Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:28:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2364083 bytes, checksum: ad0763e8cc3c62c84ad0b5eeb088dba0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-24 / This research aimed to detect the limits and potential of the public and free technical assistance for design, construction and improvement of housing in the city of Viçosa. To this end, we sought to identify factors that affect the implementation of a Program of Public Engineering and Architecture and the effectiveness of the implementation of Federal Law no 11.888/08 in Viçosa that ensuring public and free technical assistance for design, construction and / or renovation of housing for families earning less than three minimum wages. For directing the implementation of the Program of Engineering and Public Architecture in Viçosa, it was analyzed the Federal Law no 11.888/08 and Municipal Law no 1.637/05 - which aims to institutionalize the program of Public Architecture and Engineering Viçosa, not yet implemented -, ascertaining the line between them and the applicability of its guidelines. It was also necessary to understand the administrative and financial structure of the municipality; understand and analyze some examples of experiences of engineering and technical architecture for public housing in the country and the city and investigate the availability of engineers and architects in town to play in guiding the construction of affordable housing, through the Program of Public Architecture and Engineering. The following methodological procedures were used: bibliographical and documentary research on the issue; case studies regarding the practice of technical assistance for affordable housing; questionnaires and structured interviews among professionals and public servants involved in the implementation of this law in the city. The research enabled us to verify that the implementation of a Program of Public Architecture and Engineering in the city of Viçosa in accordance with Federal Law no 11.888/08 depends on a number of factors arising from the municipal administrative structure, interest and availability of professionals in architecture and engineering, land ownership, conditions of use and occupation of urban land for low-income population, besides the presence of UFV. In the limits and potential to supply engineering services and architecture for each of them were listed. Among the limitations found, highlights the lack of effective support of the municipal government, which is expressed by the absence in the Municipality of Viçosa institutional structure and administrative system to channel resources for solving the housing problems; by the lack of human resources and municipal budget for this purpose; the lack of a physical structure to perform the work demanded and the ineffectiveness of municipal overnment, which is not organized to seek the resources provided by the federal government. Among the capabilities found, there is the presence of the Federal University of Viçosa in the city. On the other hand it enables the formation of partnerships and the inclusion of students and teachers in the process of provision of free architectural and engineering resources to the poor. At the end, some recommendations to guide the implementation of the Program of Public Engineering and Architecture in the city of Viçosa were pointed out. / Esta pesquisa objetivou detectar os limites e potencialidades da assistência técnica pública e gratuita para projeto, construção e melhoria da habitação popular na cidade de Viçosa. Para tanto, buscou identificar os fatores que interferem na implantação de um Programa de Engenharia e Arquitetura Pública e na eficácia da aplicação da Lei Federal no 11.888/08 em Viçosa - que assegura assistência técnica pública e gratuita para projeto, construção e/ou reforma de habitações para famílias com renda inferior a três salários mínimos. Para direcionamento da implementação do Programa de Engenharia e Arquitetura Pública em Viçosa, analisou-se a Lei Federal no 11.888/08 e a Lei Municipal no 1.637/05 - que visa institucionalizar o Programa de Arquitetura e Engenharia Pública de Viçosa, ainda não implementado -, averiguando a consonância entre elas e a aplicabilidade de suas diretrizes. Também foi preciso compreender a estrutura administrativa e financeira da prefeitura; conhecer e analisar alguns exemplos de experiências da assistência técnica de engenharia e arquitetura para a moradia popular no país e na cidade e investigar a disponibilidade dos engenheiros e arquitetos da cidade para atuar na orientação à construção da moradia popular, via Programa de Engenharia e Arquitetura Pública. Para tanto, foram adotados os seguintes procedimentos metodológicos: pesquisa bibliográfica e documental relativa à problemática; estudos de caso referentes à prática da assistência técnica para a moradia popular; questionários e entrevistas estruturadas entre os profissionais e servidores públicos envolvidos com a aplicação desta lei na cidade. A pesquisa possibilitou verificar que a implementação de um Programa de Engenharia e Arquitetura Pública na cidade de Viçosa em consonância com a Lei Federal no 11.888/08 depende de uma série de fatores, decorrentes da estrutura administrativa municipal, do interesse e disponibilidade dos profissionais de arquitetura e engenharia, da estrutura fundiária, das condições de uso e ocupação do solo urbano pela população de baixa renda, além da presença da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV). Nas conclusões, foram enumerados os limites e as potencialidades para oferta dos serviços de engenharia e arquitetura referentes a cada um deles. Entre os limites encontrados, destaca-se a falta de apoio efetivo do poder público municipal, que se expressa pela inexistência na Prefeitura Municipal de Viçosa de uma estrutura institucional e administrativa eficaz para canalizar recursos destinados à solução dos problemas habitacionais; pela carência de recursos humanos e orçamentários municipais para este fim; pela falta de uma estrutura física para a realização dos trabalhos demandados e pela inoperância do poder público municipal, que não se organiza para buscar os recursos disponibilizados pelo governo federal. Entre as potencialidades encontradas, destaca-se a presença da UFV na cidade, que possibilita a formação de parcerias e a inclusão dos estudantes e professores no processo de oferta dos serviços gratuitos de engenharia e arquitetura à população carente de recursos. Ao final, foram apontadas algumas recomendações visando orientar a implantação do Programa de Engenharia e Arquitetura Pública na cidade de Viçosa.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo aprofundar o regime jurídico disciplinar do servidor público temporário. Analisam-se as características principais dessa espécie de agente público que o diferenciam dos demais servidores e que justificam um regime disciplinar próprio. Em uma breve investigação sobre as prováveis origens do temporário, constata-se a presença desse servidor na Administração Pública brasileira desde 1823. No direito estrangeiro (particularmente, no direito francês e no direito português), verifica-se a existência de figuras assemelhadas ao servidor público temporário brasileiro, que é uma espécie de servidor público do gênero agente público, exercendo uma função pública, mas não ocupando nem cargo, nem emprego públicos, sendo contratado por tempo determinado para atender a necessidade temporária de excepcional interesse público. A Constituição Federal, em seu artigo 37, IX, indica que a lei estabelecerá os casos de contratação por tempo determinado, mas não há uma uniformidade entre os entes da federação sobre o regime jurídico adotado para o servidor temporário. Esta análise concentra-se na Lei Federal n.