Submitted by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-11-30T12:28:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JoseRSP_TESE.pdf: 2426813 bytes, checksum: f9c84727177eefd128ea318b7fec7122 (MD5) / Rejected by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br), reason: refe on 2017-12-22T13:48:22Z (GMT) / Submitted by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-12-22T13:49:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JoseRSP_TESE.pdf: 2426813 bytes, checksum: f9c84727177eefd128ea318b7fec7122 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2018-02-20T14:30:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 JoseRSP_TESE.pdf: 2426813 bytes, checksum: f9c84727177eefd128ea318b7fec7122 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-20T14:30:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoseRSP_TESE.pdf: 2426813 bytes, checksum: f9c84727177eefd128ea318b7fec7122 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The fig tree (Ficus carica L.) is a fruitful species with great worldwide expansion and that presents high productive potential in the semiarid conditions. In these conditions, the alternative sources, such as wells and dams, offer water with high salt content, whose effects are harmful to crops. The salinity is a stress factor that alters plant growth and development by limiting vegetal production. The aim of this work was to evaluate the ecophysiology of fig tree seedlings (Ficus carica L.) seedlings in saline stress. The experiment was conducted in a nursery of seedlings, located in the semi-arid region of Rio Grande do Norte, using a completely randomized experimental design with twelve replicates. The seedlings were submitted to increasing levels of electrical conductivity (ECa) (0.5, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 dS m-1) in irrigation water. 77 days after the treatments initiation, it was evaluated the potential leaf water in predawn and midday, the photosynthesis rates, the stomatal conductance, transpiration, internal CO2 concentration and transpiration daily curve. 80 days after the treatments initiation, it was collected four plants per treatment, and evaluated the number of leaves, leaves areas, plant height, and stem diameter. Plants were fractioned (roots, stem, leaves), dried and weighted. It was also selected four plants per treatment, which were taken to microscopic analysis, in order to determinate stomatal density, length, and diameter, and trichomes density and height in both leaf sides. The data was submitted to an F test and regression analysis. The salinity reduced the water potential at both evaluated times (before sunrise and noon), photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, internal CO2 concentration and daytime transpiration of fig trees at 77 days. It was also observed the reduction in the number of leaves and leaf area, as well as the length and diameter of the stem at 80 days. There was also the decrease of all biomasses (root, stem, leaf and total) with the increase of salinity. On the adaxial side of the leaf, no stomata were found and the number and size of the trichomes were not affected by the salinity. In the abaxial face, a reduction in stomatal density, stomata size (smaller longitudinal and transverse diameter), and number and length of the trichome were observed, with increased salinity. Was observed osmotic adjustment in the seedlings, where they accumulated solutes (soluble sugars, soluble proteins and proline) to keep water potential levels low in order to absorb water from the soil. The increase of salinity in irrigation water negatively interferes in the gas exchange and the growth and development of Figueira cv. "Roxo de Valinhos", irrigation water can be used, with electrical conductivity of up to 1.5 dS m-1 in the production of seedlings / A figueira (Ficus carica L.) é uma espécie frutífera com grande expansão mundial e que apresenta alto potencial produtivo nas condições de semiárido. Nessas condições as fontes alternativas, tais como poços e açudes, oferecem água com elevados teores de sais, cujos efeitos são danosos às culturas. A salinidade é um fator de estresse que altera o crescimento e o desenvolvimento dos vegetais limitando a produção vegetal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a ecofisiologia de mudas de figueira (Ficus carica L.) sob estresse salino. O experimento foi conduzido em viveiro de mudas, localizado no semiárido do Rio Grande do Norte, utilizando-se um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com doze repetições. As mudas foram submetidas a níveis crescentes