yleisimpiä. Persoonallisuushäiriöiden todettiin liittyvän yleisesti masennus- ja ahdistuneisuushäiriöihin sekä päihteiden käyttöön. Vanhemman yksinhuoltajuuden todettiin liittyvän persoonallisuushäiriöihin, etenkin B-ryhmän persoonallisuushäiriöihin. Persoonallisuushäiriöryhmät erosivat toisistaan temperamenttiprofiilien perusteella. Eri persoonallisuushäiriöistä kärsivillä tutkittavilla ei todettu tyypillisiä temperamenttiprofiileja. Johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta, että persoonallisuushäiriöiden ja niihin yleisesti liittyvän psykiatrisen oheissairastavuuden tunnistaminen on tärkeää. Havainnot korostavat perusterveydenhuollon ja erikoissairaanhoidon yhteistyön merkitystä persoonallisuushäiriöistä ja psykiatrisista häiriöistä kärsivien henkilöiden tutkimuksessa ja hoidossa. Persoonallisuushäiriöille altistavien lapsuuden tekijöiden tunnistaminen on tärkeää vaikeiden persoonallisuushäiriöiden ehkäisemiseksi. Persoonallisuushäiriöiden etiologian ja kehittymisen selvittämiseksi tarvitaan uusia tutkimuksia.

How adolescents spend their time is a crucial predictor of their engagement in delinquency. Activities with peers away from direct supervision of adults are of concern as more opportunities and motivation to use marijuana exist in such situations. However, adolescents may vary in their propensity to use marijuana when faced the opportunity. Especially adolescents living with a single parent may have a higher propensity compared to those from two-parent households to use marijuana due to reduced parental monitoring and increased peer attachment. This thesis investigates the moderating effects of family structure on the routine leisure activities and adolescent marijuana use relationship, using data from Monitoring the Future Study 2007, 12th Grade Survey. The results provide partial support for the moderating effects.

[pt] Este estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar o Programa Subsidio de Alimentos (PSA) em Moçambique, especialmente em Cahora Bassa (Tete) com o intuito de compreender as repercussões do programa nas condições de vida das famílias de acordo com suas próprias visões. De maneira específica, buscámos conhecer o perfil dos beneficiários; apresentar suas principais carências; o conhecimento das titulares acerca do programa, as principais repercussões em suas condições de vida; analisar os significados que atribuem ao PSA e verificar se o PSA estaria contribuindo para a utilização de serviços sociais, como o acesso à alimentação e saúde. A pesquisa procurou fazer um levantamento bibliográfico sobre as políticas socais em Moçambique, relacionados à pesquisa. Também foi realizada a pesquisa de campo desenvolvida por meio de 30 (trinta) entrevistas em profundidade, sendo vinte e cinco com beneficiários do PSA e cinco com gestores do programa, a partir de um roteiro previamente elaborado. A pesquisa indicou que a população reconhece o PSA como uma ajuda que contribui de forma significativa no orçamento familiar, promove a manutenção ou uma maior variedade na alimentação ou mesmo o acesso a bens de consumo, mesmo considerando problemas em sua execução ligada ao baixo valor do benefício que varia de acordo com a renda familiar per capita e com a estrutura familiar, e mais cautelosos em relação às críticas. Por outro lado, os gestores indicam que predomina a aprovação e a percepção de que o PSA tem efeitos e resultados positivos uma vez que permite a ruptura com o ciclo vicioso da pobreza, e a saída permanente dos beneficiários dessa situação em Moçambique. Porém, sendo financiamento externo o principal instrumento de realização do PSA, o programa enfrenta limitações para se efetivação e expansão devido à escassez de recursos financeiros do governo os quais apontam o impacto da insegurança alimentar nas estruturas familiares, cuja expressão mais severa é a fome. / [en] This study was developed to evaluate the Benefit Food Program (PSA) in Mozambique, especially in Cahora Bassa (Tete) in order to understand the program s impact on the living conditions of families according to their own views. Specifically, we sought to know the profile of the beneficiaries; present their main needs; the knowledge of the owners about the program, the main impact on their living conditions; analyze the meanings they attach to PSA and verify that the PSA would be contributing to the use of social services, such as access to food and health. The research sought to review the literature on socais policies in Mozambique, related to the research. It was also carried out field research developed through thirty (30) indepth interviews, twenty-five with PSA beneficiaries and five program managers, from a previously prepared script. Research has indicated that the population recognizes the PSA as an aid that contributes significantly to the family budget, promotes maintenance or a greater variety in food or access to consumer goods, even considering problems in implementation connected to the low value of benefit varies according to family income and family structure, and more cautious with regard to criticism. On the other hand, managers indicate that dominates the approval and the perception that the PSA has effects and positive results since it allows to break the vicious cycle of poverty, and the permanent departure of the beneficiaries of this situation in Mozambique. However, with external funding the main instrument for implementing the PSA, the program has limitations to effective and expansion due to lack of government funds which point the impact of food insecurity in family structures, the most severe expression is hunger.