This thesis examines the depiction of the feral child through the literary study of 18th and 19th century French texts. This body of research isn’t meant to establish historical facts, or to construct a global history of childhood, but rather it’s a work on the representation of humanity, on the issues surrounding the conceptualizations of childhood and animality that emerged parallel to changes in theological and philosophical ideas or mentalities. Reflecting upon the cases of Marie-Angélique le Blanc, Victor de l’Aveyron, and Kaspar Hauser, and supporting narratives as well as on related anthologies of edifying anecdotes of wise, virtuous, obedient children, this study shows patterns of imagery and themes that confirm that the ways of viewing the child in literature and society is linked to path of thought regarding questions of humanity; stories filled with spiritual connotations fade as faith in science moves to the forefront of inquiry. / Graduate

O Javali (Sus scrofa scrofa) é uma espécie com ampla distribuição mundial e presente no Brasil. No Rio Grande do Sul, nos últimos anos, aumentaram os relatos de ataques e prejuízos causados pela presença de javalis asselvajados, sendo seus impactos negativos observados na degradação da vegetação nativa e água de superfície, na predação sobre a fauna e pecuária, e na possibilidade de transmissão de doenças para humanos e animais. A localização destes animais de vida livre e os possíveis fatores associados à sua presença são de extrema importância para a Gestão Ambiental e de Saúde Animal, uma vez que estes animais podem assumir um importante papel na introdução e disseminação de doenças para a pecuária gaúcha. Um estudo foi realizado nos anos de 2012 e 2014 no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul visando identificar possíveis fatores associados à presença destes animais de vida livre junto às propriedades de suínos de subsistência e apresentar uma análise espacial para identificar possíveis aglomerados da presença destes animais no Estado. As propriedades amostradas no estudo foram propriedades de suínos de subsistência, que apresentam uma menor tecnificação e biosseguridade quando comparada com as propriedades comerciais, o que pode facilitar essa interação. Foi utilizada uma amostragem proposital, onde foram selecionadas 640 propriedades em cada ano, primeiramente destinada para comprovar a ausência de atividade do vírus da Peste Suína Clássica nos criatórios do Rio Grande do Sul. Um questionário epidemiológico foi aplicado nas propriedades amostradas a fim de caracterizar e identificar as que apresentam relatos da presença de javalis asselvajados e elencar os possíveis fatores associados a sua presença. De todas as 640 propriedades amostradas, em 63 (9,8%) os proprietários relataram a possível presença de suínos asselvajados. Para análise dos fatores associados, foi utilizado um modelo de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. No modelo final, os fatores associados à presença de javalis asselvajados foram: ter suínos criados próximos a reservas naturais (RP=2,29; IC 95% 1,10- 4,75), criação extensiva de suínos (RP=2,63; IC 95% 1,59- 4,34), ter criação de híbridos de javalis e suínos (RP=2,37; IC 95%1,09-5,19), criações de javalis na propriedade (RP=3,22; IC 95% 1,21- 8,58) e tamanho da propriedade em Km²(RP=0,54; IC 95% 0,26-1,11). Através da análise espacial foi possível identificar aglomerados de relatos da presença destes animais nas regiões sul e nordeste do Estado. Com esse estudo, espera-se dar auxilio do ponto de vista teórico a gestores públicos na implantação de políticas de saúde animal e de conservação que visem mitigar os possíveis riscos da interface animais de produção e vida selvagem. / The wild boar is a species from Eurasia which is widely distributed, being introduced in several countries, including Brazil, where it is considered an exotic invasive species. Considering the fact that pigs and wild boar belong to the same species and share the same pathogens, they have been regarded a reservoir for various harmful diseases for livestock. It is essential scientific knowledge about these free-living populations interactions with commercial pig farming. There are increasing reports numbers regarding attacks and damage caused by feral pig presence in Rio Grande do Sul. It has been causing negative impacts on native vegetation, wildlife predation, and the likelihood of transmitting diseases to humans and animals. This study aims to identify where feral pigs are in the state and assess factors associated with domestic pigs contact. The study was conducted in 2012 and 2014 using