º 8.745/93, que disciplina o assunto. No âmbito federal, o servidor público temporário é dotado de um regime jurídico com características mais próximas do regime jurídico administrativo, sendo recrutado por meio de contrato administrativo assemelhado ao regime estatutário. Tal contratação deve pautar-se pela observância dos princípios da continuidade do serviço público, da moralidade, da impessoalidade, da razoabilidade, da proporcionalidade e da motivação. Focaliza-se a responsabilidade do servidor público temporário no âmbito administrativo, procurando-se demonstrar que tal servidor, por um princípio de equiparação, submete-se a um processo administrativo disciplinar para apuração de suas faltas, o qual cumpre prazos especiais e condições específicas em razão do vínculo temporário com a Administração Pública, em tudo sendo respeitado o devido processo legal, a ampla defesa e o contraditório. Analisam-se as diferenças entre o processo disciplinar do servidor temporário (sindicância) e o processo do servidor público em geral, os ritos adotados, os prazos, as penalidades e os recursos, constatando-se que o servidor público temporário responde pelos atos ilícitos em todas as esferas: penal, civil, administrativa e por atos de improbidade. A transitoriedade na função não o exime de responsabilidades, por isso, com as devidas adaptações, está sujeito aos ônus e bônus do serviço público. Daí a necessidade de construir, com base nas características próprias dessa espécie de servidor público, um regime adaptado às especificações do vínculo especial a que se submete o servidor público temporário. Propõe-se aqui um miniprocesso disciplinar ou um processo disciplinar especial, ou uma minissindicância ou uma sindicância especial, sui generis. / This paper examines at a deeper level the disciplinary legal regime of temporary public servants. Some particularities of this kind of public agent are analyzed in order to identify the main characteristics that differentiate them from other servers thus justifying its particular legal regime. From a brief history of its origin, the presence of temporary servers has been found in the Brazilian Public Administration since 1823. Based on the study of foreign laws, the existence of servants that resemble the Brazilian temporary public servant was detected particularly in French and Portuguese laws. The temporary public servant is a kind of public servant, a genre of public agent, who exercises a public function, but does not hold a public office and is not a public employee. This type of servant is hired for a specific time to meet a temporary professional demand of exceptional public interest. As indicated by Article 37, IX of the Brazilian Federal Constitution, a regulatory law must determine the cases of employment for a pre-determined term, and there is no uniformity among Brazilian States about the legal framework adopted for temporary public servants. This study is based on the Brazilian Federal Law number 8.745/93, which governs the matter. At federal level, temporary public servants are covered by a legal regime that is similar to the administrative legal regime. They are hired via an administrative contract that resembles the statutory regime. This contract shall be governed by the observance of the principles of public service continuity, morality, impartiality, reasonableness, proportionality and motivation. Public temporary servers are subject to the administrative proceedings and through the principle of assimilation are subject to disciplinary administrative proceedings to investigate their faults, under specific terms and conditions due to their temporary bond with the Public Administration. Such administrative proceedings, however, must follow the rules of the due legal process, namely the principle of unlimited right of defense and the adversary system. The differences between the disciplinary process of the temporary server (inquiry) and the process of public servants in general are analyzed, as well as the adopted rites, deadlines, penalties and appeals, noting that temporary public employees are liable for torts in all areas: criminal, civil, administrative and acts of misconduct. The transience function does not exempt temporary public servants from liability therefore, mutatis mutandis, they are subject to all rights and obligations of public service. Hence the need to build, based on the characteristics of this kind of public servant, a regime tailored to the specifications of the special bond that undergoes temporary public service. A disciplinary mini-process, or a special disciplinary proceeding, or a small inquiry, or a special sui generis inquiry is proposed herein.

Cette étude est consacrée au droit privé fédéral et à l'interaction entre la législation fédérale et le droit privé des provinces. Elle porte plus précisément sur le rôle des tribunaux dans le cadre de cette interaction. Elle a pour objectif de vérifier comment les juges procèdent à l'unification du droit privé fédéral en évitant de recourir formellement au droit provincial à titre supplétif. Dans un premier temps, elle établit le cadre juridique gouvernant l'interprétation du droit privé fédéral, de même que l'exercice du pouvoir judiciaire dans ce contexte. Dans un deuxième temps, elle analyse à travers un ensemble de jugements les procédés employés par les juges pour réaliser l'unification du droit privé fédéral. Elle conclut que ces procédés peuvent effectivement permettre de réaliser, au plan pratique, une telle unification. Cependant, ces interventions judiciaires sont ponctuelles et sont limitées à certains aspects de la conception ou de l'application des normes de droit privé. Dans les cas plus problématiques, elles peuvent avoir pour effet soit de nier le vide normatif rendant nécessaire le recours aux sources supplétives provinciales, soit de nier la pluralité formelle de ces sources dans le contexte fédéral. / This study is devoted to federal private law and the interaction between federal legislation and provincial private law. In particular, it is devoted to the role of the courts in such interaction. Hs objective is to assess how judges proceed with the unification of federal private law by avoiding formal reference to provincial law to supplement federal legislation. Firstly, the study considers the legal framework governing the interpretation of federal private law, as well as the exercise of judicial power in this context. Secondly, the study reviews means employed by judges, through a series of judgments, to proceed with the unification of federal private law. The study concludes that unification can effectively be achieved through such means. However, these judicial interventions are limited to sorne aspects of the elaboration and application ofprivate norms. In more complex cases, the effect of these interventions may be to disregard normative gaps that make necessary to supplement federal legislation with sources of provincial law, or to deny the plurality of these sources in the federal context.

