La crise traversée par l’Église à la fin du XIXe siècle se répand dans l’univers littéraire. Le rapport entre confession et esthétique s’instaure de manière distincte des romanciers catholiques de la première moitié du siècle : la transmission exemplaire de la foi à travers le discours religieux se confond avec la représentation de cette transmission elle-même par la littérature hagiographique. Ce renouvellement esthético-littéraire relativise et la fiction et l’hagiographie. Ainsi, chez Flaubert, Bloy et Huysmans, une sainteté se réclamant primitive et terrifiante bouleverse l’expression de l’art catholique accusé de mièvrerie. Des récits d’inspiration, d’intention ou de subversion hagiographique contestent également les représentations littéraires naturalistes et décadentistes. La réécriture de la sainteté côtoie le roman en transformation, de même que le personnage de fiction se rapproche souvent des saints. Le personnage-saint et le saint-personnage se situent donc dans une terrain indéfini entre récit romanesque et récit hagiographique. La confession personnelle d’écrivains comme Bloy et Huysmans invite à mieux examiner la subversion discursive, caractéristique du discours littéraire : la confession peut-elle être subversive malgré elle? Inversement, un récit structuré sur les modèles hagiographiques médiévaux de la Légende de saint Julien l’hospitalier révèlent qu’un certain respect de la forme n’implique pas en une profession de foi. / The crisis the Catholic Church went through during the 19th century spread into the literary universe. The relation between faith and aesthetics establishes itself in a different way from the catholic novelists of the first half of the century: the exemplary transmission of faith through religious discourse mingles with the representation of this transmission itself through hagiographic literature. This literary and aesthetic renewal puts both fiction and hagiography into perspective. For instance, in the works of Flaubert, Bloy and Huysmans, a sanctity claiming itself to be both primitive and terrifying disrupts a catholic art accused of sentimentalism. Moreover, narratives of hagiographical inspiration, intention or subversion question literary representations of naturalism and decadentism. Rewriting sanctity is accomplished as a parallel to the transformations which affect the novel, whereas fictional characters are more closely represented in the manner of saints. The character as a saint and the saint as a character lay somewhere within an indefinite land between the narrative of the novel and the hagiographic narrative. The faith of writers such as Bloy and Huysmans calls for reflections on the discursive subversion, characteristic of the literary discourse: can faith be subversive in spite of its intentions? Inversely, a novel structured on the medievel hagiographic models of the Legend of saint Julien the Hospitaller reveals that a certain respect of the form does not necessarily imply professing one’s faith.

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La question alimentaire, chez Joris-Karl Huysmans, est une préoccupation centrale. Son œuvre témoigne d’un réel intérêt pour la nourriture et le motif de la quête du repas structure plusieurs de ses écrits. Bien au-delà de la simple question diététique, j’émets l’hypothèse que l’alimentation constitue chez Huysmans un véritable topos qui parcourt l’œuvre et la structure. Depuis la névrose de l’indigeste jusqu’à l’élévation spirituelle des nourritures célestes, elle progresse dans un cheminement toujours plus mystique alors que le mangeur tente d’accéder à la béatitude alimentaire. Afin de mieux cerner cette évolution thématique et discursive, j’examine principalement un corpus restreint comprenant À Vau-l’eau (1882), En Ménage (1881), À Rebours (1884) et Là-bas (1891). Ces quatre œuvres, prises isolément, présentent un contenu particulièrement riche en préoccupations alimentaires; côte à côte, elles dévoilent une réelle évolution textuelle et thématique, développent et amplifient la question alimentaire qui passe de la quête vitale de subsistance à celle d’une nourriture plus spirituelle. / Food is a fundamental concern in Joris-Karl Huysmans’ work. His novels reveal a genuine interest for the edible, and a number of his protagonists embark on a quest for an acceptable meal. But beyond simple dietary preoccupations, I propose that food in Huysmans’ œuvre constitutes a veritable topos that structures and determines the narrative. From the indigestion caused by toxic meals to the spiritual elevation permitted by heavenly foods, eaters engage in an increasingly mystical journey as they attempt to find alimentary bliss. To better understand this thematic and discursive evolution, I analyze a small selection of works comprising À Vau-l’eau (1882), En Ménage (1881), À Rebours (1884) and Là-bas (1891). These four texts, studied separately, present a fecund mise en scène of dietary issues; examined diachronically, they reveal a veritable textual and thematic progression, developing and amplifying the question of food that from a vital quest for subsistence evolves into a search for deeper spiritual fulfillment.

