The object consists of 3 volumes: two 6-storey academic buildings, interconnected with public space. Simple geometry of complex is formed by the existing urban development. Repeating street directions and continuing visual contact with the housing of the Law Faculty, the building in terms of shape represents letter V and forms enclosed courtyards. In the lower part of the building of the Faculty of Fine Arts there are workrooms, library and repository that are loaded from the north facade. The first three floors are connected by a corridor with a recreational area of public space created for a comfortable communicating and solitary classes. On the other floors there are workshops, studios and studio offices of ceramics, sculpture, metal, photography, printing and 3D-graphics, cabinets of deanery and classrooms. On the top floor, that is 6 m height, there are art studios, additionaly lightened by lanterns on the roof. The housing is designed in that way that it has the open airy atrium, which, along with half-transparent facades, provides natural light in most interiors. Facade structure is highlighted with the shell of the vertical and horizontal aluminum fins and shelves, which gives to a compex an interesting and constantly changing pattern. Unified composition is also highlighted with shades of warm and cold colors of the spectrum. Four underground floors are used for car parking, and the ground flloor of them is given for the operation of the university. In the future, the project also envisages planting of greenery of building facades and of the surrounding area.

Ce travail de doctorat porte sur la croissance par ablation laser pulsée de films ultrafins de Grenat de Fer et d’Yttrium dopés au Bismuth (BiYIG). Ces films d’épaisseur nanométriques sont caractérisés puis utilisés pour des applications magnon-spintroniques. Cette thèse englobe deux thématiques différentes de la physique : la science des matériaux et les applications magnon-spintroniques.La motivation de cette thèse repose sur le besoin, venant de la communauté magnon-spintronique, d’un nouveau matériau magnétique ultrafin à anisotropie ajustable. En effet, au court des dernières années, une avancée majeure dans le domaine a été l’obtention d’auto-oscillations magnétiques induites par un courant de charge dans un isolant magnétique. Ce résultat a été rendu possible grâce à l’utilisation d’un film ultrafin (20 nm) de Grenat de Fer et d’Yttrium (YIG) possédant de très faibles pertes magnétiques. Ces films ultrafins de YIG sont également intéressants pour la magnonique puisqu’il est aussi possible d’y propager et de manipuler des ondes de spin sur de grandes distances. Cependant, la direction facile d’aimantation dans ces films est fixée par l’anisotropie de forme et n’est pas un paramètre ajustable. Pour pousser plus loin les possibilités dans le domaine de la magnon-spintronique un matériau ultrafin, présentant des pertes magnétiques similaires au YIG, dans lequel il serait possible de stabiliser une anisotropie perpendiculaire serait désirable.La croissance par épitaxie en phase liquide de films de YIG substitués de plusieurs microns d’épaisseur a permis de mettre en évidence que l’anisotropie magnétique pouvait être modifiée par dopage. Notamment que la substitution des atomes d’Yttrium par les atomes de Bismuth sur les sites atomiques dodécaédriques permet d’obtenir une direction facile d’aimantation hors du plan, le BiYIG est également reconnu pour sa forte activité magnéto-optique. Cette thèse présente la croissance par ablation laser pulsée de films ultrafins (7 à 50 nm d’épaisseur) de BiYIG. Dans ces films l’anisotropie magnétique a deux origines : l’anisotropie de croissance et l’anisotropie de contrainte. Dans ces films grâce à la contrainte les deux types anisotropies magnétique (planaire ou perpendiculaire) peuvent être obtenues. La caractérisation dynamique des films montre que la substitution d’Yttrium par le Bismuth n’augmente pas les