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2018-04-10T17:35:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 BRUNA PIMENTEL CILENTO.pdf: 6007213 bytes, checksum: ced9e5af3462d6b233c339854f8c380e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-10T17:35:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BRUNA PIMENTEL CILENTO.pdf: 6007213 bytes, checksum: ced9e5af3462d6b233c339854f8c380e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-12 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas - PUC - Campinas / This study seeks to expose the urban land regularization of social interest proposed by Federal Law n?. 11.977/09 (BRAZIL, 2009), which used the instruments: urban demarcation and ownership legitimacy as a strategy to standardize and disrupt the processes of settlement of low-income populations so that these occurred with greater agility. Despite the positive results presented in the cases studied, such as the de-adjudication of the recognition of tenure and the growth of titling records, land regularization procedures remain time-consuming and facilitating titling of the possessor more than promoting a decent - and free from socio-spatial segregation - urbanization. This situation is further aggravated by the attitude of the political-administrative management of municipalities that do not adequately supervise the use and occupation of urban land, acting in accordance with private interests and with connivance in relation to the illegal practices of landowners irregularly soil division/parceled. In a new national political scenario, despite the advances and difficulties faced, rises a new regulatory framework for urban land regularization, Law n?. 13.465 / 2017 (BRAZIL, 2017), which revoked Law n? 11.977/09 (BRAZIL, 2009), further destabilizing the current environmental urban land regularization of social interest in Brazil, for bringing legal uncertainty as to the manner of its application. In this context are at strife the interests of the poor working-class- who live in informality and segregated access to the formal city and its public services and equipment -, and the patrimonialist interests among the state - which maintains with those who live in illegality a dysfunctional relationship based on the politics of partiality, typical of "political clientelism" (MARICATO, 2014) - helping perpetuating the ideology of socio-excluding domination, in favor of maintaining the circumstance of the accumulation of privileges in the hands of a minority. / Este estudio expone la Regularizaci?n Fundiaria Urbana de inter?s social propuesta por la Ley Federal n? 11.977/09 (BRASIL, 2009), que se vali? de los instrumentos de la demarcaci?n urban?stica y legitimaci?n de posesi?n como estrategia para uniformizar y desjudicializar los procesos de regularizaci?n de asentamientos compuestos por las poblaciones de bajos ingresos, de forma que ocurrecen con mayor agilidad. A pesar de los resultados positivos presentados en los casos estudiados, como la desjudicializaci?n del reconocimiento de la posesi?n y el crecimiento de registros de titulaci?n, los procedimientos de regularizaci?n de la tierra urbana siguen tardandose, facilitando m?s la titulaci?n del poseedor que la promoci?n de una urbanizaci?n digna y libre de la segregaci?n socioespacial. Este cuadro es agravado por la postura de las gestiones pol?tico-administrativas de los municipios que no fiscalizan adecuadamente el uso y ocupaci?n del suelo urbano, actuando de acuerdo con intereses particulares y conniventes con las pr?cticas ilegales de los due?os de las tierras parceladas irregularmente. En un nuevo escenario pol?tico nacional, a pesar de los avances y de las dificultades enfrentadas, surge un nuevo marco regulatorio de la Regularizaci?n Fundi?ria Urbana, Ley n? 13.465 (BRASIL, 2017), que revoc? la Ley n? 11.977/09 (BRASIL, 2009), desestabilizando a?n m?s la coyuntura en que se encuentra la regularizaci?n fundi?ria urbana de inter?s social em Brazil. En este contexto est?n en disputa los intereses de la clase pobre trabajadora, que vive en la informalidad y segregada del acceso a la ciudad formal y sus servicios y equipamientos p?blicos, y los intereses patrimonialistas del estado, que mantiene con los que viven en la ilegalidad una relaci?n disfuncional, en la pol?tica del favor, propia del "clientelismo pol?tico" (MARICATO, 2014), el cual ayuda a perpetuar la ideolog?a de dominaci?n socioexcluyente en favor del mantenimiento del status quo de la acumulaci?n de privilegios en las manos de una minor?a. / Este estudo exp?e a Regulariza??o Fundi?ria Urbana de interesse social proposta pela Lei Federal n? 11.977/09 (BRASIL, 2009), que se valeu dos instrumentos da demarca??o urban?stica e legitima??o de posse como estrat?gia para uniformizar e desjudicializar os processos de regulariza??o de assentamentos compostos por popula??es de baixa renda, de forma que ocorressem com maior agilidade. Apesar dos resultados positivos apresentados nos casos estudados, como a desjudicializa??o do reconhecimento da posse e o crescimento de registros de titula??o, os procedimentos de regulariza??o fundi?ria ainda permanecem demorados, facilitando mais a titula??o do possuidor do que a promo??o de uma urbaniza??o digna e livre da segrega??o socioespacial. Esse quadro ? ainda mais agravado pela postura das gest?es pol?tico-administrativas dos munic?pios que n?o fiscalizam adequadamente o uso e ocupa??o do solo urbano, agindo de acordo com interesses particulares e coniventes com as pr?ticas ilegais dos donos das terras parceladas irregularmente. Em um novo cen?rio pol?tico nacional, apesar dos avan?os e das dificuldades enfrentadas, surge um novo marco regulat?rio da Regulariza??o Fundi?ria Urbana, Lei n? 13.465 (BRASIL, 2017), que revogou a Lei n? 11.977/09 (BRASIL, 2009), desestabilizando ainda mais a conjuntura em que se encontra a Regulariza??o Fundi?ria Urbana de interesse social no Brasil, por trazer inseguran?a jur?dica quanto ? forma de sua aplica??o. Nesse contexto est?o em disputa os interesses da classe pobre trabalhadora, que vive na informalidade e segregada do acesso ? cidade formal e seus servi?os e equipamentos p?blicos, e os interesses patrimonialistas do estado, que mant?m com os que vivem na ilegalidade uma rela??o disfuncional, baseada na pol?tica do favor, pr?pria do ?clientelismo pol?tico? (MARICATO, 2014), o qual ajuda a perpetuar a ideologia de domina??o socioexcludente em prol da manuten??o do status quo da acumula??o de privil?gios nas m?os de uma minoria.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T14:32:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Camila Fernanda Saraiva.pdf: 7435189 bytes, checksum: 747c9569d7ea7390dc6c72d2947b6aee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aimed to describe two teacher training experiences for teachers of early childhood education and primary schools in Santo André City, in the state of São Paulo, being them: Gender and Race and The Color of Culture, developed in 2005 and 2006. The research tried to evaluate the impact of the training programs in raising awareness and guiding teachers of early childhood education about the importance of including the perspective of ethnic-racial relations in their teaching. For this, the most adequate methodology of research for the proposed objectives was the qualitative research. Thus, the study analyzed the constitution and the settings of these programs, based on the available documents and on three interviews: one with the representative of the Department of Education and Training and two with kindergarten teachers working in municipal day care centers. The results of the analysis showed that: the training programs helped to include the ethnic-racial issues into the discussion about teaching practices, but this was limited to the period of the training courses. The results also pointed out the weaknesses of a formation process that adopts the method of multiplication, without reaching the schools, because that is one of the factors causing the discontinuity. One of the conclusions of the study is that this kind of training has to take in account the specificity of early childhood education. To carry on this work, other conditions are also necessary: the teacher personal involvement with the theme; the partnership and encouragement by the school management team; as well as the adoption of a permanent public policy by the Department of Education. In this way, teacher trainig programs on ethnic-racial relations could contribute to build a more democratic and egalitarian society / A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo principal descrever duas experiências de formação continuada de professores de educação básica no Município de Santo André, sendo elas: Gênero e Raça e A Cor da Cultura, ocorridas respectivamente, em 2005 e 2006, percebendo em que medida conseguiram sensibilizar e orientar os professores de educação infantil no