a purposive sampling, intended primarily to demonstrate and document the absence of classical swine fever virus in the farms within a free zone. A total of 640 subsistence farms were sampled throughout the state. An epidemiological questionnaire was applied in these farms to identify attack and/or wild boar existence in the vicinities of the property (response variable). A Poisson regression model was used to determine factors associated with wild boar presence in these farms through the estimates of prevalence ratio (PR) and a scan statistic was used to find possible cluster of the wild boars presence in Rio Grande do Sul state. The variables associated with wild boar presence were farms located near forest reserves (PR=2.29; CI 95% 1,10-4,45), Total farm Area (PR=0.54; CI 95% 0.26-1.11), Farms raising outdoors pigs (PR=2.63; CI 95% 1.59-4.34) and farms raising wild boars (PR=3.22; CI 95%1.21- .8.58) and farms raising hybrid with wild boar and swine (PR=2,37; CI 95% 1,09-5,19). In the Northeast region and the Southern state two clusters were identified and overlapped in each year of study. Factors associated with feral pig presence in backyard pig farms were primarily linked with environmental variables. Properties near forest reserves, indigenous reserves and rural settlements had higher prevalence ratio (PR). This can be explained due to feral animals necessity to find refuge areas for its maintenance and stabilization, which increases contact probability with domestic pigs raised round these areas. It is proposed to support decision makers on animal health implementation policies in order to mitigate contact´s risk between domestic species and wild animals, minimizing pathogens transmission probabilities among them.

O Javali (Sus scrofa scrofa) é uma espécie com ampla distribuição mundial e presente no Brasil. No Rio Grande do Sul, nos últimos anos, aumentaram os relatos de ataques e prejuízos causados pela presença de javalis asselvajados, sendo seus impactos negativos observados na degradação da vegetação nativa e água de superfície, na predação sobre a fauna e pecuária, e na possibilidade de transmissão de doenças para humanos e animais. A localização destes animais de vida livre e os possíveis fatores associados à sua presença são de extrema importância para a Gestão Ambiental e de Saúde Animal, uma vez que estes animais podem assumir um importante papel na introdução e disseminação de doenças para a pecuária gaúcha. Um estudo foi realizado nos anos de 2012 e 2014 no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul visando identificar possíveis fatores associados à presença destes animais de vida livre junto às propriedades de suínos de subsistência e apresentar uma análise espacial para identificar possíveis aglomerados da presença destes animais no Estado. As propriedades amostradas no estudo foram propriedades de suínos de subsistência, que apresentam uma menor tecnificação e biosseguridade quando comparada com as propriedades comerciais, o que pode facilitar essa interação. Foi utilizada uma amostragem proposital, onde foram selecionadas 640 propriedades em cada ano, primeiramente destinada para comprovar a ausência de atividade do vírus da Peste Suína Clássica nos criatórios do Rio Grande do Sul. Um questionário epidemiológico foi aplicado nas propriedades amostradas a fim de caracterizar e identificar as que apresentam relatos da presença de javalis asselvajados e elencar os possíveis fatores associados a sua presença. De todas as 640 propriedades amostradas, em 63 (9,8%) os proprietários relataram a possível presença de suínos asselvajados. Para análise dos fatores associados, foi utilizado um modelo de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. No modelo final, os fatores associados à presença de javalis asselvajados foram: ter suínos criados próximos a reservas naturais (RP=2,29; IC 95% 1,10- 4,75), criação extensiva de suínos (RP=2,63; IC 95% 1,59- 4,34), ter criação de híbridos de javalis e suínos (RP=2,37; IC 95%1,09-5,19), criações de javalis na propriedade (RP=3,22; IC 95% 1,21- 8,58) e tamanho da propriedade em Km²(RP=0,54; IC 95% 0,26-1,11). Através da análise espacial foi possível identificar aglomerados de relatos da presença destes animais nas regiões sul e nordeste do Estado. Com esse estudo, espera-se dar auxilio do ponto de vista teórico a gestores públicos na implantação de políticas de saúde animal e de conservação que visem mitigar os possíveis riscos da interface animais de produção e vida selvagem. / The wild boar is a species from Eurasia which is widely distributed, being introduced in several countries, including