pertes magnétiques et que l’amortissement de Gilbert dans le BiYIG est comparable à celui du YIG. De plus l’augmentation de l’activité magnéto optique du BiYIG par rapport à celle du YIG rend ce nouveau matériau très intéressant pour des techniques expérimentales impliquant l’interaction lumière/ moment magnétique (BLS, Kerr microscope…).Pour observer des phénomènes spintronique nous avons déposé une couche de Pt. Des mesures de transport comme la magnetoresistance Hall de spin, l’effet Hall de spin inverse ou l’effet Hall anormal témoignent d’un transfert de courant de spin a l’interface BiYIG-Pt. Grâce à l’anisotropie perpendiculaire, il est également possible d’observer de nouveaux phénomènes comme la génération d’onde de spin cohérent à partir d’auto-oscillations. Ce nouvel isolant magnétique combinant une faible épaisseur, un faible amortissement magnétique et une anisotropie magnétique modifiable est donc un matériau prometteur pour des applications magnon-spintroniques et ouvre de nouvelles possibilités pour le domaine. / This PhD work focuses on the Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) growth of Bismuth doped Iron Garnet nanometer thick films. Those films are charcterised and used for magnon-spintronics applications. This PhD has two main focuses : material science and magnon-spintronics applications.The aim of this PhD is to fill up the need in the magnon-spintronics community of an ultrathin magnetic material combining low magnetic losses and tunable magnetic anisotropy. Indeed the recent breakthrough in the domain was the ability of generating magnetic auto-oscillations from a charge current in a magnetic insulator. This result has been obtained by using an 20 nm thick film of Yttrium Iron Garnet (YIG) with low magnetic losses (α=2⋅〖10〗^(-4) ). Those ultrafin films of YIG can also be used for spin waves propagation over micrometeter distances. However the easy magnetic axis in those films is set to in plane due to the shape anisotropy and it is not a tunable parameter. To go further in terms of magnon-spintronics applications a perpendicularly easy magnetized low losses ultra-thin magnetic material would be desirable. Liquid Phase Epitaxy growth of micrometer thick doped YIG during the 70’s evidenced that the magnetic anisotropy could be modified by doping or substitution. Especially the substitution of Yttrium atoms by Bismuth ones on the dodecaedric atomic sites allows to stabilise out of plane magnetic anisotropy. Morevover the BiYIG is also known to posses high magneto optical activity.This PhD presents the growth by Pulsed Laser Deposition of ultrathin BiYIG films (7 to 50 nm thick). In those films the uniaxial magnetic anisotropy has two main origins : the magneto elastic and the growth induced anisotropy. Using the strain in those films it is possible to obtain both out of plane and in plane magnetic anisotropy. The dynamical characterisation shows that magnetic losses in the perpendicular easy magnetized films are comparable to the one of YIG ultrathin films. The high magneto optical activity in those films makes the BiYIG ultrathin films suitable for ligth based detection technics involving ligth/magnetism interaction. By sputtering a Pt sublayer on the top of BiYIG ultra thin films we could observ different spintronic phenomena evidencing the transfer of spin current from the metal to the insulator. Low losses and nanometer thickness in perpendicularly easy magnetized BiYIG films allow to observ current induced magnetic auto oscillation in the same fashion as what was previously done with ultrathin YIG. The perpendicular magnetic anisotropy allows however to couple those auto oscillation to spin waves, which was not possible for in plane magnetized YIG fims. This new phenomena is related to the unique properties of the ultrathin BiYIG.BiYIG ultrathin films are thus opening new perspectives in the magnon spintronic commnutiy due to their low thickness and tunable magnetic anisotropy.