sentido de incorporar a perspectiva das relações étnico-raciais em suas práticas pedagógicas. Para isso, o tipo de pesquisa que melhor atendeu aos objetivos propostos foi a pesquisa qualitativa. Assim, foram analisadas a constituição e as configurações das referidas formações, com base na documentação disponível e em três entrevistas: com a representante da Secretaria da Educação e Formação Profissional e com duas professoras de educação infantil que atuam em creche municipal. O resultado da análise mostrou que as formações contribuíram para aproximar as questões étnicoraciais das escolas e das práticas pedagógicas, porém de forma momentânea. Também apontou as fragilidades de um processo de formação que leva em conta a metodologia da multiplicação, sem atingir diretamente a escola, pois esse é um fator que contribui para a descontinuidade. Uma das conclusões da pesquisa é que a formação continuada de professores de educação infantil, na perspectiva das relações étnico-raciais, precisa levar em conta as especificidades dessa etapa da educação básica. Além disso, para a efetivação desse trabalho, se faz necessário: o envolvimento pessoal e profissional do professor com a temática; a parceria e estímulo por parte da equipe diretiva da unidade escolar; bem como a adoção de uma política pública permanente por parte da Secretaria de Educação. Dessa maneira, iniciativas como essas podem contribuir para a construção de uma sociedade mais democrática e igualitária

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T16:17:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Artemio_Caten_LEI10639.pdf: 2198778 bytes, checksum: 7b69bfbb22571876f5327bb2d9c92ac2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-05 / In this work, we present the research results about the Federal Law 10.639/03, which modifies the LDB - Law of Education Directives and Bases: 9394/96, including the obligation of the subject Afro-Brazilians and Africans history and culture in the official syllabuses of basic education. Specifically, we sought to determine which settings the integration of such content has taken place in high school located in the City of Toledo / PR. We analyze aspects of differences and contradictions between educational legislation about racism and the social and school practice that reproduces and justifies the racial discrimination. We ponder that this law indication impacts on the education of History centered in Eurocentric narratives, followed by a stereotyped approaching of the Afro-Brazilians and African History and the Culture and this is paradoxical in relation to the racial discrimination practice in Brazil, which is permeated by a notorious racist approaching, constructed to legitimize the marginalization of the black people. As a result, we investigate the Law implementation and how the relationship is taking place among teachers working in the Paraná State Network for overcoming a Eurocentric curriculum and to seek a reeducation of ethnic-racial relations. Supported by the theoretical referential of Jörn Rüsen, we analyze the approaching of the contents concerning to the Law, in the Public Didactic Book of the Paraná State, High School Education, in the History discipline, and we interviewed the teachers who lection the History discipline in High School, focusing them as readers of those texts that display the contents connected to this Federal Law. In order to understand the speech direction in the interview messages, we use Bardin content analysis, which methodology is composed by three phases: pre-analysis (exhausting reading), the material exploration (to reach the different meaning nucleus) and the results treatment (formularization/regrouping in categories and subcategories).There is a fundamental question for us: on the one hand, the implementation of this law allows a reflection on the racial discrimination and practice and social inequality, on the other hand, we reflect if the inclusion of these contents can corroborate an education conception in the level that is attributed the task of minimizing social problems historically established. We consider that racial discrimination against African-Brazilians do not seems to be an individual construction, made by the person who should be reeducated in the ethnic-racial relations level and, also, in a historical construction of social class related to the exploration at work. We analyze this Law as a legitimate claim of the Black Movement and as a speech incorporated by the State representatives who act forward the maintenance of the capitalist production way. We verify that the actions taken from this Law are restricted because the educator s formation has limits concerning the qualification level for the re-education of the ethnic-racial relations. The interviews pronounce the existence of a fragmented implantation plan of the Law and the actions taken from its application depend on the educators militancy and, also, a more significant social acceptance of the Afro-Brazilians. However, the implementation process of this Law points out to the discussion of the race issue and to analyze the large social gaps existing within schools and the Brazilian social context, even if we do not perceive significant alterations in terms of curricular change. / Nesta dissertação, apresentamos o resultado da pesquisa cuja temática é a Lei Federal 10.639/03, que altera a LDB - Leis de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação: 9.394/96, incluindo a obrigatoriedade do ensino dos conteúdos da História e da Cultura dos Afro-brasileiros e Africana nos currículos oficiais da Educação Básica. Especificamente, buscamos verificar quais configurações têm assumido a inserção desses conteúdos nas unidades educacionais que oferecem Ensino Médio e estão localizadas no Município de Toledo/PR. Analisamos aspectos das diferenças e das contradições entre a legislação educacional sobre o racismo e a prática escolar e social que reproduz e justifica a discriminação racial. Ponderamos que a indicação dessa Lei impacta sobre o ensino de História centrado em narrativas eurocêntricas, acompanhadas por uma abordagem estereotipada da História e da Cultura dos Afrobrasileiros e Africana e é paradoxal em relação às práticas de discriminação racial no Brasil, as quais estão permeadas por uma abordagem marcadamente racista, construída para legitimar a marginalização dos negros. Em virtude disso, pesquisamos a implementação da Lei e a forma como está ocorrendo à articulação entre os professores que atuam na Rede Estadual do Paraná, para a superação de um currículo eurocêntrico e para buscar uma reeducação das relações étnicoraciais. Instrumentalizados com o referencial teórico de Jörn Rüsen, analisamos a abordagem dos conteúdos referentes à Lei, no Livro Didático Público do Paraná, Ensino Médio, disciplina de História e, entrevistamos professores que lecionam a disciplina de História no Ensino Médio, focalizando-os como leitores daqueles trechos que abordam os conteúdos conexos a essa Lei Federal. Para desvendar o sentido do discurso das mensagens das entrevistas, empregamos a análise de conteúdo da Bardin, cuja metodologia se compõe de três fases: pré-análise (leitura exaustiva), a exploração do material (para alcançar os diferentes núcleos de sentido) e, o tratamento dos resultados (formulação/reagrupamento em categorias e subcategorias). Há uma questão que para nós é central: se, por um lado, a implementação dessa Lei possibilita uma reflexão sobre a prática da discriminação racial e as desigualdades sociais, por outro lado, indagamos até que ponto a inserção daqueles conteúdos pode corroborar uma concepção de Educação no plano em que se atribui a esta a função de minimizar problemas sociais historicamente estabelecidos. Ponderamos que a discriminação racial contra os Afro-brasileiros é entendida como uma construção individual, feita pelo sujeito que deve ser reeducado no plano das relações étnico-raciais e, também, uma construção histórica de classe social a serviço da exploração do trabalho. Analisamos essa Lei como uma reivindicação legítima do Movimento Negro e como um discurso incorporado pelos representantes do Estado que atuam na perspectiva de manutenção do modo de produção capitalista. Verificamos que as ações decorrentes dessa Lei são restritas por que a formação dos educadores tem limites ao nível da qualificação para a reeducação das relações étnico-raciais. As entrevistas anunciam a existência de um plano fragmentado de implantação da Lei e as ações decorrentes de sua aplicação dependem da militância dos educadores e, também, de uma aceitação social mais significativa dos Afro-brasileiros. No entanto, o processo de implementação desta Lei aponta para a problematização da questão racial e a análise das grandes desigualdades sociais existentes no interior das escolas e no contexto social brasileiro, mesmo que não compreende mudanças significativas no plano da alteração curricular.

