Bakgrund. Föräldrar upplever oro över att cystisk fibros ska få deras barn att uppleva sig annorlunda. På grund av en långvarig relation upplever sjuksköterskor det känslomässigt krävande att vårda en patient med cystisk fibros i livets slutskede. Problem. Få kunskap om den som är drabbad av CF upplever att sjukdomen är ett hinder för att leva. Syfte. Beskriva upplevelser av att leva med cystisk fibros. Metod. En kvalitativ ansats har använts i form av en litteraturstudie med beskrivande syntes av publicerade artiklar. Resultat. Det framkommer att människor med cystisk fibros har varierande upplevelser av begränsningar och autonomi. De upplever sig som normala utifrån sin livsstil samtidigt som de känner sig annorlunda. Ungdomar upplever svårigheter i vardagen och genomgår en process för att acceptera sjukdomen som en del av livet. Att uppleva ansvar över sin vård och sitt liv skapar upplevelse av självständighet vilket underlättar för den drabbade att uppleva sig som normal. Slutsatser. Det är svårt att acceptera ett liv med CF, den drabbade upplever sig som annorlunda samtidigt som de kämpar för att uppleva sig som normala. Ytterligare forskning behövs om vårdrelationen mellan sjuksköterska och patienten som är drabbad av CF. / Background. Parents experience concern because cystic fibrosis will make their children experience themselves different. Because of a lengthy nurse-patient relationship the nurses‟ experience it is emotionally demanding to care for a patient with cystic fibrosis in the final phase of life. Problem. To get knowledge if the one affected by cystic fibrosis experience that the disease is an obstacle in life. Purpose. To describe experiences of living with cystic fibrosis. Method. A qualitative approach was used in the form of a literature study with a descriptive synthesis of published articles. Results. It appears that people with cystic fibrosis experience varied perceptions of limitations and autonomy. They experience themselves as normal as seen from their lifestyle at the same time as they felt different. Young people experience difficulties in their everyday life and go through a process of accepting the disease as a part of life. To experience responsibility over your care and life creates an experience of independence which makes it easier for the ones‟ affected to experience themselves as normal. Conclusions. It is difficult to accept a life with cystic fibrosis, the affected ones experience themselves as different at the same time as they struggle to experience themselves as normal. Further research is needed about the nurse-patient relationship between the nurse and the patient that is affected by cystic fibrosis.

Dans cette thèse, je présente mes travaux de recherche réalisés avec les données de collision proton-proton enregistrées par le détecteur ATLAS. Les événements étudiés possèdent un état final avec au moins deux photons et une grande masse invariante du système diphoton. Le lot de données enregistré pendant l'année 2011 dans des collisions avec une énergie de 7 TeV dans le centre de masse proton-proton correspond à une luminosité intégrée d'environ 5 fb-1. Ces données ont été comparées aux prédictions du Modèle Standard de la Physique des Particules. En l'absence de différences significatives, des contraintes ont été imposées sur les paramètres de modèles prévoyant l'existence de dimensions supplémentaires. A titre d'exemple, le premier graviton de Kaluza-Klein du modèle de Randall-Sundrum a été contraint d'être plus massif que 2.23 TeV, améliorant d'environ 1 TeV la contrainte du Tevatron. Les résultats obtenus ont fait l'objet d'une publication de la part de la collaboration ATLAS. En 2012, le LHC a réalisé des collisions proton-proton avec une énergie dans le centre de masse de 8 TeV. En outre, la luminosité intégrée a été environ quatre fois supérieure qu'en 2011. Les résultats préliminaires obtenus avec ce lot de données sont présentés dans ce document. La revue interne de ces résultats au sein de la collaboration ATLAS est en cours en vue d'une publication en 2013. La détection et la caractérisation des électrons et des photons reposent essentiellement sur le calorimètre à argon liquide du détecteur ATLAS. La procédure qui permet d'évaluer la qualité des mesures de ces particules a été mise en place au début de la prise de données. Ma contribution à son élaboration est décrite dans ce document.