Small-scale wind turbines were not considered viable in the past due to their poor efficiencies, mainly because of their aerodynamic effects around the irfoil shape. Recently researchers have renewed interest in enhancing the aerodynamic performances of the blades’ designs inspired by the aerodynamic pattern of biological characteristics of insects and marine mammals such as locusts, dragonflies, damselflies, Humpback Whales etc. Bioinspired wing designs have advantages compared to conventional smooth irfoil blades as they can counter the bending forces that the wings experience during flapping. Bio-inspired corrugated airfoil based on dragonfly wing geometries have been reported to perform well compared to conventional airfoil at low Reynolds numbers. Corrugated airfoils reduce flow separation and enhance aerodynamic performance by trapping vortices in the corrugations thus drawing flow towards the airfoil’s surface. This results in the higher lift whilst incurring only marginally higher drag. Such airfoils also have an advantage when it comes to span-wise structural stiffness due to the corrugated cross-sections. Replacing conventional turbine blades by tubercles or corrugated blades could enhance turbine performance by reducing the pressure gradient along the leading edge; however, the aerodynamic effects at the leading edge will depend on the variations of wavelength and amplitude. In this study, two types of computational studies were investigated: Optimising a corrugated airfoil and investigating the aerodynamic effects of a sinusoidal shape at the leading edge of a blade. Previous studies used an idealized geometry based on the dragonfly wing cross-section profile but did not attempt to optimize the geometry. In the present study: a two-dimensional CFD model is constructed using ANSYS Fluent Workbench-Design Explorer to determine the optimal corrugated blade profile for four angles of attack (AOA) from 5° to 20° corresponding to typical AOA of small-scale wind turbine blades. Two modified blades with variations of wavelength and amplitude at the leading edge were studied to investigate the aerodynamic effects. Three-dimensional models were constructed using Qblade software and 3D points were exported to AutoCAD Inventor to generate the CAD model. The governing equations used are continuity and Navier-Stokes equations written in a frame reference rotating with the blade. The CFD package used is ANSYS FLUENT 19.0. The simulation was run under steady-state, using SST-k omega turbulence model. The modifications have improved the aerodynamic performance. The optimised corrugated blade produced a maximum increase of CL and L/D. Both modified blades (1 and 2) had their performances measured separately and compared to that of baseline blade SG6042 (Conventional blade). Modified blade 1 had a lower wavelength and amplitude at the leading edge of 14.3 % and 4 % respectively of the chord. It was noted that the aerodynamic performance decreased by 6%. Modified model 2, on the other hand had a higher wavelength and amplitude at the leading edge. of 40.4 % and 11.9 % respectively of the chord. It was also noted the aerodynamic performance increased by 6%. From the empirical evidence highlighted above, it can be observed that there is a direct correlation between wavelength, amplitude, and aerodynamic performance of the blade. / Electrical and Mining Engineering / M. Tech. (Engineering)

[pt] Inserida na área de Estudos da Linguagem, mais especificamente dentro do campo de investigação da Linguística Aplicada (Moita Lopes, 1999, 2006, 2013), esta pesquisa tem como objetivo buscar entendimentos acerca de como as crenças (Kalaja e Barcelos, 2003, 2013; Barcelos, 2006, 2007) dos aprendizes se relacionam a suas interpretações e avaliações (Martin e Rose, 2003; Martin e White, 2005) sobre aspectos relativos ao ensino-aprendizagem em uma sala de aula de inglês para fins específicos (IFE), concebido em sintonia com a Pedagogia Pós-método (Kumaravadivelu, 1994, 2001, 2003, 2006). Para tanto, participaram desta pesquisa um total de dez alunos de um curso técnico de farmácia do Instituto Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), campus Rio de Janeiro. Os dados, que incluem suas produções discursivo-reflexivas escritas e orais, foram construídos a partir da utilização de instrumentos de aprendizagem (IA), termo usado em referência ao material didático e definido, no âmbito desta pesquisa, como um conjunto de tarefas sequenciadas em andaimento (scaffolding) elaboradas a partir de texto(s) autêntico(s) com objetivo de mediar o processo de construção de conhecimento. Dessa forma, apesar de não integrarem a análise dos dados desta pesquisa, os IA funcionam como andaimes que possibilitam o processo de construção desses dados com base em questões motivadoras (metatarefas) que surgem a partir de sua utilização na prática pedagógica cotidiana na qual se desenvolve esta investigação. Os pressupostos teóricos relacionam uma visão de ensino-aprendizagem e de linguagem, respectivamente: a socioconstrução do conhecimento de acordo com a Teoria Sociocultural (Vygotsky, 1962[1994], 1978; Donato, 2000; Pollard, 2001; Mercer e Littleton, 2007) e a linguagem como fenômeno sociossemiótico