In the last 30 years many changes have taken place within the Cowlitz Indian Tribe. These changes involve the tribe’s sovereignty and have greatly impacted the emic identity of the tribe. Previous identity research with the Cowlitz predates these changes and no longer accurately describe the Cowlitz. The question for this research was how have these changes affected the emic identity of the Cowlitz today as seen in their community and interactions? And how does their identity now compare with their identity in the times of pre-contact and initial contact with whites? This research uses Manuel DeLanda’s assemblage theory to assess and compare the emic identity of the contemporary and historical tribe in terms of sovereignty, identity, and cultural rejuvenation. When the structure, relationships, activities, and purposes of the tribe and groups within the contemporary tribe were analyzed, there was a striking resemblance to the community system described in early settler journals and histories of the Cowlitz. The research was cross-sectional, including ethnographic study, interviews of tribal members, document analysis, and historical analysis. In an attempt to allow the Cowlitz people to speak for themselves rather than project ideas onto the tribe, each section of the research first allows tribal members to voice their opinions and then relies on Cowlitz voices to confirm the analysis. The final dissertation was then submitted to the tribe for comment.

Au cours d'une transaction portant sur une acceptation bancaire (ci-après «BA» tel que dénommée dans le jargon juridique) différents types de relations peuvent s'établir entre les parties impliquées, certaines plus directes que d'autres. Dans une transaction donnée, à part le client et la banque, on peut trouver une ou plusieurs banques participantes et un ou plusieurs investisseurs, qui deviennent détenteurs de BA. La situation peut devenir complexe et les relations légales risquent de devenir assez compliquées. Cependant, il est important d'identifier si la relation s'est établie à travers l'instrument de BA, si elle existe par le biais d'une relation contractuelle ordinaire ou encore, si elle existe par le fait de la loi. Une bonne analyse des circonstances entourant la transaction, des facteurs connexes à la transaction et des droits et obligations qui existent entre les parties, sera nécessaire pour déterminer laquelle de la loi provinciale ou fédérale s'appliquera, et dans quelle mesure. Une fois accordée, la BA est gouvernée par la Loi sur les lettres de change. Toutes solutions apportées à un problème qui implique des BA, doivent, en principe, respecter la nature inhérente de la BA en tant qu'effet de commerce, gouverné par la loi fédérale. En matière de BA, c'est, soit la Loi sur les lettres de change soit la Loi sur les lettres et billets de dépôt (Depository Bills and Note Act) qui s'appliqueront à l'acte. Comme il existe des lois fédérales applicables à la BA, l'objet de notre étude est de déterminer si, et dans quelle circonstance la loi de la province, tel que le Code civil du Québec, trouvera application et éclaircira dans certains cas la disposition contenue dans la Loi sur les lettres de change, notamment lorsque les dispositions de ladite loi sont silencieuses ou ambigües. La solution la plus simple serait d'appliquer la loi provinciale aux matières qui ne sont pas traitées dans la loi, étant donné que les lois provinciales apportent souvent un complément à la législation fédérale. Cependant, la Loi sur les lettres de change contient des dispositions spéciales, tel que l'article 9 qui stipule : « 9. Les règles de la common law d'Angleterre, y compris en droit commercial, s'appliquent aux lettres, billets et chèques dans la mesure de leur compatibilité avec les dispositions expresses de la présente loi. » Cette disposition a crée une certaine confusion relativement à l'application du droit civil du Québec en matière de Lettres de change. En effet, il existe un doute quant à savoir si l'application de l'article 9 est une incorporation par référence qui exclue totalement l'application du droit civil. Cette question continue de se poser inexorablement dans la doctrine et la jurisprudence. Elle a en effet donné lieu à une série de théories quand au degré d'application de la common law en matière de lettres de change. Une revue de la jurisprudence dominante nous permet de conclure que les tribunaux ont accepté l'application du droit provinciale dans certaines questions impliquant les lettres de change. La question essentielle traitée lors de notre analyse est la suivante: lorsqu'un litige prend naissance dans une transaction de BA, quelle est la règle qui devra s'appliquer? Quel sera le droit qui gouvernera les problèmes émergeant dans une BA, celui du Code Civil du Québec ou celui de la common law d'Angleterre? Étant donne le nombre de cas qui sont portés devant les cours de justice en rapport avec des transactions de BA, comprendre quelle sera la loi applicable est d'une importance fondamentale. Pour répondre à cette question, nous commencerons par un examen de l'historique, du développement et de l'évolution de la BA. Afin de mieux comprendre la BA, nous débuterons par un bref survol des origines de cet instrument juridique. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous analyserons la nature et le caractère légal de la BA. Cela constituera le cadre aux travers duquel nous pourrons identifier les règles et les principes qui s'appliquent aux différents aspects de la transaction de BA. Le chapitre trois fera l'objet d'un examen détaillé des mécanismes de l'opération de BA tout en étudiant de près les exigences imposées par la législation applicable. Après avoir examine l'aspect légal de la BA, nous procéderons au chapitre quatre, à l'étude de l'applicabilité de la loi provinciale relativement à certains aspects de la transaction de BA. A cet effet, nous examinerons les différentes approches de compréhension de la Loi sur les lettres de change et plus particulièrement la problématique rencontrée à l'article 9. Nous étudierons aussi l'application et l'interprétation de cette loi par les tribunaux du Québec au cours du siècle dernier. Les juges et les juristes se sont penchés sur les sens qu'a voulu donner le législateur lorsqu'il a stipulé dans l'article 9 «Le règles de la common law d'Angleterre, y compris en droit commercial, s appliquent aux lettres, billets et chèques dans la mesure de leur compatibilité avec les dispositions expresses de la présente loi ». Cette section doit-elle être appliquée à la lettre, nous obligeant à appliquer la common law d'Angleterre a chaque problème qui peut se poser en relation avec les lettres et les billets? Le Parlement a-t-il l'intention que cette disposition s'applique également au Québec, dont le droit privé est basé sur le système du Code Civil? Notre étude portera sur les différentes approches d'interprétation qui offrent une diversité de solutions au problème posé par l'article 9. Finalement, compte tenu des nouveaux développements législatifs, au chapitre cinq, nous proposons une méthode en vue de déterminer la loi applicable aux différents aspects de la transaction de BA. Notre analyse nous a conduit à adopter la solution proposée par la majorité des juristes, à la différence que notre approche de l'article 9 est basée sur des raisons de politique. Nous avons donc adopté la stricte dichotomie (en tant qu'effet négociable d'une part, et d'une sorte de contrat et de propriété de l'autre) en prenant en compte les difficultés inhérentes à déterminer quand l'un finit et l'autre commence. En conclusion, selon notre opinion, il existe deux solutions. Premièrement, il y a la possibilité que l'article 9 puisse être écarté. Dans ce cas, toutes les matières qui ne sont pas expressément évoquées dans la loi tomberont dans la compétence de la loi provinciale, comme c'est le cas dans d'autres types