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An investigative research unraveling the implication of economic sanctions on Burmese women. This research was inspired by allegations in 2003 that thousands of women in Burma/Myanmar lost their jobs in the garment industry, thus exposing women to vulnerable aspects of forced migration and trafficking. A short case study of Iraq, Haiti, and Cuba is additionally provided while the history of economic sanctions and boycotts is heavily scrutinized. Perspectives of humanitarian law, human rights law, and feminist theory frame the basis of the research of which provide another critical dimension into the ongoing debate on economic sanctions.

Sexuality education is a fundamental children's right, women’s right and overall human right that has not been successfully implemented in primary, secondary, or higher education throughout the globe. Sexuality education promotes children, adolescents, and teenagers safety exploring their sexuality and developing their attitudes, values, and skills. A literature review was conducted that indicates there is a gap of knowledge between sexual ethics in relation to comprehensive sexuality education and holistic sexuality education. The purpose of this study is to gain understanding of comprehensive sexuality education and holistic sexuality education by comparing vertically, horizontally, and traversally three guidelines on three levels, global, regional, and national. Critical and feminist theory are frameworks in qualitative research methods implemented in the thesis to thematically analyze secondary data throughout UNESCO International Technical Guidance on sexuality education, WHO Standards for Sexuality Education in Europe, and SIECUS’s Guidelines for CSE in USA. The results found that from an intersectional feminist perspective, learning about consent and setting boundaries is essential for the promotion of holistic sexuality education thats overcomes the limitations of comprehensive sexuality education and empowers youth to explore their sexuality further. Therefore, basing sexual ethics as a foundation for holistic sexuality education with an overarching goal of global implementation can challenging due to existing social structures and power imbalances. The advocacy and awareness of holistic sexuality education is crucial in order to for youth to access their children’s rights and human rights. This thesis advocates for sexual ethics and intimate citizenship as main pillars of sexuality and holistic sexuality education through consent and respecting boundaries.

The study aims to create an understanding of golf clubs' gender equality work, thechoice of gender equality efforts and to see how this change can become financiallysustainable. Historically, both society and sport have consisted of structures and normsthat have subordinated women. As society has begun to question these structures, golfhas taken a clearer stance on gender equality by providing an education program toclubs. Traditional norms still influence golf today, as there is a perception that golf is asport for rich and older men, which discourages women from participating. The studysample consists of seven golf clubs selected by Annica Lundström from the SwedishGolf Association (SGF) due to her strong relationships and knowledge of the researchtopic. These golf clubs have all done the Vision 50/50 club development program andhave also been certified. The collection of data was carried out through semi-structuredinterviews with various representatives from each club, the material was supplementedby reviewing the clubs' annual reports, membership statistics and their websites. Thedata were then analyzed using a theoretical framework consisting of institutional theoryto understand internal and external pressures. Feminist theory was also used to explaingendered structures and norms within organizations. In addition, resource dependencytheory was applied to understand the resource challenges facing the golf clubs.Theresults indicate that many golf clubs have implemented measures to better integratewomen. This has been done by addressing the club's course, cultural attitudes andrepresentation. The number of female board representatives has increased. However thenumber of female members has decreased in most clubs, in some cases significantly. / Studien syftar till att skapa förståelse för golfklubbars jämställdhetsarbete, valet avjämställdhetsinsatser samt att se hur detta förändringsarbete kan bli ekonomiskt hållbart.Historiskt sett har samhället och idrotten bestått av strukturer och normer som harunderordnat kvinnor. I takt med att samhället börjat ifrågasätta dessa strukturer hargolfen tagit en allt tydligare ställning till jämställdhet genom att tillhandahålla ettutbildningsprogram till klubbar. Traditionella normer präglar golfen än idag då det finnsen uppfattning om att golf är en rikemanssport, gubbsport och detta kan hejda kvinnorfrån golf. Studiens urval består av 7 golfklubbar som valts ut av Annica Lundström påSGF eftersom hon har en god relation och kunskapsbas om forskningsämnet. Dessagolfklubbar har alla genomgått klubbutvecklingsprogrammet vision 50/50 och dessutomblivit diplomerade. Insamlingen av datan genomfördes genom semistruktureradeintervjuer med olika representanter från varje klubb, materialet kompletterades genomatt granska klubbarnas årsrapporter, medlemsstatistik och information via deraswebbsidor. Datan har sedan analyserats av det teoretiska ramverket bestående avinstitutionell teori för att förstå interna och externa påtryckningar. En annan teori varfeministisk teori för att förklara könsbaserade strukturer och normer inomorganisationer. Utöver detta har tillämpningen av resursberoende förekommit för attförstå golfklubbarnas resursutmaningar. Resultatet tyder på att många golfklubbar hartillhandahållit insatser för att integrera kvinnor. Detta har gjorts genom attuppmärksamma klubbens bana, kulturella attityder och representation. Antalet kvinnligastyrelserepresentanter har ökat och antalet kvinnliga medlemmar sjunkit. Majoriteten avgolfklubbar har minskat antalet kvinnliga medlemmar, vissa har dessutom gjort detmarkant.