de condutividade elétrica (CEa) (0,5; 1,5; 3,0; 4,5 e 6,0 dS m-1) na água de irrigação. Aos 77 dias após a irrigação salina foram avaliados o potencial hídrico foliar (antes do nascer do sol e ao meio dia), as trocas gasosas (fotossíntese, condutância estomática, a concentração interna de carbono e a curva diária de transpiração) e aos 80 dias foram coletadas quatro plantas por tratamento e avaliados o número de folhas, a área foliar, o comprimento da parte aérea e o diâmetro do caule. Em seguida as plantas foram fracionadas, acondicionadas em sacos de papel e levadas para estufa de secagem, para obtenção das massas secas de suas partes (raízes, caule, folhas e total). Também foram selecionadas folhas de quatro plantas por tratamento e levadas para análise microscópica, com o intuito de determinar o número de estômatos, comprimento longitudinal e transversal dos estômatos, número e tamanhos dos tricomas de ambas as faces da folha. Folhas de mais quatro plantas foram coletadas para as análises bioquímicas (teor de clorofila a, b, total carotenoides, açúcares totais, proteínas totais e prolina). Os dados foram submetidos ao teste F e a análise de regressão. A salinidade reduziu o potencial hídrico em ambos os horários avaliados (antes do nascer do sol e meio dia), a fotossíntese, a condutância estomática, a concentração interna de CO2 e a transpiração diária das mudas de figueira aos 77 dias. Também foi observada a redução no número de folhas e área foliar, bem como o comprimento e o diâmetro do caule aos 80 dias. Houve ainda a diminuição de todas as biomassas (raiz, caule, folha e total) com o incremento da salinidade. Na face adaxial da folha, não foram encontrados estômatos e o número e tamanho dos tricomas não foram afetados pela salinidade. Na face abaxial ocorreu à redução da densidade estomática, do tamanho dos estômatos (menor diâmetro longitudinal e transversal) e do número e comprimento do tricoma com o incremento da salinidade. Foi observado ajuste osmótico nas mudas, onde as mesmas acumularam solutos (açúcares solúveis, proteínas solúveis e prolina) para manter os níveis de potencial baixo a fim de absorver água do solo. O aumento da salinidade na água de irrigação interfere negativamente no crescimento e desenvolvimento de mudas de figueira cv. "Roxo de Valinhos", podendo ser utilizada água de irrigação, com condutividade elétrica de até 1,5 dS m-1 na produção de mudas / 2017-11-30

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-11-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:05:38Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_ea_dr_ilha.pdf: 582223 bytes, checksum: 73063cc625e734715f3ffeb67c583c79 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A figueira é propagada comercialmente por meio de estaquia e a propagação sexuada, ou seja, por sementes é utilizada exclusivamente em trabalhos de melhoramento genético. A enxertia é uma das formas de propagação das frutíferas, e em relação à cultura da figueira, poderá vir a ser uma forma eficiente de aumentar a produção, e controlar os danos causados pela seca da figueira (C. fimbriata) que inicialmente reduz a produtividade e a qualidade dos frutos, causando, posteriormente, a morte da planta. A resistência varietal é a medida de controle mais indicada, entretanto, a ocorrência de diferentes raças fisiológicas do fungo tem dificultado a avaliação de porta-enxertos e copas resistentes. O objetivo do presente trabalho consistiu em verificar o pegamento, desenvolvimento e produção de plantas do figo Roxo de Valinhos enxertadas sobre diversos porta-enxertos, bem como verificar se dentre as variedades avaliadas existe resistência à seca da figueira / A tree is commercially propagated by cuttings, grafting and tissue culture. The sexual propagation, by seeds is used exclusively for breeding programs. Grafting is a way of fruit-trees spreading, and for the culture of the fig tree, could be an effective way to increase the production, and control the damage caused by dry fig, initially reduces the productivity and fruit quality, leading eventually to plant death. The varieties resistant is the most appropriate control measure, however, the occurrence of different fungus physiological races has been making hard to evaluate rootstocks and canopy resistance. The aim of this study was to verify the fixation, development and production plant fig Purple Valinhos grafted on different rootstocks, and to discover if there is among the varieties tested in drought resistance of the fig