de législations fédérales. Dans ces situations, le droit civil du Québec joue un rôle supplétif dans les applications d'une loi fédérale au Québec. Deuxièmement, modifier l'article 9 plutôt que d'en écarter son application offre une autre possibilité. Incorporer la large stricte dichotomie dans l'article 9 nous semble être une solution préférable. La disposition pourrait se lire comme suit: « Les règles de la common law d'Angleterre incluant le droit commercial dans la mesure ou elles ne sont pas incompatibles avec les dispositions expresses de la Loi, s’appliquent aux lettres, billets, et chèques au sens stricte. Pour plus de certitude, les lettres et les billets au sens strict, incluent la forme, la délivrance et I’émission des lettres, billets, et chèques.» Ce type de changement se révélera être un pas important dans le but de clarifier la loi et déterminer l'équilibre à trouver entre l'application des lois fédérales et provinciales en matière de BA. / When dealing with a BA transaction several types of relationships may develop, some more direct than others. In any given transaction, aside from the customer and bank, there may be one or more participating banks, investment dealers, or multiple investors, who become holders of the BA. The situation may be complex and the legal relationships may become quite intricate. However, it is important to identify whether the relationship is established through the BA instrument, or whether it exists by ordinary contractual relationship or by operation of law. Proper analysis of the surrounding circumstances, the connecting factors, and the obligations and the rights which exist between the parties, will be necessary in determining whether or not the contractual rules of the provinces, or federal law rules apply, and to what extent. Granted, the BA instrument is clearly governed by the Bills of Exchange Act. Any solution introduced to a problem involving a BA must, in principle, respect the inherent nature of the BA as a negotiable instrument, governed by federal law. In the case of BAs, either the Bills of Exchange Act or the Depository Bills and Notes Act will apply to the instrument. Since there are applicable federal rules to BAs, the purpose of our study is to determine if, and under what circumstances, provincial law, such as the Civil Code of Quebec, would find application with respect to BAs and complement the provisions of the Bills of Exchange Act where the statute is silent or ambiguous. The simple solution would be to apply provincial law to those matters not addressed in the Act, as provincial law typically compliments federal legislation. However, the Bills of Exchange Act contains a peculiar provision, namely section 9, which provides: “9. The rules of the common law of England, including the law merchant, save in so far as they are inconsistent with the express provisions of this Act, apply to bills, notes and cheques.” This provision has created confusion as to the appropriate application of Quebec civil law to matters of bills of exchange. Indeed, there is doubt as to whether section 9 is in fact an incorporation by reference that effectively precludes the application of civil law. The problem continues to be a contentious issue in the doctrine and jurisprudence. The "inexorable character" of the problem created by the interpretation of this provision has given rise to a number of diverse theories regarding the extent of the applicability of common law to matters of bills of exchange. As we can clearly conclude from a review of the jurisprudence, the courts, for the most part, have been conciliatory to the application of provincial law in issues involving bills of exchange. The majority of judges express a hesitance to jeopardize the integrity of the provincial law as complimentary law in order to accommodate the idea that Parliament's desire was to enact an extensive and far-reaching law of bills and notes. The position of most doctrinal writers is very much the same. The essential question of our analysis is which rules will govern the issues, which emerge within BAs - the Civil Code of Quebec or the common law of England? From a Canadian perspective, understanding which law is applicable to BAs is of paramount importance, since courts are dealing with an increasing amount of banker's acceptance transactions. To answer this question, we will begin with an examination of the origin and evolution of the banker's acceptance. In Chapter Two, we will also analyze the nature and legal character of the BA. This will establish the framework through which we can identify the rules and principles that apply to the various aspects of the BA transaction. In Chapter Three, we examine the mechanics of the BA operation step-by-step, paying close attention to the requirements imposed by legislation. We look at the laws applicable to the BA and describe the various agreements pertaining to the BA. Having examined the legal nature of the BA as being a negotiable instrument governed by federal law and a contract and moveable pursuant to the Civil Code of Quebec, we will proceed in Chapter Four to consider the applicability of provincial law to aspects of the BA transaction. To this end, we examine different approaches to understanding the Bills of Exchange Act, particularly the problematic section 9, as well as the applicable law as understood in Quebec jurisprudence during the past century. Judges and jurists alike have attempted to understand what was meant when the legislator stated in section 9, "[t]he rules of the common law of England, including the law merchant, save in so far as they are inconsistent with the express provisions of this Act, apply to bills, notes and cheques." Is this section to be interpreted literally, requiring us to apply English common law to every issue that might arise in connection with bills and notes? Does Parliament intend this provision to apply equally to Quebec, whose private law is based on the civil law system? Our study will look to interpretive approaches offering a variety of different solutions to the problem of section 9. Finally, given new legislative developments, in Chapter Five, we offer a proposed method to determine the law applicable to various aspects of the BA transaction. Our analysis has lead us to adopt the result advocated by the majority of jurists, but with the recognition that our approach to section 9 is based on reasons of policy. We have adopted the strict/wide dichotomy, (as a negotiable instrument on the one hand, and as a specie of contract and property on the other hand) realizing the difficulties inherent in determining where one ends and the other begins. Therefore, in our opinion there exist two solutions. Firstly, there is the possibility that section 9 could be repealed. In this case, all matters not expressly dealt with in the Act would fall to be governed by provincial law, as is the case with other federal legislation. In these situations, Quebec civil law takes on a suppletive role in applying a federal law in Quebec. Secondly, there is the possibility of modifying rather than repealing section 9. Incorporating the strict/wide dichotomy into section 9 itself seems to us to be a more preferable solution. The provision could read, "The rules of the common law of England, including the law merchant, save in so far as they are inconsistent with the express provisions of this Act, apply to bills, notes and cheques in a strict sense. For greater certainty, bills and notes in a strict sense include the form, issue, negotiation and discharge of bills, notes and cheques." Alternatively, a Law Reform Commission could draft an Act that defines section 9 according to the strict /wide dichotomy. These types of changes would prove to be an important step to clarifying the law, and strike the appropriate balance between the application of federal and provincial law to bankers' acceptances.