ABSTRACT INVERSE PROBLEMS FOR A SEMILINEAR HEAT EQUATIONS WITH MEMORY Kaya, M&uuml / jdat Ph.D, Department of Mathematics Supervisor: Prof. Dr. A. Okay &Ccedil / elebi Co-Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Varga Kalantarov May 2005, 79 pages In this thesis, we study the existence and uniqueness of the solutions of the inverse problems to identify the memory kernel k and the source term h, derived from First, we obtain the structural stability for k, when p=1 and the coefficient p, when g( )= . To identify the memory kernel, we find an operator equation after employing the half Fourier transformation. For the source term identification, we make use of the direct application of the final overdetermination conditions.

Child-directed speech (CDS) differs from adult-directed speech (ADS) in several respects whose possible facilitating effects for language acquisition are still being studied. One such difference concerns articulation rate --- the number of linguistic units by the number of time units, excluding pauses --- which has been shown to be generally lower than in ADS. However, while it is well-established that ADS exhibits an inverse relation between articulation rate and information-theoretic surprisal --- the amount of information encoded in a linguistic unit --- this measure has been conspicuously absent in the study of articulation rate in CDS. Another issue is if the lower articulation rate in CDS is stable across utterances or an effect of local variation, such as final lengthening. The aim of this work is to arrive at a more comprehensive model of articulation rate in CDS by including surprisal and final lengthening. In particular, one-word utterances were studied, also in relation to word-length effects (the phenomenon that longer words generally have a higher articulation rate). To this end, a methodology for large-scale automatic phoneme-alignment was developed, which was applied to two longitudinal corpora of Swedish CDS. It was investigated i) how articulation rate in CDS varied with respect to child age, ii) whether there was a negative relation between articulation rate and surprisal in CDS, and iii) to what extent articulation rate was lower in CDS than in ADS. The results showed i) a weak positive effectof child age on articulation rate, ii) a negative relation between articulation rate and surprisal, and iii) that there was a lower articulation rate in CDS but that the difference could almost exclusively be attributed to one-word utterances and final lengthening. In other words, adults seem to adapt how fast they speak to their children's age, speaking faster to children is correlated with a reduced amount of information, and the difference in articulation rate between CDS and ADS is most prominent in isolated words and final lengthening. More generally, the results suggest that CDS is well-suited for word segmentation, since lower articulation rate in one-word utterances provides an additional cue.