Brazil, where it is considered an exotic invasive species. Considering the fact that pigs and wild boar belong to the same species and share the same pathogens, they have been regarded a reservoir for various harmful diseases for livestock. It is essential scientific knowledge about these free-living populations interactions with commercial pig farming. There are increasing reports numbers regarding attacks and damage caused by feral pig presence in Rio Grande do Sul. It has been causing negative impacts on native vegetation, wildlife predation, and the likelihood of transmitting diseases to humans and animals. This study aims to identify where feral pigs are in the state and assess factors associated with domestic pigs contact. The study was conducted in 2012 and 2014 using a purposive sampling, intended primarily to demonstrate and document the absence of classical swine fever virus in the farms within a free zone. A total of 640 subsistence farms were sampled throughout the state. An epidemiological questionnaire was applied in these farms to identify attack and/or wild boar existence in the vicinities of the property (response variable). A Poisson regression model was used to determine factors associated with wild boar presence in these farms through the estimates of prevalence ratio (PR) and a scan statistic was used to find possible cluster of the wild boars presence in Rio Grande do Sul state. The variables associated with wild boar presence were farms located near forest reserves (PR=2.29; CI 95% 1,10-4,45), Total farm Area (PR=0.54; CI 95% 0.26-1.11), Farms raising outdoors pigs (PR=2.63; CI 95% 1.59-4.34) and farms raising wild boars (PR=3.22; CI 95%1.21- .8.58) and farms raising hybrid with wild boar and swine (PR=2,37; CI 95% 1,09-5,19). In the Northeast region and the Southern state two clusters were identified and overlapped in each year of study. Factors associated with feral pig presence in backyard pig farms were primarily linked with environmental variables. Properties near forest reserves, indigenous reserves and rural settlements had higher prevalence ratio (PR). This can be explained due to feral animals necessity to find refuge areas for its maintenance and stabilization, which increases contact probability with domestic pigs raised round these areas. It is proposed to support decision makers on animal health implementation policies in order to mitigate contact´s risk between domestic species and wild animals, minimizing pathogens transmission probabilities among them.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-07-14T18:28:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 eduardolagebisaggio.pdf: 9894299 bytes, checksum: 39e251314b1dd98e469868c1cf6f9696 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-19T15:47:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 eduardolagebisaggio.pdf: 9894299 bytes, checksum: 39e251314b1dd98e469868c1cf6f9696 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-19T15:47:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 eduardolagebisaggio.pdf: 9894299 bytes, checksum: 39e251314b1dd98e469868c1cf6f9696 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-18 / Populações bubalinas ferais (Bubalus bubalis) são conhecidas por provocarem significativos impactos ambientais em diversas regiões do mundo, inclusive no Brasil. Uma dessas populações se encontra na Reserva Biológica do Guaporé, situada no Vale do Guaporé, Rondônia. A chegada dos búfalos no Vale ocorreu por volta da década de 1950, quando 66 animais foram trazidos para uma fazenda vizinha à Reserva. Com o abandono da fazenda, os búfalos permaneceram sem controle, aumentaram em número (atualmente estimado aprox. 4.000 cabeças) e provocaram significativas alterações ambientais na região da Reserva. Poucas medidas trataram a questão e quase nada se conhece sobre os búfalos da região. Com isso, o presente trabalho busca mapear a área de ocorrência dos animais na Reserva e fornecer propostas para o manejo da espécie. Além disso, indica como os prováveis impactos ambientais dos búfalos sobre a Reserva podem ser monitorados e avaliados. Para o mapeamento da área, três sobrevôos foram realizados. Os dados obtidos em GPS foram transferidos para softwares, os quais forneceram uma área ocupada total de 49.311 há (aprox. 