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-09-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:58:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_mgf_me_jabo.pdf: 2027563 bytes, checksum: 9bf55fb6eee6e5b7214af62437c2e701 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A figueira (Ficus carica L.) é uma frutífera de grande importância mundial e, neste sentido, o melhoramento genético se torna uma linha de pesquisa importante para a melhoria da cultura, sendo necessário reunir informações sobre esta espécie, principalmente em relação à sua variabilidade genética, para que projetos de propagação e manejo adequados sejam realizados. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a existência de variabilidade genética, por marcadores moleculares RAPD e AFLP, de seleções originadas de estacas provenientes de gemas irradiadas com raio gama. O experimento foi conduzido na Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - UNESP - Campus de Jaboticabal - SP, utilizando-se estacas de cinco seleções de figueira obtidas em trabalho anterior realizado na Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira - UNESP, comparando-as entre si e utilizando a cultivar Roxo-de- Valinhos como parâmetro de comparação. Não há polimorfismo entre os tratamentos, indicando uma possível variação epigenética, devendo ser testada com outras técnicas sensíveis à uma possível metilação do DNA / The fig (Ficus carica L.) is a fruit of great importance worldwide and in this sense, the genetic improvement becomes an important line of research to improve the culture, it is necessary to gather information about this species, especially in relation to their variability gene for propagation projects and handling are carried out. This study aims to determine the existence of genetic variability of selections originated from cuttings from buds irradiated with gamma rays, using the RAPD and AFLP molecular markers. The experiment was conducted at the Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - UNESP - Jaboticabal - SP, using cuttings from five fig selections obtained in a previous study conducted at the Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira - UNESP, comparing them with each other and using the Roxo-de-Valinhos cultivar for comparison. There was no polymorphism between treatments, indicating a possible epigenetic variation and should be tested with other techniques sensitive to a DNA methylation

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / The knowledge about soil physical changes and soil quality is important for the adequate targeting of management strategies to be adopted when soil is used for cropping. Considering the hypotheses that a) cultivation worsens soil quality, compared to soil under natural vegetation, for degrading its properties related to the porous geometry; b) biofertilizer application (organic matter) in soil under cultivation promotes an improvement in its physical attributes, compared to the soil under natural vegetation, for acting as a cementing agent between particles; c) soil physical changes can be assessed through indices and interpreted under the qulitative aspect; and d) the Srelative index obtained using the soil-water retention curve determined as close as possible to the structural porosity is more sensitive to physical changes than the Srelative obtained using a soil-water retention curve determined from air-dried soil, the objectives of this study were: 1) evaluate the effects of cultivation and biofertilizer application on the physical quality of a Cambisol cultivated with Ficus carica L., irrigated by drip system; 2) verify the efficiency of indicators at assessing changes in physical attributes; and 3) refine the method of obtention of the Srelative index, aiming to increase its sensitivity to the soil physical changes. In order to evaluate physical quality, five soil scenarios were analyzed: under fig cultivation without biofertilizer application (control), with application of 20%, 40% and 60% of the biofertilizer through irrigation, and secondary native forest (additional control), until the depth of 0.3 m, in the layers of 0.0-0.1 m, 0.1-0.2 m and 0.2-0.3 m, and four replicates. In these layers, disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected in order to perform physical analyses. The completely randomized design was adopted. For the refinement of Srelative, with the soil-water retention curve containing only textural porosity (reference curve), soil dispersion was performed in water and with the addition of 1 N sodium hydroxide (with and without removing sodium through washing). F tests were applied for the variance analysis and Dunnett test for mean comparison. Line