Au cours d'une transaction portant sur une acceptation bancaire (ci-après «BA» tel que dénommée dans le jargon juridique) différents types de relations peuvent s'établir entre les parties impliquées, certaines plus directes que d'autres. Dans une transaction donnée, à part le client et la banque, on peut trouver une ou plusieurs banques participantes et un ou plusieurs investisseurs, qui deviennent détenteurs de BA. La situation peut devenir complexe et les relations légales risquent de devenir assez compliquées. Cependant, il est important d'identifier si la relation s'est établie à travers l'instrument de BA, si elle existe par le biais d'une relation contractuelle ordinaire ou encore, si elle existe par le fait de la loi. Une bonne analyse des circonstances entourant la transaction, des facteurs connexes à la transaction et des droits et obligations qui existent entre les parties, sera nécessaire pour déterminer laquelle de la loi provinciale ou fédérale s'appliquera, et dans quelle mesure. Une fois accordée, la BA est gouvernée par la Loi sur les lettres de change. Toutes solutions apportées à un problème qui implique des BA, doivent, en principe, respecter la nature inhérente de la BA en tant qu'effet de commerce, gouverné par la loi fédérale. En matière de BA, c'est, soit la Loi sur les lettres de change soit la Loi sur les lettres et billets de dépôt (Depository Bills and Note Act) qui s'appliqueront à l'acte. Comme il existe des lois fédérales applicables à la BA, l'objet de notre étude est de déterminer si, et dans quelle circonstance la loi de la province, tel que le Code civil du Québec, trouvera application et éclaircira dans certains cas la disposition contenue dans la Loi sur les lettres de change, notamment lorsque les dispositions de ladite loi sont silencieuses ou ambigües. La solution la plus simple serait d'appliquer la loi provinciale aux matières qui ne sont pas traitées dans la loi, étant donné que les lois provinciales apportent souvent un complément à la législation fédérale. Cependant, la Loi sur les lettres de change contient des dispositions spéciales, tel que l'article 9 qui stipule : « 9. Les règles de la common law d'Angleterre, y compris en droit commercial, s'appliquent aux lettres, billets et chèques dans la mesure de leur compatibilité avec les dispositions expresses de la présente loi. » Cette disposition a crée une certaine confusion relativement à l'application du droit civil du Québec en matière de Lettres de change. En effet, il existe un doute quant à savoir si l'application de l'article 9 est une incorporation par référence qui exclue totalement l'application du droit civil. Cette question continue de se poser inexorablement dans la doctrine et la jurisprudence. Elle a en effet donné lieu à une série de théories quand au degré d'application de la common law en matière de lettres de change. Une revue de la jurisprudence dominante nous permet de conclure que les tribunaux ont accepté l'application du droit provinciale dans certaines questions impliquant les lettres de change. La question essentielle traitée lors de notre analyse est la suivante: lorsqu'un litige prend naissance dans une transaction de BA, quelle est la règle qui devra s'appliquer? Quel sera le droit qui gouvernera les problèmes émergeant dans une BA, celui du Code Civil du Québec ou celui de la common law d'Angleterre? Étant donne le nombre de cas qui sont portés devant les cours de justice en rapport avec des transactions de BA, comprendre quelle sera la loi applicable est d'une importance fondamentale. Pour répondre à cette question, nous commencerons par un examen de l'historique, du développement et de l'évolution de la BA. Afin de mieux comprendre la BA, nous débuterons par un bref survol des origines de cet instrument juridique. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous analyserons la nature et le caractère légal de la BA. Cela constituera le cadre aux travers duquel nous pourrons identifier les règles et les principes qui s'appliquent aux différents aspects de la transaction de BA. Le chapitre trois fera l'objet d'un examen détaillé des mécanismes de l'opération de BA tout en étudiant de près les exigences imposées par la législation applicable. Après avoir examine l'aspect légal de la BA, nous procéderons au chapitre quatre, à l'étude de l'applicabilité de la loi provinciale relativement à certains aspects de la transaction de BA. A cet effet, nous examinerons les différentes approches de compréhension de la Loi sur les lettres de change et plus particulièrement la problématique rencontrée à l'article 9. Nous étudierons aussi l'application et l'interprétation de cette loi par les tribunaux du Québec au cours du siècle dernier. Les juges et les juristes se sont penchés sur les sens qu'a voulu donner le législateur lorsqu'il a stipulé dans l'article 9 «Le règles de la common law d'Angleterre, y compris en droit commercial, s appliquent aux lettres, billets et chèques dans la mesure de leur compatibilité avec les dispositions expresses de la présente loi ». Cette section doit-elle être appliquée à la lettre, nous obligeant à appliquer la common law d'Angleterre a chaque problème qui peut se poser en relation avec les lettres et les billets? Le Parlement a-t-il l'intention que cette disposition s'applique également au Québec, dont le droit privé est basé sur le système du Code Civil? Notre étude portera sur les différentes approches d'interprétation qui offrent une diversité de solutions au problème posé par l'article 9. Finalement, compte tenu des nouveaux développements législatifs, au chapitre cinq, nous proposons une méthode en vue de déterminer la loi applicable aux différents aspects de la transaction de BA. Notre analyse nous a conduit à adopter la solution proposée par la majorité des juristes, à la différence que notre approche de l'article 9 est basée sur des raisons de politique. Nous avons donc adopté la stricte dichotomie (en tant qu'effet négociable d'une part, et d'une sorte de contrat et de propriété de l'autre) en prenant en compte les difficultés inhérentes à déterminer quand l'un finit et l'autre commence. En conclusion, selon notre opinion, il existe deux solutions. Premièrement, il y a la possibilité que l'article 9 puisse être écarté. Dans ce cas, toutes les matières qui ne sont pas expressément évoquées dans la loi tomberont dans la compétence de la loi provinciale, comme c'est le cas dans d'autres types de législations fédérales. Dans ces situations, le droit civil du Québec joue un rôle supplétif dans les applications d'une loi fédérale au Québec. Deuxièmement, modifier l'article 9 plutôt que d'en écarter son application offre une autre possibilité. Incorporer la large stricte dichotomie dans l'article 9 nous semble être une solution préférable. La disposition pourrait se lire comme suit: « Les règles de la common law d'Angleterre incluant le droit commercial dans la mesure ou elles ne sont pas incompatibles avec les dispositions expresses de la Loi, s’appliquent aux lettres, billets, et chèques au sens stricte. Pour plus de certitude, les lettres et les billets au sens strict, incluent la forme, la délivrance et I’émission