The following text deals with the problem of the representation of female characters in Arthur Schnitzlerʼs work. The initial point of the interpretation is the basic division of the literary types of the turn of the century into femme fatale, femme fragile and femme enfant. Based on the analysis of seven selected works (Märchen, Liebelei, Reigen, Frau Berta Garlan, Fräulein Else, Traumnovelle, Therese. Chronik eines Frauenlebens) it discusses their position in the narrative structure. In the end, it comments the question of the typification of these figures and Schnitzlerʼs tendency to relate them to concrete groups.

O objetivo da presente pesquisa é analisar o desempenho termo-hidráulico do lado do ar de trocadores de calor tubo-aletados. Uma pesquisa da literatura foi executada em duas áreas diferentes: desempenho termo-hidráulico e seleção de superfície, feita por comparações de desempenho, para otimizar o projeto de trocadores de calor. O impulso principal da pesquisa esteve na avaliação experimental de dez serpentinas para investigar o efeito dos seguintes parâmetros sobre o desempenho do lado do ar: número de fileiras de tubos, densidade de aletas, superfície interna dos tubos e superfície da aleta (corrugada ou janelada). Os experimentos foram executados com água quente escoando internamente aos tubos em uma bancada de testes equipada com controladores que permitiram o controle exato e a medição das condições do ar e da água. As comparações com dados disponíveis na literatura para condições semelhantes revelaram que as tendências dos resultados presentes são coerentes e adequadas. Os resultados de transferência de calor e perda de carga da presente investigação não são adequadamente correlacionados por equações da literatura, sendo os desvios atribuíveis a diferenças na geometria das aletas. Finalmente, um procedimento de seleção de superfície para as aletas foi testado baseado em uma relação entre o índice de transferência de calor e a potência de bombeando. A superfície que obteve melhor desempenho entre as testadas foi a aleta janelada numa serpentina de quatro fileiras de tubos / The aim of the present research was to analyze the termo-hidraulic performance of the air side of plate-fin-and-tube heat exchangers. A literature survey has been carried out in two different areas: thermo-hidraulic performance and surface selection, done by performance comparisons, to optimize heat exchangers design. The main thrust of the research has been in the experimental evaluation of ten coils in order to investigate the effect of the following parameters over the air side performance: number of tube rows, fin density, tubes internal surface and surface fins (wavy or louvered). Experiments have been carried out with warm water as the tube fluid in a test bench with control capabilities which allowed the accurate control and measurement of air and water conditions. Comparisons with data available in the literature for similar conditions have revealed that the trends of the present results are consistent and adequate. Heat transfer and pressure drop results of the present investigation are not adequately correlated by equations from literature, deviations being attributable to differences in the geometry of the fins. Finally, a procedure for fin surface selection has been tested based on the ratio between the heat transfer rate and the pumping power. The best performing surface among the ones tested was the louver fin in a four tube row coil

La question alimentaire, chez Joris-Karl Huysmans, est une préoccupation centrale. Son œuvre témoigne d’un réel intérêt pour la nourriture et le motif de la quête du repas structure plusieurs de ses écrits. Bien au-delà de la simple question diététique, j’émets l’hypothèse que l’alimentation constitue chez Huysmans un véritable topos qui parcourt l’œuvre et la structure. Depuis la névrose de l’indigeste jusqu’à l’élévation spirituelle des nourritures célestes, elle progresse dans un cheminement toujours plus mystique alors que le mangeur tente d’accéder à la béatitude alimentaire. Afin de mieux cerner cette évolution thématique et discursive, j’examine principalement un corpus restreint comprenant À Vau-l’eau (1882), En Ménage (1881), À Rebours (1884) et Là-bas (1891). Ces quatre œuvres, prises isolément, présentent un contenu particulièrement riche en préoccupations alimentaires; côte à côte, elles dévoilent une réelle évolution textuelle et thématique, développent et amplifient la question alimentaire qui passe de la quête vitale de subsistance à celle d’une nourriture plus spirituelle. / Food is a fundamental concern in Joris-Karl Huysmans’ work. His novels reveal a genuine interest for the edible, and a number of his protagonists embark on a quest for an acceptable meal. But beyond simple dietary preoccupations, I propose that food in Huysmans’ œuvre constitutes a veritable topos that structures and determines the narrative. From the indigestion caused by toxic meals to the spiritual elevation permitted by heavenly foods, eaters engage in an increasingly mystical journey as they attempt to find alimentary bliss. To better understand this thematic and discursive evolution, I analyze a small selection of works comprising À Vau-l’eau (1882), En Ménage (1881), À Rebours (1884) and Là-bas (1891). These four texts, studied separately, present a fecund mise en scène of dietary issues; examined diachronically, they reveal a veritable textual and thematic progression, developing and amplifying the question of food that from a vital quest for subsistence evolves into a search for deeper spiritual fulfillment.