parallelism and intercept tests were performed for the regressions between soil physical variables and Srelative obtained using air-dried soil, with dispersion in water and addition of 1 N sodium hydroxide (with and without washing). A multivariate analysis was also performed in the dataset. It was concluded that: 1) the porous network quality is improved, or kept, when soil is cultivated under the conditions described in this experiment; 2) when cultivated, biofertilizer application improves or, at least, maintains the quality of soil physical attributes in all considered layers, except for the soil air intrinsic permeability in the layer of 0.0-0.1 m; 3) regarding the soil under native forest, biofertilizer application improves or, at least, maintains the quality of soil physical attributes in all considered layers, except for the clay floculation degree in the layer of 0.0-0.1 m; 4) cases where the quality of soil physical attributes was worsened as a result of the applied treatments, although they were not considered as critical for plant development, are an indication that the adoption of specific management techniques is needed to avoid soil degradation; 5) most of the selected soil physical quality indicators are efficient at quantifying changes imposed to the soil structure; and 6) the Srelative index obtained from the method of soil dispersion in water is more sensitive to soil physical changes than the Srelative obtained using air-dried soil. / O conhecimento sobre as alteraÃÃes fÃsicas e qualidade do solo à importante para o direcionamento adequado das estratÃgias de manejo a serem utilizadas quando da exploraÃÃo do solo por cultivos agrÃcolas. Partindo das hipÃteses de que o cultivo, por degradar as propriedades do solo relacionadas com a geometria porosa, piora sua qualidade em relaÃÃo ao solo sob vegetaÃÃo natural, de que a aplicaÃÃo de biofertilizante (matÃria orgÃnica) em solo sob cultivo, por atuar como agente cimentante entre as partÃculas, promove a melhoria de seus atributos fÃsicos em relaÃÃo ao solo sob vegetaÃÃo natural, de que as alteraÃÃes fÃsicas do solo podem ser aferidas por Ãndices e interpretadas sob o aspecto qualitativo, e de que o Ãndice Srelativo obtido a partir da curva caracterÃstica de Ãgua no solo construÃda o mais prÃximo da porosidade textural à mais sensÃvel Ãs alteraÃÃes fÃsicas do solo do que o Srelativo obtido com a curva construÃda a partir de terra fina seca ao ar (TFSA), objetivou-se: 1) avaliar os efeitos do cultivo e da aplicaÃÃo de um biofertilizante sobre a qualidade fÃsica de um Cambissolo cultivado com Ficus carica L., irrigado por sistema de gotejamento; 2) verificar a eficiÃncia de indicadores em mensurar alteraÃÃes em atributos fÃsicos; e 3) refinar o mÃtodo de obtenÃÃo do Srelativo com o propÃsito de aumentar a sua sensibilidade Ãs alteraÃÃes fÃsicas do solo. Para fins de avaliaÃÃo da qualidade fÃsica, foram contempladas cinco situaÃÃes de solo: sob cultivo de figo sem aplicaÃÃo do biofertilizante (testemunha), com aplicaÃÃo de 20%, 40% e 60% do biofertilizante na lÃmina de irrigaÃÃo, e mata nativa secundÃria (testemunha adicional), atà a profundidade de 0,3 m, nas camadas de 0,0-0,1 m, 0,1-0,2 m e 0,2-0,3 m, e quatro repetiÃÃes. Nestas camadas foram coletadas amostras de solo com estruturas deformada e indeformada para a realizaÃÃo de anÃlises fÃsicas pertinentes ao objetivo do estudo. Foi adotado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Para o refinamento do Srelativo, com curva caracterÃstica de Ãgua no solo contendo somente porosidade textural (curva de referÃncia), foi feita a dispersÃo de solo em Ãgua e com adiÃÃo de hidrÃxido de sÃdio 1 N (com e sem remoÃÃo do sÃdio por lavagem). Foram aplicados os testes F para a anÃlise de variÃncia e de Dunnett para a comparaÃÃo de mÃdias. Foram realizados testes de paralelismo de retas e de intercepto para as regressÃes entre variÃveis fÃsicas do solo e Srelativo obtidos por TFSA, com dispersÃo em Ãgua e com adiÃÃo de hidrÃxido de sÃdio 1N (com e sem lavagem). TambÃm foi realizada anÃlise multivariada dos dados. Concluiu-se que: 1) a qualidade da rede porosa à melhorada, senÃo mantida, quando o solo à cultivado sob as condiÃÃes descritas neste experimento; 2) quando cultivado, a aplicaÃÃo de biofertilizante melhora ou, no mÃnimo, mantÃm a qualidade dos atributos fÃsicos do solo em todas as camadas consideradas, com exceÃÃo da permeabilidade intrÃnseca do solo ao ar na camada de 0,0-0,1 m; 3) em relaÃÃo ao solo de mata nativa, a aplicaÃÃo de biofertilizante melhora ou, pelo menos, mantÃm a qualidade dos atributos fÃsicos do solo em todas as