L’enjeu de cette étude est de défiger l’image du patriote lorrain enraciné dans sa petite patrie, qui l’emporta dans l’histoire littéraire : à Barrès, défenseur de l’enracinement, répondrait Gide, le voyageur. De 1887 à 1923, Maurice Barrès effectua une quarantaine de voyages à l’étranger. En repartant du chapitre qu’Albert Thibaudet consacra au voyageur dans La Vie de Maurice Barrès, oninterrogea l’hypothèse selon laquelle Barrès se forma un itinéraire esthétique et intellectuel à partir de ses voyages. Contre la dualité diachronique de l’écrivain, qui passa du Culte du Moi au Roman de l’énergie nationale, on dégagea une trajectoire en quatre temps : Barrès se mit à l’école de l’Italie, de l’Espagne, de l’Orient, et, durant la période de définition de son nationalisme, interrogeaparticulièrement la leçon de la Grèce. En plus de considérer le voyage comme un lieu éduquant l’esthète et l’écrivain, on analysa l’instruction apportée par l’étranger à l’homme politique. À cette fin, on fonda la réflexion sur les manuscrits du fonds Barrès de la BnF et on privilégia une approche génétique, qui remette en mouvement l’écrivain. Par l’intermédiaire de Barrès, on entend saisir larenaissance que connut le voyage d’écrivain, sous l’influence du modèle des esthètes anglais, dans le contexte des redécouvertes artistiques et de la montée des tensions internationales. / The aim of this thesis is to challenge the prevailing image of Maurice Barrès in literary history as a patriotic native of Lorraine, deeply rooted in his homeland: Barrès is considered a defender of local roots, as opposed to Gide, seen as a traveller. From 1887 to 1923, Maurice Barrès made around forty journeys abroad. In revisiting the chapter which Albert Thibaudet dedicated to the traveller in La Vie de Maurice Barrès (The Life of Maurice Barrès), we question the hypothesis that Barrès shaped himself an aesthetic and intellectual path, drawing from his travels. Against the diachronic duality of the writer, whose mind-set evolved between publication of the Culte du Moi (The Cult of the Self) and the Roman de l'énergie nationale (Novel of National Energy), there emerges a four step path: he looked to and was influenced by different schools of thought from Italy, Spain, the Orient and, during the period in which his sense of nationalism was formed, he examined the Greek lesson in particular. As well as considering travel as something which educated both the aesthete and the writer, we analyse the knowledge acquired by the politician on his travels abroad. To that end, focus is placed upon manuscripts from the Barrès fonds of the BnF and the emphasis is on a genetic approach. Through Barrès, we follow the rebirth of the writer's journey, influenced by the model of the English aesthetes, in the context of artistic rediscoveries and a rise in international tensions.

Hallucination was always the ghost story's elephant in the room. Even before the vogue for psychical research and spiritualism began to influence writers at the end of the nineteenth century, tales of horror and the supernatural, of ghosts and demons, had been haunted by the possibility of some grand deception by the senses. Edgar Allan Poe's stories were full of mad narrators, conscience-stricken criminals and sinners, and protagonists who doubted their very eyes and ears. Writers such as Dickens and Le Fanu continued this idea of the cheat of the senses. But what is certainly true is that, towards the end of the century, hallucination took on a new force and significance in ghostly and horror fiction. Now, its presence was not the dominion of a handful of experimental thinkers but the province of popular authors writing very different kinds of stories. The approaches had become many and diverse, from Arthur Machen's ambivalent interest in occultism to Vernon Lee's passion for art and antiquity. Henry James's The Turn of the Screw (1898) is the most famous text to pose a question that was, in fact, being asked by many writers of the time: reality or delusion? Other writers, too, were forcing their readers to assess whether the ghostly had its origins in some supernatural phenomenon from beyond the grave, or from some deception within our own minds. This thesis explores the many factors which contributed to this rise in the interest in hallucination and visionary experience, during the period 1880-1914. From the time when psychical research became hugely popular, up until the First World War often considered a watershed in the history of the ghost story and literature in general something happened to the ghost story and related fiction. Through a close analysis of stories and novels written by Robert Louis Stevenson, Vernon Lee, Henry James, Arthur Machen, and Oliver Onions, I attempt to find out what happened, and even more importantly why it happened at all.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / This study concentrates on the empirical characterization of a staggered pin-fin array heat exchanger placed in a modular, rectangular wind tunnel. A full analysis of the heat transfer and pressure drop behavior was conducted on various pin-fin shapes, sizes, and configurations. The study was based on airflow over a wide range of Reynolds numbers in the laminar regime. The empirical data gathered can be used to corroborate and develop better numerical models to characterize the performance of such heat exchangers as well as scale down to the micro level for comparison with micro-heat exchangers. / Lieutenant, United States Navy