8% da Reserva). Ela é composta predominantemente por campos naturais (62,5%), seguidos de 25,1% de florestas e ecótonos e 12,4% de buritizais. Da área total, 18.706 ha estão densamente ocupados por búfalos. A presença de cursos d’água perenes e grandes extensões de florestas, bem como aspectos inerentes à espécie, contribuem para a delimitação dos búfalos em uma única área. A soma da área ocupada na Reserva com a área da Fazenda Pau D’Óleo (local de introdução inicial) resulta em 60.300 ha ocupados. Existem diferentes indícios de alterações ambientais na área ocupada. Os búfalos são a principal ameaça aos ecossistemas da Reserva. Existe alto potencial de dispersão dos animais para terras vizinhas à área ocupada. Para solucionar a questão, duas propostas de erradicação foram apresentadas. A primeira constitui no abate massivo de animais e a segunda em campanhas sucessivas de esterilização. Aspectos éticos, econômicos e logísticos são avaliados. Entretanto, tais medidas de controle somente podem ser adotadas caso existam as necessárias condições de execução. Independentemente da decisão tomada, o monitoramento da população bubalina é indispensável. / Impacts of feral water buffalo populations (Bubalus bubalis) have happened worldwide included Brazil. In this country the protected area of REBIO do Guaporé in the state of Rondônia (Amazon) has been affected by water buffalo. The buffalo’s introduction in this area occurred around the 1950s, when 66 animals were brought to a farm next to REBIO do Guaporé. When the farm was abandoned the Buffaloes remained unchecked, increased in number (currently estimated approx. 4.000 animals) and resulted in significant alterations in the region of the Reserve. Few steps dealt with this issue and almost nothing is known about the buffaloes of the region. This dissertation attempted mapping the area where the animals have been, as also providing proposals for the control of the population. In addition, it indicates how the likely environmental impacts of the buffaloes on the Reserve can be monitored and evaluated. For mapping of the area, three flights were conducted. The captured data from the GPS were transferred to softwares which provided a total area occupied of 49.311 ha (nearly 8% of Reserve area). From this total Area, 18.706 ha are heavily populated by buffaloes. The area used is composed predominantly of grasslands (62.5%), followed by 25.1% of forests and ecotones and 12.4% of palm forests. The presence of perennial water courses and large extensions forests, as well as aspects related to the species, contribute to the delimitation of the buffalo in one single area. The total of the occupied area in the Reserve plus the area of Pau D'Óleo farm (place of the initial introduction of the buffaloes) results a total of 60,300 ha occupied. There are different indications of environmental changes in the occupied area. Buffaloes are the main threat to the ecosystems of the Reserve. There is high dispersion potential of animals to bordering land of the occupied area. To solve that problem, two proposals are presented for the eradication of the Buffaloes. The first is the massive slaughter of animals. The second is successive rounds of sterilization. Ethical, economic and logistical aspects were evaluated. However, control measures can be adopted only if there are necessary conditions for implementation. Regardless of the decision, the buffaloes population monitoring is essential.

This essay applies human-animal studies in relation to the Swedish author Kerstin Ekman's books Guds barmhärtighet (1999), Sista Rompan (2002) and Skraplotter (2003) together called Vargskinnstrilogin. Kerstin Ekman's authorship is characterized by a coexistence between human, nature and animals where the stories entangle them into a dense complexity. As a reader, one is constantly reminded of this coexistence through Ekman's narrative approach as her stories contain many contact zones between humans and animals, which creates space for problematizing this entangled coexist from a posthumanistic perspective. The animals in the stories are at different distances to the human being based on their characteristics of being regarded as wild, domesticated or ferral. Based on these three categories, the wolf as a representative of the wild animals is analyzed in a theoretical context focusing on the function of different power structures within the anthropocentric paradigm. Ferral conditions are analyzed on the basis of, among other things, Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari's theories of animal-becomings, escape lines and rhizom where the dog mainly exists when it is embodied in close interaction with humans in Ekman's stories. The domesticated animals are analyzed on the basis of the tension between rural and urban, where the progress of the civil society are rapidly changing during the 20th century which creates changed relations between people and agricultural animals.