camadas consideradas, exceto quanto ao grau de floculaÃÃo das argilas na camada de 0,0-0,1 m; 4) os casos em que houve piora da qualidade do atributo fÃsico avaliado em decorrÃncia dos tratamentos aplicados, ainda que eles nÃo sejam considerados crÃticos ao desenvolvimento de plantas, sÃo indicativos de que hà a necessidade de adoÃÃo de prÃticas de manejo especÃficas para evitar a degradaÃÃo do solo; 5) a maioria dos indicadores de qualidade fÃsica do solo selecionados à eficiente em quantificar as alteraÃÃes impostas à estrutura do solo; e 6) o Ãndice Srelativo obtido a partir do mÃtodo da dispersÃo de solo em Ãgua à mais sensÃvel Ãs alteraÃÃes fÃsicas do solo do que o Srelativo obtido por terra fina seca ao ar.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Syconia of fig trees present a diverse interaction with different groups of organisms. In this study we characterized insect community associated with three fig species in the region of Miranda/Abobral, Pantanal Sul matogrossense, obtaining data about species richness and abundance of these insects. We verified the specificity of these insects in regard to hosts and tested whether the size and number of flowers in the syconium determine species richness and abundance of insects in the syconia. We found 31 morpho-species of insects in the syconia of the three hosts. Syconia of Ficus obtusifolia had the highest richness (N = 18) and highest number of species co-occurring in the same syconia. Seven insect species were found sharing hosts. Mean abundance and species richness of insects in syconia of F. obtusifolia were significantly higher than in F. pertusa and F. luschnathiana what was related to the higher volume and number of flowers in the syconia of this fig tree. Our data may help in understanding the diversity and distribution of the insects associated with syconia of fig trees in the neotropical region. Papers that study Ficus insects associated system are important to show how these interactions occur in distinct fig trees and in different localities. / Sicônios de figueiras apresentam uma diversificada interação com diferentes grupos de organismos. Neste estudo, nós caracterizamos a comunidade de insetos associados a três espécies de figueiras na região do Miranda/Abobral, Pantanal Sul matogrossense, obtendo dados sobre a riqueza de espécies e a abundância destes insetos. Verificamos a especificidade destes insetos em relação aos hospedeiros e testamos se o volume e o número de flores dentro do sicônio determinam a riqueza de espécies e a abundância de insetos dentro dos sicônios. Foram encontradas 31 morfo-espécies de insetos nos sicônios das três espécies de figueiras analisadas. Sicônios de F. obtusifolia apresentaram a maior riqueza de espécies (S = 18) e maior número de espécies coocorrendo no mesmo sicônio. Sete espécies de insetos compartilharam hospedeiros. A média da abundância e da riqueza de espécies de insetos co-ocorrendo em sicônios de F. obtusifolia foi significativamente maior do que em F. pertusa e F. luschnathiana, fato que está ligado ao maior volume e número de flores nos sicônios desta figueira. Nossos resultados podem auxiliar no entendimento da diversidade e distribuição de insetos associados a sicônios de figueiras na região Neotropical. Trabalhos que abordam o sistema Ficus insetos associados são importantes para responder como estas interações acontecem em espécies de figueiras distintas e em diferentes localidades.

Title: Comparing the results of fitness tests of young gymnasts with the values recommended by FIG Objectives: The objective of this work is to compare the results of selected motoric tests from the official material of FIG with the same tests measured with young gymnasts in a sports facility called Jojo Gym in Dobřichovice. Methods: The thesis is of comparative character - the results of motoric tests presented in the official materials of FIG are compared with the measured values of young gymnasts at a structured performance level. The major method used to obtain the data from motoric tests is measurement. Selected gymnastics tests are targeted mainly at the diagnosis of speed-strength skills and flexibility. It is a one-time measurement. Results: Except for one test, the gymnasts did not reach the values given in the official materials of FIG. The formulated academic question was confirmed mainly by the fitness tests 1 to 4, when the groups with lower practice intensity reached significantly worse results in comparison with the group with higher practice intensity. Keywords: gymnastics, talented youth, FIG, motoric skills

No description available.