La partie inférieure de la rivière Colorado constitue une frontière naturelle entre les régions argentines de la Pampa et de la Patagonie. Dans cette zone géographique, carrefour entre diverses provinces et régions, les études phytogeographiques et zoogéographiques ont montré l’existence de caractéristiques environnementales particulières. Le projet « Investigations archéologiques dans la partie inférieure de la rivière Colorado », au sein duquel s’inscrit ce travail, a pour objectif principal d’étudier la culture matérielle des chasseurs-cueilleurs de cette zone géographique afin de comprendre leur adaptation et leur évolution durant l’Holocène entre 3 000 et 250 ans BP. Les dynamiques de peuplement de la Pampa et de la Patagonie à la fin de l’Holocène (environ 1000-250 ans BP) ont été décrites par plusieurs chercheurs comme une mosaïque de groupes qui témoigne de contacts inter-ethniques et d’échanges à différentes échelles (locale, extra-régionale, trans-andine). L’objectif de cette thèse est de définir l’organisation technologique des groupes de chasseurs-cueilleurs qui occupent la zone géographique concernée durant la fin de l’Holocène. Pour y répondre, les matières premières exploitées sont caractérisées. De plus, les méthodes de débitage et l’analyse économique des assemblages lithiques sont identifiées par le biais de l’approche théorique et méthodologique de la chaîne opératoire. Les résultats de cette thèse montrent une constance des savoir-faire technologiques tout au long de la fin de l’Holocène. Les changements technologiques perçus dans les comportements à la fin de l’Holocène tardif (environ 1000-250 ans BP) sont dus aux choix parmi les méthodes, les matières premières et les types d’outils connus ou disponibles de ceux les plus efficaces pour lesquels la production s’intensifie à partir de 1000 BP. Les changements comportementaux discernés dans le système de la technologie lithique sont accompagnés voire résultent d’une réorganisation du système social dans son ensemble. Plus généralement, cette situation est également observée dans les sociétés de chasseurs-cueilleurs des zones ou régions voisines (Pampa et Nord Patagonie) à la fin de l’Holocène tardif. / The lower Colorado River is considered the geographical boundary between [the Argentinean regions of Pampa and Patagonia]. In this area converges various provinces and regions, as well as phytogeographical and zoogeographical sub-domains that give to the environment ecotonal characteristics. The project Archaeological Investigations in the Lower Colorado River, which is part of this work, has as its central objective the study of the material culture, adaptation and evolution of hunter-gatherer peoples who occupied the area during the Holocene-3000-250 years BP. The population’s dynamics of the Pampas and Patagonia regions in the final late Holocene (ca. 1000-250 years BP) was described by several researchers as a complex map of inter-ethnic contacts and networks between groups at local, extra-regional and transandean range scale. The aim of this thesis is to define the technological patterns of hunter-gatherer groups who inhabited the studied area during the late Holocene. In order to do so, the nature and presentation of raw materials exploited is stated, and the different methods of debitage and economic analysis of the lithic assemblages are identified, within the theoretical and methodological approach of chaîne opératoires. The results of this thesis allow concluding that during the late Holocene the basis of technological knowledge is kept constant. The technological changes experienced in behavior toward the final late Holocene (ca. 1000-250 years BP) are due to the choice among methods, materials, and types of instruments known and available, of those with proven efficacy, whose production was intensified in the last 1000 years B.P. The behavioral changes linked to lithic technological system are accompanied by -or produced as a result of- reorganization of the social system as a whole. In general terms, this situation is also observed in hunters gathered societies in neighboring areas and regions (Pampean and Northen Patagonic regions) towards final late Holocene.

Submitted by Noeme Timbo (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2016-08-24T17:43:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ValeriaCozzolino.pdf: 955999 bytes, checksum: 1ca9f200c524d7b9216a86e3edf4b18f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-24T17:43:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ValeriaCozzolino.pdf: 955999 bytes, checksum: 1ca9f200c524d7b9216a86e3edf4b18f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-21 / The study seeks to know the developed work of teachers from different curricular components of the final years of Elementary Public Schools in the city of Sao Paulo in order to identify and understand their perceptions about the teaching knowledge in the context of teaching and learning process. So this study discusses the knowledge that teachers acquire and / or rework in the pedagogical practice and that they see as a changing possibility on the teaching and learning that includes a quality education. The adopted framework is guided in studies on teacher knowledge and practice, knowledge about the processes of teaching and learning and the training of teachers that work in the final years of Elementary School by using the main authors, Tardif, Garrido, Gatti and Luckesi. Therefore this study proceed to the analysis of official documents and the application of a questionnaire to twelve teachers from the final years of Elementary School in order to learn about aspects of professional life, as well as the joints they do between teaching knowledge, professional practices and teaching and learning process. The analyzes reveal that the contributions made by these authors are essential to guide the teaching in that to respect the mobilization / construction of knowledge necessary to teach from an educational praxis committed with knowledge, know-how and know-to be. Finally, the data show the need to ensure discussions about the curriculum of the courses of the final years of Elementary School in order to realize that the evolution that educators aspire to everyone involved in the teaching and learning is resignify in practice knowledge. / O estudo busca conhecer o trabalho desenvolvido por professores de diferentes componentes curriculares dos anos finais do Ensino Fundamental da rede pública de ensino da cidade de São Paulo de modo a identificar e compreender suas percepções a respeito dos saberes docentes no contexto do processo ensino e aprendizagem. Assim discute-se os saberes que os professores adquirem e/ou reelaboram na prática pedagógica e que são por eles vistos como possibilidades de mudanças no processo ensino e aprendizagem que contemple um ensino de qualidade. O referencial adotado pauta-se em estudos sobre saberes docentes e sua prática, o conhecimento sobre os processos de ensino e aprendizagem e a formação dos professores que atuam nos anos finais do Ensino de Fundamental, tendo como autores principais, Tardif, Garrido, Gatti e Luckesi. Para tanto, procede-se à análise de documentos oficiais e à aplicação de um questionário a doze professores dos anos finais do Ensino Fundamental com o objetivo de conhecer aspectos da vida profissional, bem como as articulações que eles fazem entre saberes docentes, práticas profissionais e processo ensino e aprendizagem. Os resultados demonstram os saberes desenvolvidos pelos docentes, e as práticas pedagógicas que construíram ao longo de seu exercício profissional frente as dificuldades evidenciadas em alguns grupos de alunos. Por fim, os dados revelam a necessidade de se garantir discussões sobre o currículo das turmas dos anos finais do Ensino Fundamental de forma a se perceber que a evolução que os educadores almejam com todos os envolvidos no processo ensino e aprendizagem se ressignificam na prática do conhecimento.