segundo o quadro teórico da Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional (Halliday e Hasan, 1989; Halliday, 1994; Halliday e Matthiessen 2013). Orientado por esse quadro teórico, bem como pelo paradigma do construtivismo (Lincoln e Guba, 2006; Edge e Richards, 1998) associado a uma abordagem qualitativo-interpretativista (Erickson, 1986), este trabalho apresenta, então, resultados que sugerem que os alunos, privilegiando o Sistema de Avaliatividade (Martin e Rose, 2003; Martin e White, 2005) no domínio de Atitude, e respectivos subdomínios de Afeto, Julgamento e Apreciação, constroem discursivamente crenças sobre ensino-aprendizagem, sobre linguagem, sobre identidade individual e sobre identidade sociocultural. Ou seja, os alunos participantes parecem estar organizando seus entendimentos acerca do processo ensino-aprendizagem a partir de quatro eixos de significação inter-relacionados: (i) o processo ensino-aprendizagem, (ii) a língua a ser aprendida, (iii) suas identidades individuais e (iv) identidades socioculturais. / [en] This research is inserted in the area of language studies, more specifically within the field of applied linguistics (Moita Lopes, 1999, 2006, 2013), and aims to seek understandings of how learners beliefs (Kalaja and Barcelos, 2003, 2013; Barcelos, 2006, 2007) may be related to their interpretations and evaluations (Martin and Rose, 2003; Martin and White, 2005) of aspects concerning the teaching-learning process in an ESP classroom, conceived in line with the Post-method Pedagogy (Kumaravadivelu, 1994, 2001, 2003, 2006). In order to do that, a total of ten students of a pharmacy technician course at the Instituto Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ) participated in this research. The data, which include their written and oral discursive-reflexive productions, were built from the utilization of learning instruments (LI), term used in reference to our pedagogical material and defined, in the scope of this research, as a set of sequential tasks related to the use of authentic text(s) and organized in line with the scaffolding principle in order to mediate the process of knowledge construction. Therefore, although these LI do not integrate the data analysis, they act as scaffolds in the process of data construction as they provide prompts that arise from their use in our everyday classroom practice, where this investigation is carried out. The theoretical framework relates a theory of learning and a theory of language, respectively: the social construction of knowledge, according to the Sociocultural Theory (Vygotsky, 1962[1994], 1978; Donato, 2000; Pollard, 2001; Mercer and Littleton, 2007), and language as a social semiotic phenomenon, following the Systemic-functional Linguistics perspective (Halliday and Hasan, 1989; Halliday, 1994; Halliday and Matthiessen 2013). Guided by this theoretical background, as well as by the Constructivism paradigm (Lincoln and Guba, 2006; Edge and Richards, 1998) interfaced with a qualitative and interpretivist approach (Erickson, 1986), this thesis presents results that suggest that the students, resorting to the Appraisal System (Martin and Rose, 2003; Martin and White, 2005) in the domain of Attitude, and its subdomains of Affect, Judgment and Appreciation, discursively construct beliefs about teaching and learning, about language, about individual identity and about cultural identity. That is, students seem to be organizing their understandings of the teaching-learning process from four interrelated meaning axes: (i) the teaching-learning process, (ii) the language to be learned, (iii) their individual identities and (iv) sociocultural identities.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:17:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcia Moussallem.pdf: 8551985 bytes, checksum: fa23cb4958d7eee575921f67a63e44ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-25 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This dissertation proposes the introduction to a unique case study of the not-for-profit social assistance association Catholic Ladies League of Sao Paulo . The study stemmed initially from the interest in verifying the role of philanthropic associations that act in the field of social assistance, and that face new social matters in today's society. The fast-paced process of globalization that has been taking place since the twentieth century, and beginning of the twentieth-first century has brought forth significant changes in social, political and economic relations to all societies. In this new scenario one notices the emergence and relevance of notfor- profit associations in public spaces. In Brazil, most of these associations were born in the first moments of the colonization period, and were strongly influenced by the Catholic Church and by philanthropic practices. Thus the study has tried to verify if it is possible that a centennial association founded by the Catholic Church can make progress in its practices and actions towards paths which lead to citizen rights recognition. It is the general goal of this study to check the requisites for the association's actions that identify the passage from philanthropic actions to recognition of