<p>While Italian art of the twentieth century is usually associated with either the avant-garde practices of Futurism or the classicism of Fascist visual culture, the Italian modernists' complex engagement with concepts of the ‘Baroque’ has yet to be explored. Through an extensive analysis of paintings, sculptures, publications, collecting practices, and exhibitions, my dissertation addresses this lacuna by investigating how the Baroque was discursively constructed and visually represented in Italian modernist artistic and cultural debates between 1880 and 1945. I study how artists and critics such as Umberto Boccioni, Giorgio De Chirico, Adolfo Wildt, Lucio Fontana, and Roberto Longhi championed or disparaged the Baroque in the context of heated debates over the import of Italy’s rich cultural heritage, its status in modern Europe, and the potential role of avant-garde art as a catalyst for national regeneration. In contrast to previous scholars I argue that the development of modern art in Italy was actively shaped by cultural perceptions about the Baroque. My dissertation therefore sheds new light on the role of style in the cultural politics of Italy, which in turn will transform our understanding of visual culture in modern Italy, and of twentieth-century representations of the Baroque in art, literature, and aesthetics.</p> / Dissertation

Depuis ces trente dernières années, la qualité de vie tend à devenir un critère d’évaluation des thérapeutiques incontournable que cela soit dans un contexte de recherche clinique ou dans un contexte d’individualisation de la prise en charge médicale. L’évaluation de la qualité de vie permet de tenir compte du ressenti du patient quant à sa prise en charge que cela soit sur des aspects purement physiques ou symptomatiques que sur des aspects psychologiques, sociaux ou environnementaux. Dans un contexte de fin de vie où les possibilités thérapeutiques sont limitées et où les symptômes peuvent être extrêmement invalidants, l’évaluation de la qualité de vie s’impose d’évidence.Afin d’appréhender le plus justement possible les particularités de la méthodologie permettant l’évaluation de la qualité de vie des patients en fin de vie atteints d’un cancer, il semblait important, dans un premier temps, de présenter le concept de « qualité de vie relative à la santé », afin de définir les éléments clés quant à sa compréhension et à son utilisation (définition, conceptualisation, instruments de mesures, analyse). La période de la fin de la vie étant une étape particulière de la vie d’un patient, nous avons dans un second temps, cherché à définir le cadre temporel de cette période et définir ainsi, plus précisément, les caractéristiques de la population étudiée. Il est en effet essentiel de tenir compte des spécificités de ces patients pour évaluer, le mieux possible, leur qualité de vie.Les articles relatifs à ce travail de recherche sont présentés dans une seconde partie et discutés ensuite.Ce travail souligne la nécessité de développer des instruments permettant l’évaluation de la qualité de vie des patients en fin de vie atteints d’un cancer dans le respect de leur sensibilité et de la méthodologie essentielle à la validation / In the last thirty years, health related quality of life has become an unavoidable endpoint in a clinical research context and in a therapeutic individualization context. Quality of life evaluation allows us to consider patient health care perceptions; in respect to physical or symptomatic domains or in respect to psychological, social or environmental domains. In a specific end of life context, where treatment opportunities are limited and adverse events could be extremely disabling, the evaluation of the quality of life is obvious. To distinguish more precisely the methodological subtleties of the evaluation of cancer patient end of life quality of life, it seemed important, firstly, to present the concept of health related quality of life, in order to define the main elements concerning both understanding and use of quality of life assessment (definition, conceptualization, tools, measuring instruments, analysis). Because the end of life is a specific time, we sought to define secondly, the time frame of this period, and therefore defined more precisely patient characteristics. It was essential to take into account the specificity of these patients to best evaluate their quality of life.Research related articles are presented in a second part of this work and discussed there afterThis work underlines the necessity to develop measuring instruments to permit quality of life evaluation in a context of end of life with respecting both patient needs and methodological requirements

Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor / Plantea la necesidad de aplicación del método filosófico Princonser para la integración de los fundamentos ontológicos, epistemológicos, antropológicos y axiológicos que orienten el plan de formación del ser humano desde la educación universal y la conservación de la especie humana ante la autodestrucción moral, social e individual de la humanidad. / Tesis

Marginalisée et cantonnée jusqu’alors à la périphérie de la guerre froide, l’Afrique devient dans les années 1970, l’enjeu de rivalités entre les grandes puissances. Et pour cause. Les nombreuses faiblesses et l’intérêt stratégique du continent ainsi que les changements qui affectent le monde dans les années 1970 offrent aux deux grands l’occasion de s’y affronter. L’initiative de cet affrontement revient à l’Urss et à ses alliés qui, profitant de l’effacement relatif des Occidentaux, s’introduisent successivement en Afrique australe et dans la Corne de l’Afrique faisant de l’Afrique Subsaharienne un terrain de l’expansionnisme soviétique. Ces rivalités influencent considérablement la vie politique, économique et sociale du continent. De sorte que la fin de ce conflit entraîne un bouleversement du paysage politico-stratégique de la période de guerre froide et la perte de la valeur stratégique du continent. / Previously marginalized and relegated to the periphery of the cold war, Africa became in the 1970 s, the challenge of competition between major powers. And for good reason. The many weaknesses and the strategic interest of the continent and the changes that affect the world in the 1970 s offer two major an opportunity to confront each other. The initiative of this confrontation is for the USSR and allies who, taking advantage of erasure of western, introduce successively in the southern Africa and Horn of Africa and transform sub-saharan Africa in an area of soviet expansionism. This competition has considerable influence on political, economic and social point of the continent. So that the end of this conflict leads to a disruption.

Tubarões e Raias pertencem à classe dos Chondrichthyes, por serem animais que possuem esqueleto cartilaginoso. O Tubarão-azul (Prionace glauca), popularmente conhecido como \"cação-azul\" dentre todas as espécies de tubarão é a mais abundante no ambiente marinho, podendo ser encontrado em toda a parte do mundo. O estudo teve como objetivo estudar a morfologia das nadadeiras do tubarão-azul (Prionace glauca) e os efeitos sobre células tumorais \"in vitro . Os resultados foram obtidos através da microscopia de luz e Citometria de fluxo. Com os caracteres encontrados na analise macroscópica foi possível identificar as nadadeiras obtidas como sendo do Tubarão-azul (Prionace glauca). A histologia da cartilagem da nadadeira do Tubarãoazul, demonstrou que é formada de cartilagem hialina, apresentando três regiões distintas, sendo no seu interior formado por condrócitos, na periferia de cartilagem calcificada e nas bordas formada por pericôndrio com a presença de colágeno tipo I,II e III. Os resultados obtidos das amostras do Elemento Radial não evidenciam alterações funcionais, quanto ao armazenamento, transporte e obtenção do suprimento celular, estes são viáveis e satisfatórios. O composto da cartilagem de tubarão para o tratamento de tumor \"in vitro\" neste estudo sugeriu que o mesmo apresenta uma atividade anti-tumoral significativa. Mostrou efeito tóxico sobre os tumores de mama murina (TAE) e tumor de mama canino (TMC) em baixas concentrações, não apresentando efeito tóxico nas células de fibroblasto nas mesmas concentrações. / Sharks and rays belong to the Chondrichthyes Class, once they have cartilaginous skeleton. The blue shark (Prionaceglauca), popularly known as \"blue-cation\", among all shark species is the most abundant in the marine environment and can be found everywhere in the world. This study aimed to study the fin morphology in the blue shark (Prionaceglauca) and its effects on \"in vitro\" tumor cells. The results were obtained using light microscopy and flow cytometry. Using the gross morphology we confirm that the fins belonged to the blue shark (Prionaceglauca). The fin cartilage of the blue shark was formed of hyaline cartilage. It showed three distinct regions with chondrocytes inside, calcified cartilage in the periphery, and perichondrium with collagen type I, II and III in the margins. The results obtained from the Radial Element not showed functional changes as storage, transport and cellular supplies obtaining, they were feasible and satisfactory. The use of shark cartilage compound for the treatment of \"in vitro\" tumor cells suggested that it showed a significant anti-tumor activity. It showed a toxic effect on murine breast tumors (MBT) and canine breast tumor (CBT) at low concentrations, with no significant toxic effect on fibroblast cells using the same concentrations.