Qu’est-ce qu’une décision ? Comment se construit-elle dans la vraie vie ? La vision d’une décision située entre délibération et action correspond-elle à une réalité ? Est-elle l’acte qui crée une rupture dans le cours des évènements ?Pour explorer ces questions et secouer les cadres de la décision, ce travail s’est appuyé sur l’expérience humaine davantage que sur des analysesthéoriques. C’est à la lumière de la narration de parents ayant perdu leurnouveau-né en réanimation, trois ans auparavant suite à une décision depoursuivre ou non des traitements, que nous proposons de revoir la notion dedécision.Le regard et le discours rétrospectifs des parents entendus lors d’un entretiende recherche dévoilent tout un univers et les circonstances dramatiques dans les quelles ils ont été amenés à se déterminer. C’est pris dans des émotions très fortes envers leur nouveau-né et dépendants des attitudes des soignants qu’ils se sont approchés de leur enfant et qu’ils se sont décidés ; nous constatons les ressources qu’ils ont puisées à l’intérieur d’eux-mêmes pourrépondre à ces demandes des soignants. Dans ce contexte les actes delangage sont évoqués : par le seul fait de le dire, les parents réussissent à sedécider mais non à décider des actions des médecins.Les parents évoquent aussi leur présent, en tant qu’avenir d’un passé certes révolu mais qui se prolonge par la mémoire. Au présent, ils inscrivent leur narration dans la traversée du deuil et attribuent à l’enfant perdu et à peine connu, une puissance d’âme qui dépasse largement ce qui peut être imaginé.Les sentiments de responsabilité et de culpabilité qu’ils éprouvent face à eux mêmes et face au petit mort donnent du sens au passé et participent a posteriori à une inscription de soi en tant qu’un des acteurs dans cette histoire.La délibération semble possible après la mort de l’enfant ; elle vient après coup insérer une forme de liberté humaine et de raison dans cette histoire.Revenant dans l’univers des soignants, ce travail se termine par une réflexion sur les conditions nécessaires pour qu’une telle décision soit acceptable à10long terme pour des parents : c’est un choix non pas idéal mais raisonnable et suffisamment bon pour l’enfant, une décision partagée sous la forme d’une discussion, qui se construit dans le récit de leur vie. La possibilité de créer soi même quelque chose de personnel avec son enfant illumine cette histoire.La question que nous traitons est éthique en elle-même car elle participe à un questionnement philosophique de l’action. Elle est d’ordre éthique et philosophique, mais aussi pratique. Les parents vivent cette histoire sous le regard des soignants qui révèlent dans l’interaction la considération qu’ils ont pour eux et la prise en compte de leur vulnérabilité. Le discours des parents,ici accompagné d’une réflexion rationnelle, pourrait favoriser l’émergence chez les soignants d’émotions empathiques et du sentiment d’appartenir à une humanité commune. Sous cette forme, il peut aussi constituer un moyen didactique fort pour remettre en question des représentations un peu stéréotypées et plus généralement le modèle de la décision vécue en médecine. / What is a decision ? How is a decision constructed, processed in real life ? Is a decision always temporally situated between deliberation and action ? Is it the action that ruptures reality at that point ? To explore these questions and question the limits of decision-making, this work has been created from an experience rather than theoretical analysis. Parental narration about the loss of their newborn in the NICU, three years before, in the aftermath of e decision to forgo life saving treatment, enlightens our analysis about what decision making actually is. Parental retrospective view and discourse gathered during a research interview unveil a unknown world of emotions and dramatic circumstances. In this context parents have to decide. It is with contradictory feelings towards their newborn and dependancy on caregivers that parents have come closer to their child and decided themselves. We enlighten the resource they have found insight themselves to reach from these requests from the carers.In this context, speech acts are brought up : by the fact of saying their decision, parents succeed in making their mind up but they do not decide what physician’s actions will be. Parents also speak about their present life and feelings ; the present time is seen as the future of a past bygone but that goes on in the memory. Today, they describe their crossing of the mourning. The lost child’s, scarcely known, appears now as a soul, with a power that exceeds largely what could be imagined. Feelings of guilt and responsibility experienced towards oneself and towards their dead child give sense to the past. These feelings retrospectively participate in creating a view of oneself as an actor in what happened. Deliberation seems possible even after the child’s death. Il puts in the aftermath, a form of human freedom ad rationality. Finally, we return to the world of the caregivers and end with an analysis of the conditions of a “sufficiently” good decision, acceptable in the long term for the parents.