Les agroécosystèmes sont des mosaïques d’espaces cultivés, d’espaces naturels et semi-naturels et d’infrastructures humaines fortement imbriqués et donc intrinsèquement liés et dépendants. Les espaces semi-naturels sont confinés généralement aux bordures de champs et aux bordures de route où se côtoient biodiversités végétales cultivées et sauvages. Cette thèse se concentre principalement sur la dispersion des graines de colza (Brassica napus L.) vers ces espaces qui peut conduire à la formation de populations de colza dites férales. A l’échelle d’un agroécosystème, l’étude de données génotypiques couplées à des méthodes d’assignations aux variétés commerciales existantes, a permis de mettre en évidence un lien entre la diversité variétale des champs de colza cultivés et la diversité variétale des populations férales de l’année suivante. De surcroît, l’étude de ces diversités variétales a montré que les champs ne sont pas des entités uniformes comportant des plantes d’une seule variété et que les populations férales accumulent les variétés au fil des années grâce aux apports annuels des champs récoltés, à la survie dans la banque de graines et à l’autorecrutement au sein des populations férales. La modélisation des flux efficaces de graines par une méthode de maximum de vraisemblance a permis d’identifier des dynamiques de dispersion locales au sein des agroécosystèmes. Suivant la zone considérée et les axes de circulation vers le silo de récolte, les sources locales de graines varient et les apports extérieurs de graines sont plus ou moins importants. Nos données nous ont permis d’estimer que les semis de la même année (n), les champs récoltés l’année antérieure ou même les années précédentes (jusqu’à n-2) pouvaient contribuer de manière significative à la présence de populations férales (l’année n). Les distances moyennes de dispersion estimées varient de la dizaine de mètres au kilomètre. Enfin, une expérimentation in-situ nous a permis de quantifier les pertes de graines pendant la récolte liées aux bennes de récolte. Nous avons évalué ces pertes à 400 graines par m2 et nous avons mis en évidence de rares évènements de pertes massives de graines. L’analyse statistique des résultats de ces pertes nous a permis de les mettre en relation avec des caractéristiques du paysage, notamment les surfaces des champs et les axes de circulations principaux et secondaires. Dans le contexte de mise en culture de plantes transgéniques, ces résultats impliquent de prendre en compte la complexité du paysage dans les modèles qui prédisent les flux de transgènes à l’échelle des agroécosystèmes. / Agroecosystems are mosaics of cultivated areas where natural and semi-natural areas and human infrastructures are strongly nested and intrinsically linked and dependent. Semi-natural areas are generally confined to field edges and roadsides where wild and cultivated plants biodiversity are combined. This thesis focuses mainly on seed dispersal of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) towards semi-natural areas which can lead to establishment of feral oilseed rape populations. At the agroecosystem scale, the study of genotypic data coupled with assignment methods to existing commercial cultivars has highlighted the link between diversity of cultivars of oilseed rape cultivated fields with diversity of cultivar of feral populations the following year. Furthermore, the study of cultivar diversity revealed that fields are not uniformly composed of plants of a unique cultivar and that feral populations accumulate different cultivars over years consecutive of annual seeds rain of harvested fields, survival in the seed bank and self-recruitment in feral populations. Modeling the effective seed flow with maximum likelihood method revealed local dispersal dynamics within the agroecosystem. Local and extern sources of seeds differ according the area studied and the traffic roads to the silo. Our data have shown that both sowing of the same year (n), the fields harvested the previous year or even in previous years (up to n-2) could significantly contribute to the presence of feral populations (year n). The average dispersal distances estimated range from ten meters to kilometers. Finally, an in-situ experiment enabled us to quantify seed losses during harvest related to grain trailers. We evaluated these losses to 400 seeds per m2 and we highlighted rare events of massive seed deposition. Statistical analysis of these losses enabled us to relate them with landscape elements, including the traffic roads and. In the context of GM crops cultivation in agroecosystems, these results emphasize the need to introduce the landscape complexity in models predicting the presence and persistence of GM OSR feral populations.