Abstract Ficus carica L. is considered one of the oldest fruit trees in the Mediterranean basin and is widely grown and harvested for the consumption of its fruits dry and fresh. This species is affected by different virus diseases, especially by Fig mosaic disease (FMD), for which Fig leaf mottle-associated virus 1 (FLMaV-1), Fig leaf mottle-associated virus 2 (FLMaV-2), Fig mild mottling-associated virus (FMMaV), Fig mosaic virus (FMV), Fig latent virus 1 (FLV-1), Fig badnavirus 1 (FBV-1) and Fig fleck-associated virus (FFkaV) are associated. FMD is the most widespread disorder of this species, which represents a threat and a constraint for healthy fig production and germplasm exchange. Thus, the objective of the present doctoral research was the establishment of an efficient and rapid in vitro F. carica propagation, sanitation and conservation of free-FMD plant material for future large-scale commercialization. Initially, FMD-related viruses distribution was screened within the different fig plant organs (buds, leaves, syconia and seeds) of 14 Mediterranean genotypes (Palazzo, Severoni precoce, Bianca, Pilusedda, Dottato bianco, Bifera, Zidi, Baiyadi, Biancu, Brogiotto nero, Catalanisca, Houmairi, Triboiti and Turca 'Serilop') which were utilized afterward as in vitro plant source material. RT-PCR assays revealed that all the aforementioned viruses were present without any exception in seeds, whereas only 4 viruses (FBV, FFkaV, FLMaV-1 and FMV) were detected in buds, leaves and syconia with highly variable infection rates. Moreover, encapsulation technology proved to be a powerful multiplication technique to sustain standard fig tissue culture protocol for three cultivars (Catalanisca, Palazzo and Bifera) and it gave high, almost similar, viability, regrowth and conversion rates. Microcutting rooting in one-step was achieved and conversion rate was comparable for the three cultivars. Furthermore, in order to eliminate FMD associated viruses, with the exception of FBV-1 which resisted to all the sanitation attempts, Caulogenesis and Meristem Tip Culture Protected by the Synthetic Seeds technique (MTC-SS) gave the best sanitation rates. Finally, F. carica (cv. Houmairi) artificial seeds conservation, for final delivery, was achieved. A high viability and moderate regrowth rates were registered with a lesser conversion rate strictly related to the plant growth regulators (PGRs) used. Keywords: Fig, mosaic, RT-PCR, virus distribution, cytokinins, encapsulation, micropropagation, synthetic seed. / Resumen La higuera (Ficus carica L.) es considerada como uno de de los árboles frutales más antiguos de la cuenca mediterránea y es ampliamente cultivado y cosechado para el consumo de sus frutos tanto secos como en fresco. Esta especie se ve afectada por diversas enfermedades virales, especialmente por la denominada "Fig mosaic disease" (FMD) asociada actualemnte a los virus: Fig leaf mottle-associated virus 1 (FLMaV-1), Fig leaf mottle-associated virus 2 (FLMaV-2), Fig mild mottling-associated virus (FMMaV), Fig mosaic virus (FMV), Fig latent virus 1 (FLV-1), Fig badnavirus 1 (FBV-1) y Fig fleck-associated virus (FFkaV). Esta enfermedad representa una amenaza y un obstáculo para la producción de higos y el intercambio de germoplasma. El principal objetivo del presente trabajo fue establecer un método de propagación de higuera in vitro para el saneamiento y la conservación de material vegetal libre de FMD para su posterior comercialización. Inicialmente, se estudió la distribución de los virus implicados en la enfermedad en diversos órganos de 14 genotipos de F. carica (Palazzo, Severoni precoce, Bianca, Pilusedda, Dottato bianco, Bifera, Zidi, Baiyadi, Biancu, Brogiotto nero, Catalanisca, Houmairi, Triboiti y Turca 'Serilop'), los cuales fueron utilizados posteriormente como fuente material vegetal in vitro. Los resultados obtenidos mediante RT-PCR revelaron que todos los virus mencionados estaban presentes sin excepción en las semillas, mientras que sólo cuatro de ellos (FBV, FFkaV, FLMaV-1 y FMV) fueron en brotes, hojas y siconios con tasas de infección variables. Además, la tecnología de encapsulación demostró ser una técnica de multiplicación eficaz para poder aplicar el protocolo estándar de cultivo de tejidos de higo para tres cultivares (Catalanisca, Palazzo y Bifera) dando altas tasas de viabilidad, rebrote y conversión. Se logró el enraizamiento de microcortes en un solo paso y el índice de conversión fue comparable para los tres cultivares. La callogénesis y el culñtivo de meristemos con la técnica de la semilla sintética (MTC-SS) fueron las técnicas que proporcionaron mayores tasas de desinfección para los virus estudiados a excepción de con FBV-1, entidad viral que no fue eliminada con ninguna de las técnicas ensayadas. Por último, se logró la conservación de las semillas artificiales de higuera (cv Houmairi), registrándose una alta viabilidad y tasas de rebrote moderadas con un menor grado de conversión estrictamente relacionado con hormonas utilizadas. Palabras clave: Higuera, mosaico, RT-PCR, la distribución de los virus, hormonas, encapsulación, micropropagación, y la semilla sintética. / Resum La figuera (Ficus carica L.) és considerada un dels arbres fruiters més antics de la conca mediterrània i és àmpliament conreat i collit per al seu consum fresc i sec. Les malalties virals, especialment "Fig mosaic disease" (FMD), associada amb els viruses: Fig leaf mottle-associated virus 1 (FLMaV-1), Fig leaf mottle-associated virus 2 (FLMaV-2), Fig mild mottling-associated virus (FMMaV), Fig mosaic virus (FMV), Fig latent virus 1 (FLV-1), Fig badnavirus 1 (FBV-1) i Fig fleck-associated virus (FFkaV). Esta malaltia representa una amenaça per a la producció de figues i l'intercanvi de germoplasma. El principal objectiu d'aquest treball va ser estableixerun mètode de propagació de figuera in vitro per al sanejament i la conservació de material lliure de FMD per a su posterior commercialització. Inicialment, es va estudiar la distribució dels virus associats a FMD en diversos òrgans en 14 genotips de F. carica (Palazzo, Severoni Precoce, Bianca, Pilusedda, Dottato bianco, Bifera, Zidi, Baiyadi, Biancu, Brogiotto diners, Catalanisca, Houmairi, Triboiti i Turca 'Serilop'), els quals van ser utilitzats posteriorment com a font de material vegetal in vitro. Els resultats obtinguts del anàlisis realitzats per RT-PCR van revelar que tots els virus eren presents sense excepció en les llavors, mentre que només quatre virus (FBV, FFkaV, FLMaV-1 i FMV) van ser detectats en brots, fulles i siconis amb taxes d'infecció variables. A més, la tecnologia d'encapsulació va demostrar ser una tècnica de multiplicació eficaç per poder aplicar el protocol estàndard de cultiu de teixits de figa per a tres cultivars (Catalanisca, Palazzo i Bifera) donant taxesadequades de viabilitat, rebrot i conversió. Es va aconseguir l'arrelament de microtalls en un sol pas i l'índex de conversió va ser comparable per als tres cultivars. La calogènesi i el cultiu de meristems protegits per llavors sintètiques (MTC-SS)van ser les tècniques que proporcionarem millores tases de desinfecció per als virus estudiats amb l'excepció de FBV-1 que es va resistir a tots els mètodes de sanejament. Finalment, es va aconseguir la conservació de la llavors artificials de figuera (cv. Houmairi), registrant-ne una alta viabilitat i taxes de rebrot moderades amb un menor grau de conversió estrictament relacionat amb hormones utilitzades. Paraules clau: Figuera, mosaic, RT-PCR, la distribució dels virus, hormones, encapsulació, micropropagació, i la llavor sintètica. / Yahyaoui, E. (2017). Use of standard and setup of non conventional techniques for the elimination of viruses associated with Fig Mosaic Disease (FMD) in fig germplasm (Ficus carica L.) [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/79876

Les odeurs émises par les plantes sont souvent interprétées dans le cadre de leur interaction avec les insectes pollinisateurs, herbivores et ennemis naturels, en tant que signaux de communication dont la fonction est l'attraction ou la répulsion de ces insectes. Pourtant, la communication a une définition précise en biologie évolutive, et le terme « signal » ne doit s'appliquer qu'à des traits de l'émetteur qui ont été sélectionnés dans le cadre de l'interaction avec le récepteur par voie sensorielle. De plus, certaines études démontrent que les Composés organiques volatils (COV) émis par les feuilles participent à la défense des plantes contre divers stress abiotiques (notamment stress oxydant et thermique) et biotiques (pathogènes, induction