Despite being one of the most recognizable sea creatures in the world, sharks remain widely misunderstood by the public. Media coverage often sensationalizes them as dangerous creatures, when in reality, humans pose a much more significant threat to sharks than vice versa. Over the past few decades, overfishing has decimated populations worldwide as demand increases for byproducts such as meat, cartilage, and fins in particular, a crucial ingredient in the Chinese delicacy of shark fin soup. Finning, a particularly inefficient practice that promotes overfishing and waste, occurs when fishers cut off fins at sea and throw carcasses overboard. As sharks play an important role in marine ecosystems as apex predators and are slow to reproduce, increased attention to shark conservation is urgently needed. Although there have been attempts by international organizations such as the United Nations and by individual countries, current legislation has proven to be inadequate in combating shark exploitation. Though public awareness is on the rise thanks to increased media coverage and environmental advocacy, sharks still need greater protection in the face of overharvest and stock depletion. This thesis details the current state of shark exploitation, including shark biology, public perceptions of sharks, and current levels of shark finning, as well as the economics behind the trade. It also analyzes previous actions taken both at the international and national levels. Finally, it recommends further actions to be undertaken in order to preserve declining shark populations and keep them from extinction.

O objetivo da presente pesquisa é analisar o desempenho termo-hidráulico do lado do ar de trocadores de calor tubo-aletados. Uma pesquisa da literatura foi executada em duas áreas diferentes: desempenho termo-hidráulico e seleção de superfície, feita por comparações de desempenho, para otimizar o projeto de trocadores de calor. O impulso principal da pesquisa esteve na avaliação experimental de dez serpentinas para investigar o efeito dos seguintes parâmetros sobre o desempenho do lado do ar: número de fileiras de tubos, densidade de aletas, superfície interna dos tubos e superfície da aleta (corrugada ou janelada). Os experimentos foram executados com água quente escoando internamente aos tubos em uma bancada de testes equipada com controladores que permitiram o controle exato e a medição das condições do ar e da água. As comparações com dados disponíveis na literatura para condições semelhantes revelaram que as tendências dos resultados presentes são coerentes e adequadas. Os resultados de transferência de calor e perda de carga da presente investigação não são adequadamente correlacionados por equações da literatura, sendo os desvios atribuíveis a diferenças na geometria das aletas. Finalmente, um procedimento de seleção de superfície para as aletas foi testado baseado em uma relação entre o índice de transferência de calor e a potência de bombeando. A superfície que obteve melhor desempenho entre as testadas foi a aleta janelada numa serpentina de quatro fileiras de tubos / The aim of the present research was to analyze the termo-hidraulic performance of the air side of plate-fin-and-tube heat exchangers. A literature survey has been carried out in two different areas: thermo-hidraulic performance and surface selection, done by performance comparisons, to optimize heat exchangers design. The main thrust of the research has been in the experimental evaluation of ten coils in order to investigate the effect of the following parameters over the air side performance: number of tube rows, fin density, tubes internal surface and surface fins (wavy or louvered). Experiments have been carried out with warm water as the tube fluid in a test bench with control capabilities which allowed the accurate control and measurement of air and water conditions. Comparisons with data available in the literature for similar conditions have revealed that the trends of the present results are consistent and adequate. Heat transfer and pressure drop results of the present investigation are not adequately correlated by equations from literature, deviations being attributable to differences in the geometry of the fins. Finally, a procedure for fin surface selection has been tested based on the ratio between the heat transfer rate and the pumping power. The best performing surface among the ones tested was the louver fin in a four tube row coil