Le chat haret est l’un des prédateurs invasifs les plus dommageables pour la biodiversité insulaire. Sa présence est associée à une perte de biodiversité sur l’ensemble des îles sur lesquelles il est établi, et où il constitue une menace pour de nombreuses espèces de vertébrés souvent endémiques et menacés. En Nouvelle-Calédonie des populations de chats harets sont présentes dans tous les milieux et habitats et l’étude de son écologie et de ses impacts sur la faune ont fait l’objet de ce travail de thèse. L’analyse du régime alimentaire sur 14 sites d’études représentatifs des 4 habitats majeurs a révélé un régime très diversifié et une forte prédation sur les vertébrés natifs et notamment sur le groupe des scinques, des roussettes et des pétrels. Parmi les 44 espèces de vertébrés retrouvées dans le régime alimentaire de ce prédateur invasif, la plupart sont endémiques et 20 listées comme menacées sur la liste rouge mondiale de l’UICN. Le suivi des déplacements d’individus équipés de colliers GPS au niveau d’une presqu’île abritant une importante colonie d’oiseaux marins, a permis de mettre en évidence de grands domaines vitaux pour les mâles, des domaines vitaux petits pour les femelles et des patrons de déplacements liés aux différentes étapes du cycle reproducteur des oiseaux marins. Ces éléments, couplés aux analyses de régime alimentaire suggèrent une prédation à une large échelle géographique, à la fois sur les adultes reproducteurs mais également sur les jeunes oiseaux proches de l’envol. Une opération expérimentale de contrôle d’une population de chats harets a été conduite sur cette presqu’île et a montré une faible durabilité des effets de la suppression des individus sur les densités observées et une rapide recolonisation du site. Les résultats de ce travail plaident pour la mise en place de mesures de limitation des impacts occasionnés et permettent en particulier de cibler les habitats de maquis et forêt humide comme prioritaires en matière de limitation des abondances. / Feral cat (Felis catus) is one of the most successful and harmful invasive predator species for island biodiversity. The presence of this alien predator species generally lead to dramatic loss of native island biodiversity and represents a serious threat for numerous endemic and threatened species. Feral cats have invaded the whole New-Caledonian archipelago and all its habitats. In this study, we focused on the ecology and impacts of this invasive predator on the outstanding endemic fauna found in the different habitats of the exceptional New-Caledonia biodiversity hotspot. Feral cat diet analyses on 14 selected sites representing the 4 main natural habitats revealed a high diversified diet and high predation rates on native species particularly on squamates, flying foxes and petrels. Among the 44 vertebrates species found into the feral cat diet, 20 are IUCN red-listed threatened species. Cat movements of eleven feral cats fitted with GPS collars have been studied in a western coast Peninsula hosting an important seabird colony. Male cats showed large home ranges while female showed small home ranges. Feral cats exhibited important movements within the studied peninsula linked with the breeding cycles of seabirds. GPS data coupled with dietary informations suggested a predation that concerned both breeding adults and fledgings bird, and at a large geographic scale as some feral cats have their core home range distant to the colony (>3km). We evaluated the effects of a high level but intense cat control on this site that showed a low sustainability of feral cat culling and a rapid recolonization process. Our results are pleading for the future limitation of feral cat impacts and call to focus first abundance limitation measures on maquis mosaic and humid forest habitats This study also provided information on the spatial extent and intensity of future control measures in the special context of a large and highly invaded island.

Honey bees, Apis mellifera, play an important role in many ecosystems, pollinating a wide variety of native, agricultural, and exotic plants. The recent decline in the number of feral and managed honey bee colonies in North America, as well as the arrival of Africanized honey bees, have caused concern about adequate pollination for agricultural crops and natural plant communities. However, little is known about feral colonies, and the feral population is the source for Africanized honey bees as they spread and infiltrate managed populations. The goal of my dissertation was to examine the ecology of feral honey bee colonies, adding the spatial context necessary to understand the population ecology and patterns of resource use by feral honey bees on the Welder Wildlife Refuge. I defined the functional heterogeneity of feral honey bee habitat by identifying the suitability of different habitats for feral colonies based on the distribution and abundance of important resources (cavities, nectar, and pollen). I evaluated the distribution and abundance of feral colonies by examining nest site characteristics, population trends, and spatial and temporal patterns in cavity use. Lastly, I examined resource use by evaluating patterns in pollen collection and identifying where and when honey bees searched for resources. Overall, the Welder Wildlife Refuge provided excellent habitat for feral honey bees, supporting a high density of feral colonies. The dense live oak habitat was the best overall source for cavities, nectar, and pollen. Nectar and pollen were abundant throughout the year, with the exception of December and January, when a large number of honey bees searched for resources. Cavities did not appear to vary in their suitability for feral colonies based on measured structural and environmental attributes, since no cavity attributes were correlated with indices of cavity quality. However, the cavity quality indices varied between cavities, suggesting some cavities were more suitable for feral honey bees than others. Colonies were aggregated within the study area, probably due to the distribution of resources. The invasion of Africanized honey bees appeared to fragment the existing European population, with Africanized colonies aggregated in distribution and European colonies random in distribution.