des défenses). L'idée de cette thèse, c'est d'essayer de faire rentrer l'ensemble de ces contextes et fonctions potentielles dans un cadre commun. En utilisant comme modèle les figuiers, leurs pollinisateur et parasites spécialistes, j'ai choisi comme approche de comparer les variations des odeurs de figue à celles de odeurs de feuille, au cours du développement des figues et au cours d'une journée. Dans les deux cas, les feuilles constituent un témoin permettant de déterminer si les variations observées peuvent être adaptatives vis-à-vis de l'interaction avec les insectes, mais aussi de considérer explicitement les fonctions potentielles des odeurs émises en dehors de la réceptivité. Ainsi, les fonctions de protection contre les stress habituellement attribuées aux odeurs de feuilles sont également pertinentes pour les odeurs de figues. A partir de là, le constat que le concept de communication n'est pas pertinent pour décrire le rôle des odeurs dans les interactions figuier-parasite permet de développer une réflexion sur la manière dont les phytophages et leurs ennemis naturels sont susceptibles d'influer sur l'évolution des odeurs émises par les plantes. Enfin, dans le cas de la communication olfactive figuier-pollinisateur, l'étude du cas de Ficus septica, chez qui deux pollinisateurs écologiquement différenciés coexistent, permet d'imaginer un mécanisme potentiel de co-spéciation écologique dans lequel la divergence des modalités de communication olfactive participerait à la mise en place de l'isolement reproducteur. / The scents emitted by plants are often interpreted in the light of their interaction with pollinators, phytophagous insects and their natural ennemies, as communication signals whose function is to attract or repel those insects. However, according to the adaptive definition of communication, a trait can be called “signal” only if it has been selected for the sensory interaction with a receptor. In addition, it has been shown that the volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted by leaves participate to the defense of the plant against abiotic (especially oxidative/heat stress) and biotic stresses (pathogens, induction of defenses). The idea underlying this thesis it to put all all the contexts of emission and functions together within a common framework. Using the fig-pollinator-parasite model, the approach I choose was to compare the variation of fig scent with that of leaf scent, along their development and daily. In both cases, leaf scent is a control trait that allows to determine if the variations observed in figs are possibly adaptive regarding the interaction with insects, and to explicitely consider the potential functions of the scents emitted out of receptivity. Stress-protective functions that are evidenced in leaf scents are thus also relevant in figs. Then, the fact that communication is not relevant to describe the role of scents in the fig-parasite interaction led me to develop a reflection on the way phytophagous insects and their natural enemies could influence the evolution of plant scents. Finally, in the case of fig-pollinator communication, studying the case of Ficus septica, that is associated to two co-occuring ecologically differenciated pollinators, allows to imagine a potential co-speciation mechanism, where the divergence of communication mode would contribute to the establishment of reproductive isolation.

This thesis investigates pricing to market behavior in the exports of Turkey, which is a small economy. The investigated sectors are hazelnut, dried grape, dried apricot, dried fig and feldspar. The sectors are selected because Turkey is the leading producer and exporter for these products in the world. We apply pricing to market model for the exports from Turkey to each of the largest importer countries and the world in total for each product to check whether there is monopolistic behavior in the markets. We also check whether there is complete local currency price stability in the investigated markets. The relationship between the import shares of destination markets in the Turkey&amp / #8217 / s exports and the estimated pricing to market elasticities are compared as well. In general, we find that there is pricing to market in the exports of Turkey for the investigated sectors.