This study investigates how seven Chinese sentence-final particles (SFP le, ne1, ma, ne2, ba1, ba2 and a; hereafter SFP) and their features are represented in English speakers’ L2 Chinese. In this research, SFPs are analysed as heads instantiating different positions in the CP domain (Paul 2009, 2014, 2015), which are head-final, and in particular, they are considered to carry semantic, syntactic and discourse features. As there is no SFP in English, the features on Chinese SFPs are realised by a variety of syntactic means. Through a proficiency test and six experimental tasks, data from 76 participants (including 18 Chinese native speakers, 20 low-intermediate learners, 20 high-intermediate learners and 18 advanced learners) were collected. Results show that English-speaking L2 learners can easily establish the basic syntactic structure of Chinese SFPs and successfully acquire the features attached to SFPs ma, ba1 and a. However, they have significant difficulty in acquiring the features attached to SFPs le, ne1, ne2 and ba2. In general, syntactic features on Chinese SFPs are intact in L2 grammars, whereas semantic features (i.e. syntax-semantics interfaces) are very vulnerable. In addition, it is found that not all discourse features (syntax-discourse interfaces) are problematic. Findings indicate that both L1 grammar (i.e. L1 transfer) and L2 input (frequency, saliency and complexity) play important roles in affecting learners’ acquisition of the features attached to Chinese SFPs. In particular, learners seem to transfer all feature sets from their L1 English. Semantic features that have been transferred from their L1 English but that are neither confirmed nor disconfirmed by the Chinese input have become dormant in the L2 Chinese, which complements the Dormant Feature Hypothesis (Yuan 2014). Furthermore, the homomorphous SFPs which exhibit a ‘one-to-many’ form-meaning connection are believed to complicate learners’ recognition and acquisition of relevant features on SFPs. It is also demonstrated that the mapping of a feature across CP domains (i.e. from a two-CP structure to a one-CP structure) can be problematic and difficult. The discourse feature needs to be reassembled in L2 grammars, which advances the arguments of the Feature Reassembly Hypothesis (Lardiere 2008, 2009a,b).