<p dir="ltr">When one thinks of the medieval past, one might think of knights with their shining armor and swords; these are warriors. My dissertation seeks to examine and expose how “warriors” are gendered as masculine; a person or character categorized as a warrior might be assumed to be a man unless otherwise specified to be a “woman warrior.” The need for the qualifying adjective (“woman” or “female”) illustrates that the maleness of warriorhood and violence is understood as implicit. This governing assumption affects how women’s actions, particularly women’s violent actions, are interpreted. This dissertation takes women’s violence as a starting point, examining characters from Judith to Chaucer’s Dido. I show how and why the violence these women enact cannot be relegated to, say, maternal instinct or spirituality. The spiritual warrior is herself impressive, of course; she is a tool, a weapon of God, through whom God fights. The idea of the spiritual warrior then allows for discussions of women without painting them as inherently violent or aggressive. Instead, the spiritual warrior is the martyr, an extension of maternal instincts and the idea that women are caretakers and, when necessary, protectors. But these self-sacrificial ideals, often associated with maternity, are not, nor should they be, a requirement for womanhood.</p><p dir="ltr">I argue that in order to create a capacious enough definition of “woman” and even femininity, we must prize definitions of femininity from the grip of the patriarchy. What if we took these women on their own terms, instead? I seek to do exactly this: to examine, throughout this dissertation, both the ways that violent women act and what they say, without considering how their behavior might, nonetheless, be understood to conform to limiting ideas of femininity (such as the virgin or the whore). I thereby invite us to think about what it means when violent women enact their will on the world; and I also attend to the physical, in addition to the spiritual, effects of this violence (like killing someone). My work suggests that, in order to take gender seriously, we must pay attention to these moments when women hurt or kill either someone else or themselves.</p>

Mainstream portrayals of women in research, politics, and media during armed conflict often limit them to the roles of victims or, at best, peacemakers, disregarding their diverse and active participation. This study challenges such binary portrayals by investigating the involvement of women in armed conflict, particularly why some regions experience high levels of female combatants while others do not. It posits that close proximity to conflict enhances women's opportunities and willingness to engage in combat, leading to an increase in the fraction of female combatants relative to men. Using a comparative case study design, this research analyzes regions in southeast Ukraine based on their proximity to the Donbas conflict zone from 2014 to 2018. The empirical findings support the hypothesis, indicating that greater proximity to conflict zones increases the likelihood of female combatants. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of women's roles in armed conflicts and offer valuable insights for the field of peace and conflict studies by shedding light on the disruption of societalgender roles during times of conflict, thus revealing broader societal impacts of violence and war.

Trafficking in human beings and prostitution is an increasing occurrence within the EU. However, vast differences in legal frameworks regarding prostitution can be detected among member states.The Netherlands is an example where prostitution is regarded a legal activity. In other member states legal standings toward prostitution remain ambivalent, where Sweden here serves an example. Finally, Lithuania is among member states where prostitution is considered illegal.The purpose of this paper is therefore to study underlying attitudes and approaches that these three countries have in this rather delicate political question. By interpreting the content and quoting parts of propositions, an ideology analysis is constructed.The theory chapter consists of Rousseau’s theories, Objectivism, Radical Feminist Theory, and Sex-positive Feminist Theory. A model with the most important features of these theories is constructed and works as a base for the analysis.The general results suggest that the Government of Lithuania consistently uses arguments pending towards Radical Feminist Theory and Rousseauan values, with catholic morality as an additional important feature in the argumentation against prostitution. The Government of Sweden also views prostitution with predominantly Rousseauan and Radical Feminist theories. The Government of the Netherlands arguments greatly differ from these viewpoints. Instead, individualistic and sex-positive arguments remain dominant here.