citizen rights. The methodology adopted was that of a unique case study by utilizing such research tools as: document analysis, direct observation, interviews with managers, technicians, partners and customers of the association, as well as professors that study the subject. As for the conclusion, it is observed that the association has been changing gradually throughout the different stages of the Brazilian history. After the country's redemocratization period, a new stage of the association with significant changes in the field of citizen rights is initiated. In the past nine years (1998 2007) it has been noticed the most relevant changes in all areas - from the administration to social programmes objectives conduct / Esta dissertação tem como proposta a apresentação de um estudo de caso único da associação sem fins econômicos de assistência social a Liga das Senhoras Católicas de São Paulo . Este estudo partiu inicialmente do interesse em poder verificar o papel das associações filantrópicas que atuam no campo sócio assistencial, diante dos novos problemas sociais da sociedade contemporânea. O acelerado processo de globalização que vem ocorrendo a partir do século XX e inicio do século XXI, tem acarretado transformações significativas nas relações sociais, políticas e econômicas em todas as sociedades. Neste novo cenário observa-se a emergência e relevância das associações sem fins econômicos nos espaços públicos. No Brasil a grande maioria dessas associações data dos primeiros períodos da nossa colonização sendo fortemente marcadas pela influencia da Igreja Católica e por praticas filantrópicas. Assim procurou-se verificar se é possível uma associação centenária criada pela Igreja Católica avançar em suas praticas e ações para caminhos que levem em direção ao reconhecimento dos direitos de cidadania. Como objetivo geral do estudo procurou-se verificar os requisitos nas ações da associação que identifiquem a passagem do exercício da filantropia para o reconhecimento da cidadania. Como metodologia adotou-se um estudo de caso único, por meio da utilização dos instrumentais de pesquisa como análise documental, observação direta, entrevistas com gestores, técnicos, parceiro e usuários da entidade e professores que estudam o tema. Como conclusão pode-se constatar que a associação no decorrer das diferentes fases da história do Brasil vem se transformando gradativamente. Após o período de redemocratização do Brasil dá-se inicio uma nova fase na associação por meio de mudanças mais significativas no campo dos direitos de cidadania. Nos últimos nove anos (1998-2007) constatou-se as mudanças mais significativas em todas as áreas, desde a administrativa até a condução dos objetivos dos programas sociais

Le pouvoir de détenir une personne à des fins d'enquête n'est pas une technique d'investigation nouvelle et tire son origine du droit anglais. Mais cette méthode d'enquête, qui consiste à restreindre temporairement la liberté de mouvement d'une personne que l'on soupçonne pour des motifs raisonnables d'être impliquée dans une activité criminelle, ne fut reconnue officiellement au Canada qu'en juillet 2004 suite au jugement rendu par la Cour suprême dans l'affaire R. c. Mann. Au moment d'écrire ces lignes, cette stratégie d'enquête policière ne fait toujours pas l'objet d'une réglementation spécifique au Code criminel. L'approbation de cette technique d'enquête, en l'absence de toute forme de législation, ne s'est pas faite sans critiques de la part des auteurs et des commentateurs judiciaires qui y voient une intrusion dans un champ de compétences normalement réservé au Parlement. L'arrêt Mann laisse également en suspens une question cruciale qui se rapporte directement aux droits constitutionnels des citoyens faisant l'objet d'une détention semblable: il s'agit du droit d'avoir recours sans délai à l'assistance d'un avocat. Le présent travail se veut donc une étude approfondie du concept de la détention à des fins d'enquête en droit criminel canadien et de son impact sur les droits constitutionnels dont bénéficient les citoyens de notre pays. Pour accomplir cette tâche, l'auteur propose une analyse de la question en trois chapitres distincts. Dans le premier chapitre, l'auteur se penche sur le rôle et les fonctions dévolus aux agents de la paix qui exécutent leur mission à l'intérieur d'une société libre et démocratique comme celle qui prévaut au Canada. Cette étude permettra au lecteur de mieux connaître les principaux acteurs qui assurent le maintien de l'ordre sur le territoire québécois, les crimes qu'ils sont le plus souvent appelés à combattre ainsi que les méthodes d'enquête qu'ils emploient pour les réprimer. Le deuxième chapitre est entièrement dédié au concept de la détention à des fins d'enquête en droit criminel canadien. En plus de l'arrêt R. c. Mann qui fera l'objet d'une étude détaillée, plusieurs autres sujets en lien avec cette notion seront abordés. Des thèmes tels que la notion de «détention» au sens des articles 9 et 10b) de la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés, la différence entre la détention à des fins d'enquête et l'arrestation, les motifs pouvant légalement justifier une intervention policière de même que les limites et