This is a study about the “grilljanne”, a type of young dandy in fin-de-siècle Stockholm. The “grilljanne” was known for his odd, flamboyant sense of style, his constant economic troubles, and his disruptive behaviour in public. The main source for descriptions of the “grilljanne” is the boulevard newspaper Figaro and its editor-in-chief Georg Lundström (who published under the signature Jörgen). The purpose of the study is to examine how the “grilljanne” was portrayed as an opposite to the dominant bourgeoise ideals of the 1890s. By considering the “grilljanne” a stereotype, it looks at how the stereotype was constructed by the writers of Figaro, and how it relates to contemporary discussions about class, gender, sexuality and youth. The analysis is inspired by recent research into the history of masculinity, and how deviant forms of masculinity have been constructed as countertypes to the dominant ideals. The “grilljanne” was continuously mocked in Figaro, both because of his style and his behaviour. Specifically, he was portrayed as the antithesis of bourgeois masculine ideals of self-restraint and moderation. His vanity, snobbishness and excessive interest in fashionable consumption makes him comparable to various forms of dandyism during the second half of the nineteenth century and made him a caricature of over-the-top elegance. The negative portrayal can also be seen as an expression of anxieties regarding blurred lines between classes, changing sexual morality and increasingly unclear distinctions between male and female behaviour. The “grilljanne” was often also described as a symptom of a debased and degenerate youth. This related to the specific fear of decadence, a phenomenon which has usually been studied by historians of literature. This study has shown that phenomena such as decadence and dandyism were intimately connected to fin-de-siècle anxieties about class, masculinity, sexuality and youth.

S’efforcer d’être simple, telle est l’ambition constante qui anime Jules Renard. Contraint à la simplicité par la pauvreté de son imagination, qui le conduit à privilégier la « chose vue » et à puiser à la source étroite du quotidien vécu, il ne la subit pas pour autant, mais fait de l’effacement et de la réduction le cœur de son art littéraire. La première partie de la thèse envisage le questionnement théorique et esthétique de l’écrivain dans le champ littéraire de la fin de siècle. Si Renard hérite en partie des modèles classique et réaliste, sa simplicité est surtout construite en réaction à l’ambition totalisante du réalisme et de naturalisme, qui, recouvrant le réel de langage, l’étouffe. Pour résoudre la crise générale de la mimèsis, l’auteur entend rétablir un lien de motivation entre le langage et le réel. La deuxième partie s’attache à déterminer les aspects rhétoriques de l’écriture du simple, montrant que la simplicité s’inscrit également au cœur de la poétique de Jules Renard, déterminant des choix génériques et narratifs, et nécessitant un double mouvement de réduction et de concentration, qui n’est pas sans écueils. La simplicité n’est pas pour autant un thème de prédilection qui se développerait de manière linéaire chez l’auteur, elle oriente une dynamique, ouvrant un cheminement dialectique, difficile et peuplé d’obstacles. La dernière partie en montre la dimension morale, pratique et philosophique. La simplicité n’est pas pour Renard une donnée immédiate de la conscience, mais une valeur à construire et à défendre sur le terrain politique, qui s’enracine dans un terreau philosophique fondé sur la notion d’immédiateté. / Jules Renard’s ceaseless ambition is to try and be simple. Although his lack of imagination, which leads him to favour things that he saw and to draw on the sometimes narrow everyday life, reduces him to simplicity, he does not passively receive it but on the contrary ensures that blurring and reduction are key principles of his literary art. The first part of this thesis tackles with the writer’s theoretical and aesthetic questioning, understood in the literary landscape of the late fin de siècle. Even if Renard partly inherits the classic and realistic models, his simplicity is mostly built against realism’s and naturalism’s totalizing ambition, which suffocates the reality by covering it up with words. So as to solve the general crisis of the mimesis, the writer intends to build a bridge between language and reality. The second part of this work tries to single out the theoretical characteristics of the simple style. It shows that simplicity stands at the very center of Renard’s poetics, underlies choices related to the genre or the narration and implies both reduction and concentration, which is not easy to fulfill. Simplicity is not, on the other hand, a favourite topic with a linear development, but it triggers off a dynamic, dialectical and difficult process. The last part reveals its moral, practical and philosophical aspect. For simplicity is not for Renard an immediate matter of consciousness but a value which is to build and to defend politically. It is philosophically rooted in immediacy.