This thesis is a descriptive grammar of Ambel [wgo], an endangered Austronesian (South Halmahera-West New Guinea) language. Ambel is spoken by approximately 1600 people on Waigeo, the largest island in the Raja Ampat archipelago (West Papua province, Indonesia). This grammar is based on naturalistic and elicited data, collected by the author from native speakers of Ambel. Ambel is a head-marking language, with basic SV/AVO constituent order. There are 14 native consonant phonemes and five vowel phonemes. Ambel has a tone system, in which /H/ syllables contrast with toneless syllables. Neither stress nor vowel length are contrastive. In verbal clauses, the subject of the clause is marked on the verb. This system makes a four-way number distinction (singular, dual, paucal, and plural), an animacy distinction in the third person, and a clusivity distinction in the non-singular first person. The Ambel noun phrase is mainly head-initial. There are five distinct morphosyntactic possessive constructions, the choice of which is primarily determined by a lexical specification on the possessed noun. Some nouns (including most body parts and some kin terms) are possessed in one of three constructions in which the person, number, and animacy of the possessor is marked directly on the possessed noun, while most other nouns are possessed in one of two constructions in which the possessor is marked on a prenominal possessive classifier. Within the clause, all negation particles and most aspect and mode particles are clause-final. There is no passive construction. Ambel has a rich system of spatial deixis, in which six different classes of deictic words (such as demonstratives, deictic prepositions, and deictic nouns) are derived from one of four demonstrative roots or 28 directional stems. Verb serialisation is used to express, among other things, purposive motion and changes of state. This thesis is the first major description and documentation of the Ambel language. As such, it will be of considerable interest to typologists and historical linguists, as well as others interested in the languages, cultures, and history of New Guinea. All of the data on which this grammar is based have been archived with both the Endangered Languages Archive, and the Center for Endangered Languages Documentation at Universitas Papua in Manokwari. The data will thus be available to future generations, including the Ambel community themselves.

This article explains how it was formed and shaped the Facultative Labour Arbitration optional by the judgments of the Constitutional Court, in order to that the workers or the employer may resort and request the initiation of arbitration which their counterpart must be submitted obligatorily, without previous arbitration clause or agreement. the constitutional system requires that the labor arbitration has to be an alternative mechanism to the negative response of the previous negotiations. / El presente artículo explica cómo se ha formado y perfilado el arbitraje potestativo laboral mediante las sentencias del tribunal Constitucional, con el fin de que los trabajadores o el empleador pueden recurrir y solicitar el inicio de un arbitraje al que su contraparte deberá someterse obligatoriamente, sin necesidad de cláusula arbitral o acuerdo previo. El sistema constitucional exige que el arbitraje laboral sea un mecanismo subsidiario ante la respuesta negativa de las negociacionesprevias.

[pt] Muitas aplicações são tornadas programáveis para usuários finais avançados adicionando recursos como scripting e macros. Outras aplicações dão a uma linguagem de programação um papel central na sua interface com o usuário. Esse é o caso, por exemplo, da linguagem de fórmulas de planilhas de cálculo. Enquanto a área de scripting se beneficiou dos avanços das pesquisas em linguagens de programação, produzindo linguagens maduras e reusáveis, o estado das linguagens em nível de interface não teve o mesmo grau de desenvolvimento. Argumentamos que um melhor entendimento desta classe de linguagens se faz necessário. Neste trabalho, modelamos semânticas de linguagens de usuário final existentes, em três diferentes domínios: multimídia, planilhas e engenharia. Nosso foco é em linguagens de dataflow, um paradigma representativo em aplicações programáveis por usuários finais. Com base nessa análise, temos como objetivo prover um melhor entendimento do design de linguagens de dataflow no contexto de programação de usuários finais e propor linhas-guia para o projeto de linguagens de nível de interface baseadas neste paradigma para aplicações programáveis. / [en] Many applications are made programmable for advanced end-users by adding facilities such as scripting and macros. Other applications take a programming language to the center stage of its UI. That is the case, for example, of the spreadsheet formula language. While scripting has benefited from the advances of programming language research, producing mature and reusable languages, the state of UI-level languages lags behind. We claim that a better understanding of such languages is necessary. In this work, we model the semantics of existing end-user programming languages in three different domains: multimedia, spreadsheets and engineering. Our focus is on dataflow languages, a representative paradigm for end-user programmable applications. Based on this analysis, we aim to provide a better understanding of dataflow semantics as used in the context of end-user programming and propose guidelines for the design of UI-level languages for end-user programmable applications.