<p>Regeneration is a remarkable feat of developmental regrowth and patterning. The blastema is a mass of progenitor cells that enables complete regeneration of amputated salamander limbs or fish fins. Despite years of study, methodologies to identify and track blastemal cell progenies have been deficient, restricting our understanding of appendage regeneration at a cellular and molecular level. To bridge this knowledge gap, gene expression analysis, the generation of transgenic and mutant zebrafish, qualitative and quantitative analyses, morphological measurements, and chemical treatments were used to assess molecular and cellular processes involved in fin regeneration. Two main findings arose from these methods. The first provides evidence that connective tissue progenitors are rapidly organized into a scalable blueprint of lost structures, and that amputation stimulates resident cells to reset proximodistal positional information. The second identifies a fibroblast subpopulation near uninjured fin joints that contributes to the blastemal progenitor population. These findings reveal insights on cellular and molecular mechanisms of appendage regeneration and provide a basis for work exploring how cells in an adult vertebrate bone appendage coordinately rebuild a new structure.</p> / Dissertation

Microchannels have been used in electronics cooling and in air conditioning applications as condensers. Little study has been made in the application of microchannels in automotive heat exchangers, particularly the radiator. The presented research captures the need for the design improvement of radiator heat exchangers in heavy-duty vehicles in order to reduce aerodynamic drag and improve fuel economy. A method for analyzing an existing radiator is set forth including the needed parameters for effective comparisons of alternative designs. An investigation of microchannels was presented and it was determined that microchannels can improve the overall heat transfer of a radiator but this alone will not decrease the dimensions of the radiator. Investigations into improving the air-side heat transfer were considered and an improved fin design was found which allows a reduction in frontal area while maintaining heat transfer. The overall heat transfer of the design was improved from the original design by 7% well as 52% decrease in frontal area but at the cost of 300% increase in auxiliary power. The energy saved by a reduction in frontal area is not substantial enough to justify the increase of auxiliary power. The findings were verified through a computational fluid dynamic model to demonstrate the heat transfer and pressure drop of microchannel tubes. The results confirmed that heat transfer of microchannels does improve the thermal performance of the radiator but the pressure drop is such that the net benefit does not outweigh the operating cost. An additional CFD study of the new fin geometry and air-side heat transfer predictions was conducted. The results of the study confirmed the theoretical calculations for the fin geometry.