This thesis examines the relationships cabaret dancer Jane Avril formed with artist Toulouse-Lautrec and photographer Paul Sescau. As the star dancer of the Moulin rouge, Avril enlisted these two artists to create promotional images for her that set her apart from other performers in the competitive entertainment scene of the 1890s. This ability to direct her own advertisement methods was a creative opportunity that was available to few women during this time. These three figures were friends and artistic partners who lived in the outcast of society in fin-de-siecle Montmartre where they worked together and supported one another. Their many collaborations prove that Avril as well aware of the power she had in commissioning the most successful avant-garde artists of her time. This thesis studies Toulouse Lautrec’s painting Jane Avril Leaving the Moulin Rouge in chapter one, his poster, Jardin de Paris in chapter two, and Paul Sescau’s photograph of Avril in chapter three. Moving from Toulouse-Lautrec’s painting and poster to Paul Sescau’s photograph, I will show how Avril utilized multiple mediums to disseminate her image across Paris. Ultimately, mass media afforded Avril the most direct agency in shaping her public image. These collaborations prove that Toulouse-Lautrec in particular had an acute awareness of the public persona Avril crafted as a sophisticated yet unorthodox dancer.

One of the most important industrial processes is heat transfer, carried out by heat exchangers in single and multiphase flow applications. Despite the existence of well-developed theoretical models for different heat transfer mechanisms, the expanding need for industrial applications requiring the design and optimization of heat exchangers, has created a solid demand for experimental work and effort. This thesis concerns the use of numerical approaches to analyze and optimize heat transfer and fluid flow in power generation industry, with emphasis on pin fin technology. This research begins with a review on heat transfer characteristics in surfaces with pin fins. Different pin fins shapes with various flow boundaries were studied, and thermal and hydraulic performances were investigated. The impact of parameters such as inlet boundary conditions, pin fin shapes, and duct cross-section characteristics on both flow and heat transfer were examined. Two important applications in power generation industry were considered for this study: power transformer cooling, and condenser for CO2 capturing application in oxy-fuel power plants. Available experimental data and correlations in the literature have been used for models validation. For each case, a model based on current configuration was built and verified, and was then used for optimization and new design suggestions. All numerical modeling was performed using commercial CFD software. A basic condenser design was suggested and examined, supplemented by the use of pin fin technology to influence the condensation rate of water vapour from a CO2/H2O flue gas flow. Moreover an extensive review of numerical modeling approaches concerning this condensation issue was conducted and presented. The analysis results show that the drop-shaped pin fin configuration has heat transfer rates approximating those of the circular pin configuration, and the drop-shaped pressure losses are less than one third those of the circular. Results for the power transformer cooling system show those geometrical defects in the existing system are easily found using modeling. Also, it was found that the installation of pin fins in an internal cooling passage can have the same effect as doubling the radiator’s height, which means a more compact cooling system could be designed. Results show that a condensation model based on boundary layer theory gives a close value to experimental correlations. Considering a constant wall temperature, any increase in CO2 concentration results in lower heat transfer coefficients. This is a subsequence of increased diffusivity resistance between combustion gas and condensing boundary layer. Also it was shown that sensitivity of heat transfer rate to inlet temperatures and velocity values decreased when these parameters increased. The application of numerical methods concerning the condensation process for CO2 capturing required significant effort and running time as the complexity of multiphase flow was involved. Also data validation for the CO2/H2O condenser was challenging since this is quite a new application and less experimental data (and theoretical correlations) exist. However, it is shown that models based on numerical approaches are capable of predicting trends in the condensation process as well as the effect of the non-condensable CO2 presence in the flue gas. The resulting data, conclusions, applied methodology can be applied to the design and optimization of similar industrial heat exchangers, such as oil coolers which are currently working at low efficiency levels. It can also be used in the design of electronic components, cooling of turbine blades, or in other design applications requiring high heat flux dissipation. Finally, the finding on water vapour condensation from a binary mixture gas can be referenced for further research and development in this field.