Vom Frühjahr 2010 bis Frühsommer 2011 wurden Verhalten, intra- und interspezifische Interaktionen sowie Raumnutzung von Wisenten (Bison bonasus), Exmoor-Ponys (Equus ferus) und Dybowski-Hirschen (Cervus nippon hortulorum) auf einer 14 ha großen Gemeinschaftsanlage im Tierpark Sababurg untersucht. 15 Individuen wurden dazu insgesamt für 605 Stunden mittels focal-animal und scan sampling beobachtet. Die Mittelwerte der Hauptverhaltensweisen über den gesamten Beobachtungszeitraum ergaben bei den Wisenten Tagesanteile von 47,73 % für Nahrungsaufnahme, 43,05 % für Ruheverhalten, 6,79 % für Fortbewegung und 1,68 % für Komfortverhalten. Die Exmoor-Ponys fraßen 58,62 % des Tages, ruhten 34,54 %, nutzten 3,87 % für die Fortbewegung und verbrachten 1,37 % mit Komfortverhalten. 47,22 % der Zeit wurden von den Dybowski-Hirschen zur Nahrungsaufnahme verwendet, 43,64 % geruht, 4,55 % zur Fortbewegung genutzt und 2,44 % mit Komfortverhalten verbracht. All diese Verhaltensweisen waren Bestandteil eines artspezifischen Tagesrhythmus aus alternierenden Nahrungsaufnahme- und Ruhephasen. Die prozentualen Anteile und somit auch die Ausprägung dieses Tagesrhythmus variierten dabei allerdings teilweise stark zwischen den einzelnen Jahreszeiten und den damit verbundenen klimatischen und umweltbedingten Veränderungen. Die Individuen aller drei Arten verhielten sich dabei völlig normal im Rahmen der nachgewiesenen Bandbreite des natürlichen Verhaltens ihrer wildlebenden Artgenossen, unbeeinflusst von den Gehegebedingungen und Eingriffen des Zuchtmanagements. Interspezifische Interaktionen traten regelmäßig auf, positive Kontakte blieben dabei allerdings auf die Exmoor-Ponys und die Dybowski-Hirsche beschränkt. Agonistische Interaktionen waren meist lediglich als einfache Drohgebärden oder als indirekte Interaktionen ohne körperlichen Kontakt feststellbar. Eine feste Artenhierarchie ist etabliert und wird von allen Tieren akzeptiert, wobei die Wisente die dominante Rolle einnehmen, gefolgt von den Exmoor-Ponys und den Dybowski-Hirschen. Die Habitatnutzungsanalyse ergab für alle drei Arten bevorzugte Aufenthaltsbereiche und genutzte Gehegeobjekte. Dabei war wie das Verhalten auch die Habitatnutzung stark von den jahreszeitlich veränderlichen Umweltbedingungen beeinflusst. Während die offeneren Areale insbesondere im Frühjahr und Herbst genutzt wurden, bevorzugten die Tiere im Sommer und Winter eher die geschützteren Anlagenbereiche, im Sommer hauptsächlich als Schattenbereich, im Winter als Wetterschutz. Zusammenfassend betrachtet funktioniert das Zusammenleben der Wisente, Exmoor-Ponys und Dybowski-Hirsche im Tierpark Sababurg ohne Probleme und kann als Beispiel-Projekt für die zukünftige Forschung über die Möglichkeiten für Beweidungsprojekte mit heimischen Wildtieren im Naturschutz dienen.

The thesis deals with issues of SOS villages with a special focus on psychological problems. Its goal is to point out the psychological problems related to mental deprivation. The work is divided into the theoretical and the practical part. In the theoretical part, the activities of SOS villages are presented. Further explained is the notion of mental deprivation, its origin, historical development and examples, and it familiarizes with different kind of substitute family care. The practical part introduces a research by the method of questionnaire examination, which was conducted among foster mothers from the SOS village and retired foster mothers.