Concentrated solar power (CSP) has the potential of fulfilling the world’s electricity needs. Parabolic-trough system using synthetic oil as the HTF with operating temperature between 300 and 400o C, is the most matured CSP technology. A thermal storage system is required for the stable and cost effective operation of CSP plants. The current storage technology is the indirect two-tank system which is expensive and has high energy consumption due to the need to prevent the storage material from freezing. Latent heat storage (LHS) systems offer higher storage density translating into smaller storage size and higher performance but suitable phase change materials (PCMs) have low thermal conductivity, thus hindering the realization of their potential. The low thermal conductivity can be solved by heat transfer enhancement in the PCM. There is also lack of suitable commercially-available PCMs to cover the operating temperature range. In this study, a hybrid cascaded storage system (HCSS) consisting of a cascaded finned LHS and a high temperature sensible or concrete tube register (CTR) stages was proposed and analysed via modelling and simulation. Fluent CFD code and the Dymola simulation environment were employed. A validated CFD phase change model was used in determining the heat transfer characteristics during charging and discharging of a finned and unfinned LHS shell-and-tube storage element. The effects of various fin configurations were investigated and heat transfer coefficients that can be used for predicting the performance of the system were obtained. A model of the HCSS was then developed in the Dymola simulation environment. Simulations were conducted considering the required boundary conditions of the system to develop the best design of a system having a capacity of 875 MWhth, equivalent to 6 hours of full load operation of a 50 MWe power plant. The cascaded finned LHS section provided ~46% of the entire HCSS capacity. The HCSS and cascaded finned LHS section have volumetric specific capacities 9.3% and 54% greater than that of the two-tank system, respectively. It has been estimated that the capital cost of the system is ~12% greater than that of the two-tank system. Considering that the passive HCSS has lower operational and maintenance costs it will be more cost effective than the twotank system considering the life cycle of the system. There is no requirement of keeping the storage material above its melting temperature always. The HCSS has also the potential of even lower capital cost at higher capacities (>6 hours of full load operation).

La détresse des Hommes en fin de vie constitue le sujet de cette thèse doctorale de psychologie. La détresse est un défi pour les soins palliatifs. Elle interpelle, convoque les soignants dans leurs limites à supporter la souffrance d’autrui. Elle devient l’enjeu de débats pour la société avec des réponses telles que l’euthanasie et l’altération de la vigilance encore appelé sédation. Cette étude a pour objectif d’étudier cette détresse à travers la rencontre des psychologues avec leurs patients. Elle vérifie en particulier l’hypothèse d’une articulation de la détresse avec une crise d’identité générée par la maladie létale. Elle étudie la participation éventuelle du mécanisme de la dissociation à la co-existence de la détresse et du bien-être. Plus largement elle analyse la fonction thérapeutique des entretiens psychologiques proposés aux patients. Méthode : pendant un an, 14 psychologues analysent leurs accompagnements au moyen d’un livret. Pour contrôler les résultats, un second groupe de 12 psychologues répartis en France réitère l’expérience. L’analyse statistique est réalisée avec STATA 10.0 et la partie libre avec Alceste. Résultats : 801 entretiens réalisés auprès de 237 patients âgés en moyenne de 67 ans (33-95) démontrent que la maladie létale génère une crise identitaire dont le vécu est la détresse. L’évolution longitudinale des entretiens démontre une métamorphose identitaire possible et une réduction de la détresse. Discussion : L’intersubjectivité des entretiens restaure le sentiment d’être soi même à proximité du décès. Conclusion : La détresse peut se résilier si un cadre thérapeutique est proposé pour accompagner les ruptures du sentiment d’être soi et sa métamorphose. / The plight of Men in late life is the subject of this doctoral thesis in psychology. Distress is a challenge for palliative care. It questions caregivers in their limits to bear the suffering of others. It becomes a burning issue in society and raises debates with answers such as euthanasia and induced coma (also called sedation). This study aims at investigating this distress through the encounter of psychologists with their patients. It verifies in particular the assumption of a link between distress and an identity crisis generated by the lethal disease. It studies the possible participation of the dissociation mechanism to the co-existence of distress and well-being. More broadly this thesis analyzes the therapeutic function of psychological interviews offered to patients. Method: for one year, 14 psychologists analyze their accompaniments using a booklet. To check the results, a second group of 12 psychologists throughout France reiterates the experience. Statistical analysis was performed with STATA 10.0 and the free part with Alceste. Results: 801 interviews conducted among 237 patients aged 67 years (33-95) demonstrate that the lethal disease generates an identity crisis which is experienced by the patients with a feeling of distress. The longitudinal course of the interviews shows a possible identity transformation and distress reduction. Discussion: intersubjectivity interviews restore a sense of self even near death. Conclusion: The distress may terminate if a therapeutic framework is proposed to accompany the ruptures in the sense of self and its metamorphosis.