Entre 1890 et 1910 les œuvres de Georges de Feure (1868-1943) illustrent diverses représentations de la féminité. S'inscrivant tout d'abord au sein du symbolisme puis de l'Art nouveau, les œuvres créées par de Feure présentent des transformations dans le traitement du motif féminin. Participant au mouvement symboliste, Georges de Feure collabore avec le milieu artistique montmartrois et aborde les thèmes décadents du pessimisme schopenhauerien, de la supériorité de l'Idée sur la réalité et de la perversité féminine. Influencé par les poèmes de Charles Baudelaire, de Feure représente abondamment le thème de la Femme fatale et ses différentes déclinaisons iconographiques liées à la domination, la toxicité, la cruauté et le vice involontaire. Dans une deuxième partie de sa carrière, les œuvres de Georges de Feure adoptent l'esthétique Art nouveau et présentent plusieurs caractéristiques de modernité. La stylisation et le thème de l'industrialisation des arts décoratifs apparaissent comme nouveaux éléments des créations qu'il conçoit pour le Pavillon de l'Art Nouveau lors de l'Exposition universelle de Paris en 1900. Influencé par le japonisme, des caractéristiques d'élégance et d'indépendance sont désormais présentes dans ses œuvres mettant en scène le type féminin de la Femme à la mode. Le débat entourant la Femme nouvelle dans la fin-de-siècle eut des répercussions dans les affiches réalisées par de Feure. Les représentations de la Femme nouvelle apparaissent dans les affiches faisant la promotion de performances liées à la danse. Un changement de commanditaire modifie toutefois les représentations de la féminité dans les affiches. Dans les affiches artistiques conçues pour les éditeurs et galeristes de l'avant-garde, les représentations de la féminité introduisent graduellement des caractéristiques de la Femme à la mode, ce qui participe à la création d'un nouveau type féminin que nous avons baptisé Femme hybride. Rapidement la Femme à la mode l'emporte complètement sur la Femme nouvelle dans les affiches conçues par de Feure après 1900 et c'est finalement à partir de ce moment que l'œuvre affichiste et l'œuvre peint de l'artiste se rejoignent. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Georges de Feure, fin-de-siècle, Femme fatale, Femme à la mode, Femme nouvelle.