des lettres, billets, et chèques.» Ce type de changement se révélera être un pas important dans le but de clarifier la loi et déterminer l'équilibre à trouver entre l'application des lois fédérales et provinciales en matière de BA. / When dealing with a BA transaction several types of relationships may develop, some more direct than others. In any given transaction, aside from the customer and bank, there may be one or more participating banks, investment dealers, or multiple investors, who become holders of the BA. The situation may be complex and the legal relationships may become quite intricate. However, it is important to identify whether the relationship is established through the BA instrument, or whether it exists by ordinary contractual relationship or by operation of law. Proper analysis of the surrounding circumstances, the connecting factors, and the obligations and the rights which exist between the parties, will be necessary in determining whether or not the contractual rules of the provinces, or federal law rules apply, and to what extent. Granted, the BA instrument is clearly governed by the Bills of Exchange Act. Any solution introduced to a problem involving a BA must, in principle, respect the inherent nature of the BA as a negotiable instrument, governed by federal law. In the case of BAs, either the Bills of Exchange Act or the Depository Bills and Notes Act will apply to the instrument. Since there are applicable federal rules to BAs, the purpose of our study is to determine if, and under what circumstances, provincial law, such as the Civil Code of Quebec, would find application with respect to BAs and complement the provisions of the Bills of Exchange Act where the statute is silent or ambiguous. The simple solution would be to apply provincial law to those matters not addressed in the Act, as provincial law typically compliments federal legislation. However, the Bills of Exchange Act contains a peculiar provision, namely section 9, which provides: “9. The rules of the common law of England, including the law merchant, save in so far as they are inconsistent with the express provisions of this Act, apply to bills, notes and cheques.” This provision has created confusion as to the appropriate application of Quebec civil law to matters of bills of exchange. Indeed, there is doubt as to whether section 9 is in fact an incorporation by reference that effectively precludes the application of civil law. The problem continues to be a contentious issue in the doctrine and jurisprudence. The "inexorable character" of the problem created by the interpretation of this provision has given rise to a number of diverse theories regarding the extent of the applicability of common law to matters of bills of exchange. As we can clearly conclude from a review of the jurisprudence, the courts, for the most part, have been conciliatory to the application of provincial law in issues involving bills of exchange. The majority of judges express a hesitance to jeopardize the integrity of the provincial law as complimentary law in order to accommodate the idea that Parliament's desire was to enact an extensive and far-reaching law of bills and notes. The position of most doctrinal writers is very much the same. The essential question of our analysis is which rules will govern the issues, which emerge within BAs - the Civil Code of Quebec or the common law of England? From a Canadian perspective, understanding which law is applicable to BAs is of paramount importance, since courts are dealing with an increasing amount of banker's acceptance transactions. To answer this question, we will begin with an examination of the origin and evolution of the banker's acceptance. In Chapter Two, we will also analyze the nature and legal character of the BA. This will establish the framework through which we can identify the rules and principles that apply to the various aspects of the BA transaction. In Chapter Three, we examine the mechanics of the BA operation step-by-step, paying close attention to the requirements imposed by legislation. We look at the laws applicable to the BA and describe the various agreements pertaining to the BA. Having examined the legal nature of the BA as being a negotiable instrument governed by federal law and a contract and moveable pursuant to the Civil Code of Quebec, we will proceed in Chapter Four to consider the applicability of provincial law to aspects of the BA transaction. To this end, we examine different approaches to understanding the Bills of Exchange Act, particularly the problematic section 9, as well as the applicable law as understood in Quebec jurisprudence during the past century. Judges and jurists alike have attempted to understand what was meant when the legislator stated in section 9, "[t]he rules of the common law of England, including the law merchant, save in so far as they are inconsistent with the express provisions of this Act, apply to bills, notes and cheques." Is this section to be interpreted literally, requiring us to apply English common law to every issue that might arise in connection with bills and notes? Does Parliament intend this provision to apply equally to Quebec, whose private law is based on the civil law system? Our study will look to interpretive approaches offering a variety of different solutions to the problem of section 9. Finally, given new legislative developments, in Chapter Five, we offer a proposed method to determine the law applicable to various aspects of the BA transaction. Our analysis has lead us to adopt the result advocated by the majority of jurists, but with the recognition that our approach to section 9 is based on reasons of policy. We have adopted the strict/wide dichotomy, (as a negotiable instrument on the one hand, and as a specie of contract and property on the other hand) realizing the difficulties inherent in determining where one ends and the other begins. Therefore, in our opinion there exist two solutions. Firstly, there is the possibility that section 9 could be repealed. In this case, all matters not expressly dealt with in the Act would fall to be governed by provincial law, as is the case with other federal legislation. In these situations, Quebec civil law takes on a suppletive role in applying a federal law in Quebec. Secondly, there is the possibility of modifying rather than repealing section 9. Incorporating the strict/wide dichotomy into section 9 itself seems to us to be a more preferable solution. The provision could read, "The rules of the common law of England, including the law merchant, save in so far as they are inconsistent with the express provisions of this Act, apply to bills, notes and cheques in a strict sense. For greater certainty, bills and notes in a strict sense include the form, issue, negotiation and discharge of bills, notes and cheques." Alternatively, a Law Reform Commission could draft an Act that defines section 9 according to the strict /wide dichotomy. These types of changes would prove to be an important step to clarifying the law, and strike the appropriate balance between the application of federal and provincial law to bankers' acceptances.