Au XIXe siècle, l’émigration vers l’Amérique de millions d’Européens, attirés par d’alléchantes offres de travail, fut sans précédent. Les Portugais, habitués à s’expatrier depuis le XVe siècle, en firent partie. Originaires de la métropole, des Açores et de Madère, ils traversèrent l’Atlantique pour se rendre notamment vers le Brésil, pays avec lequel ils partageaient une histoire, un langage, des coutumes. Suite à l’abolition de l’esclavage, les autorités brésiliennes firent en effet appel à de la main-d’œuvre étrangère, nécessaire à l’exploitation des plantations de café, alors en plein essor, comme à São Paulo. Nous étudierons donc les profils de ces émigrants madériens, souvent perçus comme des Portugais du continent ou des Açoréens, ainsi que leurs mouvements migratoires vers São Paulo à la fin du XIXe siècle. Dans la première partie, nous détaillerons le contexte géographique et socio-économique de l’archipel afin de comprendre le quotidien des habitants et la raison de leur départ, malgré une politique gouvernementale pour éviter l’exil des Madériens. Dans la deuxième partie, nous irons au Brésil pour développer le contexte d’abolition de l’esclavage et la difficile mise en place de la politique d’immigration nationale et locale. La troisième partie analyse le profil de ces émigrants madériens. Pour cela, nous avons construit une base de données à partir de cinq sources différentes - jusqu’à présent peu utilisées conjointement - afin d’obtenir le maximum de données sur ces insulaires embarqués entre 1886 et 1899 afin d’établir leur rôle dans la construction de la société brésilienne et l’histoire de l’émigration portugaise. / European emigration towards America, along with the opportunities it offered, reached an unprecedented scale during the 19th Century. Portugueses used to emigrate since the 15th century was part of this flow. In particular, European Portuguese emigrants from Continental Portugal, the Azores and Madeira crossed the Atlantic to Brazil, a country that shared their history, language and customs. The abolition of slavery in Brazil generated the need for foreign labor to work in coffee plantations, which were booming at the time, particularly in Sao Paulo. We will be studying Madeiran emigrants, often confused with continental Portuguese or Azoreans, and their emigration to Sao Paulo at the end of the 19th Century. In the first part, we will be presenting the archipelago to understand the daily life of the insulars and the reasons for their departure, despite governmental efforts to implement an effective legislation and its determination to prevent the scattering of its population. In the second part, we will cross the Atlantic in order to understand the context of the abolition of slavery in Brazil and the difficult implementation of the politics of immigration at the national and local level, which resulted in an influx of immigrants. Amongst these emigrants are Madeirans, whose profile will be analysed in the third part. We have compiled a database from five different sources, which are rarely used together and which will allow us not only to obtain the maximum data on these insulars who left between 1886 and 1899, but, as well, to examine their role in the establishment of Brazilian society and give them a status in the history of Portuguese emigration.

<p>While Italian art of the twentieth century is usually associated with either the avant-garde practices of Futurism or the classicism of Fascist visual culture, the Italian modernists' complex engagement with concepts of the ‘Baroque’ has yet to be explored. Through an extensive analysis of paintings, sculptures, publications, collecting practices, and exhibitions, my dissertation addresses this lacuna by investigating how the Baroque was discursively constructed and visually represented in Italian modernist artistic and cultural debates between 1880 and 1945. I study how artists and critics such as Umberto Boccioni, Giorgio De Chirico, Adolfo Wildt, Lucio Fontana, and Roberto Longhi championed or disparaged the Baroque in the context of heated debates over the import of Italy’s rich cultural heritage, its status in modern Europe, and the potential role of avant-garde art as a catalyst for national regeneration. In contrast to previous scholars I argue that the development of modern art in Italy was actively shaped by cultural perceptions about the Baroque. My dissertation therefore sheds new light on the role of style in the cultural politics of Italy, which in turn will transform our understanding of visual culture in modern Italy, and of twentieth-century representations of the Baroque in art, literature, and aesthetics.</p> / Dissertation