In this study, an entropy generation minimization procedure is employed to optimize the overall performance (thermal and hydrodynamic) of isolated fin geometries and pin-fin heat sinks. This allows the combined effects of thermal resistance and pressure drop to be assessed simultaneously as the heat sink interacts with the surrounding flow field. New general expressions for the entropy generation rate are developed using mass, energy, and entropy balances over an appropriate control volume. The formulation for the dimensionless entropy generation rate is obtained in terms of fin geometry, longitudinal and transverse pitches, pin-fin aspect ratio, thermal conductivity, arrangement of pin-fins, Reynolds and Prandtl numbers. It is shown that the entropy generation rate depends on two main performance parameters, i. e. , thermal resistance and the pressure drop, which in turn depend on the average heat transfer and friction coefficients. These coefficients can be taken from fluid flow and heat transfer models. An extensive literature survey reveals that no comprehensive analytical model for any one of them exists that can be used for a wide range of Reynolds number, Prandtl number, longitudinal and transverse pitches, and thermal conductivity. This study is one of the first attempts to develop analytical models for the fluid flow and heat transfer from single pins (circular and elliptical) with and without blockage as well as pin-fin arrays (in-line and staggered). These models can be used for the entire laminar flow range, longitudinal and transverse pitches, any material (from plastic composites to copper), and any fluid having Prandtl numbers (&ge;0. 71). In developing these models, it is assumed that the flow is steady, laminar, and fully developed. Furthermore, the heat sink is fully shrouded and the thermophysical properties are taken to be temperature independent. Using an energy balance over the same control volume, the average heat transfer coefficient for the heat sink is also developed, which is a function of the heat sink material, fluid properties, fin geometry, pin-fin arrangement, and longitudinal and transverse pitches. The hydrodynamic and thermal analyses of both in-line and staggered pin-fin heat sinks are performed using parametric variation of each design variable including pin diameter, pin height, approach velocity, number of pin-fins, and thermal conductivity of the material. The present analytical results for single pins (circular and elliptical) and pin-fin-arrays are in good agreement with the existing experimental/numerical data obtained by other investigators. It is shown that the present models of heat transfer and pressure drop can be applied for a wide range of Reynolds and Prandtl numbers, longitudinal and transverse pitches, aspect ratios, and thermal conductivity. Furthermore, selected numerical simulations for a single circular cylinder and in-line pin-fin heat sink are also carried out to validate the present analytical models. Results of present numerical simulations are also found to be in good agreement.

In this study, an entropy generation minimization procedure is employed to optimize the overall performance (thermal and hydrodynamic) of isolated fin geometries and pin-fin heat sinks. This allows the combined effects of thermal resistance and pressure drop to be assessed simultaneously as the heat sink interacts with the surrounding flow field. New general expressions for the entropy generation rate are developed using mass, energy, and entropy balances over an appropriate control volume. The formulation for the dimensionless entropy generation rate is obtained in terms of fin geometry, longitudinal and transverse pitches, pin-fin aspect ratio, thermal conductivity, arrangement of pin-fins, Reynolds and Prandtl numbers. It is shown that the entropy generation rate depends on two main performance parameters, i. e. , thermal resistance and the pressure drop, which in turn depend on the average heat transfer and friction coefficients. These coefficients can be taken from fluid flow and heat transfer models. An extensive literature survey reveals that no comprehensive analytical model for any one of them exists that can be used for a wide range of Reynolds number, Prandtl number, longitudinal and transverse pitches, and thermal conductivity. This study is one of the first attempts to develop analytical models for the fluid flow and heat transfer from single pins (circular and elliptical) with and without blockage as well as pin-fin arrays (in-line and staggered). These models can be used for the entire laminar flow range, longitudinal and transverse pitches, any material (from plastic composites to copper), and any fluid having Prandtl numbers (&ge;0. 71). In developing these models, it is assumed that the flow is steady, laminar, and fully developed. Furthermore, the heat sink is fully shrouded and the thermophysical properties are taken to be temperature independent. Using an energy balance over the same control volume, the average heat transfer coefficient for the heat sink is also developed, which is a function of the heat sink material, fluid properties, fin geometry, pin-fin arrangement, and longitudinal and transverse pitches. The hydrodynamic and thermal analyses of both in-line and staggered pin-fin heat sinks are performed using parametric variation of each design variable including pin diameter, pin height, approach velocity, number of pin-fins, and thermal conductivity of the material. The present analytical results for single pins (circular and elliptical) and pin-fin-arrays are in good agreement with the existing experimental/numerical data obtained by other investigators. It is shown that the present models of heat transfer and pressure drop can be applied for a wide range of Reynolds and Prandtl numbers, longitudinal and transverse pitches, aspect ratios, and thermal conductivity. Furthermore, selected numerical simulations for a single circular cylinder and in-line pin-fin heat sink are also carried out to validate the present analytical models. Results of present numerical simulations are also found to be in good agreement.