l'entendue de la détention d'une personne pour fins d'enquête, seront aussi analysés. Au troisième chapitre, l'auteur se consacre à la question du droit d'avoir recours sans délai à l'assistance d'un avocat (et d'être informé de ce droit) ainsi que du droit de garder le silence dans des circonstances permettant aux agents de la paix de détenir une personne à des fins d'enquête. Faisant l'analogie avec d'autres jugements rendus par nos tribunaux, l'auteur suggère quelques pistes de solutions susceptibles de combler les lacunes qui auront été préalablement identifiées dans les arrêts Mann et Clayton. / The power to detain a person for investigative purposes is not a new technique of investigation and has its origin in English law. But this method of investigation, which is to temporarily restrict freedom of movement of a person suspected on reasonable grounds to be involved in criminal activity, was officially recognized in Canada in July 2004, following the judgement by the Supreme Court in the case of R. c. Mann. At the time of this writing, this strategy of investigation is not subject to specific regulations to the Criminal Code. The approval of this investigative technique, in the absence of any form of legislation, has not been without criticism from writers and commentators who see it as judicial intrusion into a field of expertise normally reserved for Parliament. The judgement of Mann also leaves open a critical issue that relates directly to the constitutional rights of citizens subjected to a similar kind of detention, namely the right to obtain immediately the assistance of a lawyer. This work is a thorough study of the concept of investigative detention in Canadian criminal law and its impact on the constitutional rights enjoyed by all citizens of our country. To accomplish this task, the author suggests studying this issue in three separate chapters. In the first chapter, the author focuses on the role and functions vested in the peace officers who carry out their mission within a free and democratic society such as the one which prevails in Canada. This study will allow the reader to better understand the main actors responsible for maintaining law and order in Quebec, the crimes they are most often called upon to fight and investigative methods they use to repress those crimes. The second chapter is dedicated to the concept of investigative detention in the context of Canadian criminal law. In addition to the case of R. c. Mann, which will be a study in detail, several other topics related to this concept will he discussed. Themes such as the notion of «detention» within the meaning of Sections 9 and 10b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the difference between the investigative detention and the arrest, the motives which can legally justify a police intervention as well as the limits of the detention of a person for purposes of investigation, will also he analyzed.. The third chapter is devoted to the question of the right to communicate immediately with a lawyer (and to he informed of that right) and the right to remain silent in circumstances enabling peace officers to detain a person for investigative purposes. In making a comparison with other judgments rendered by our courts, the author suggest some possible solutions that could fill gaps that have been previously identified by the Supreme Court in the cases R. c. Mann and R. c. Clayton.

L’exploitation sexuelle à des fins commerciales fait de plus en plus de victimes en Inde. Compte tenu de l’ampleur constatée du phénomène et de la gravité de ses multiples conséquences, notre recherche vise à mieux connaître et comprendre l’expérience vécue par les femmes se livrant à des activités sexuelles contre rémunération. Plus précisément, elle a comme objectifs de décrire le cheminement ayant conduit ces femmes à se livrer à de telles pratiques ainsi que leur réalité quotidienne et comment elles perçoivent leur situation pour ensuite être en mesure de formuler des propositions d’interventions préventives ou s’adressant aux femmes se livrant déjà à des activités sexuelles à des fins commerciales. Nous avons choisi de nous intéresser aux femmes vivant et se prostituant à la gare de Varanasi. Une approche qualitative a été privilégiée dans la réalisation de la recherche. Huit entrevues ont été réalisées avec des femmes et fillettes qui se prostituent à la gare, trois avec des intervenants sociaux y travaillant et l’observation in situ a permis d’enrichir le matériel recueilli. Ces prostituées sont souvent issues d’un milieu familial dysfonctionnel. C’est en situation de fuite ou d’abandon familial qu’elles s’installent à la gare. Il s’agit d’un endroit où les femmes sont en situation d’extrême vulnérabilité et où les conditions de vie sont misérables. Exposées aux dangers de la vie à la gare et accessibles aux proxénètes, la prostitution devient une option pour y survivre. Les besoins d’intervention auprès de ces femmes sont multiples et y répondre est complexe. Une approche favorisant la réduction des méfaits et la prévention paraît être les avenues à privilégier. / The sexual exploitation for commercial purposes is making more and more victims in India. Considering the scale of the phenomenon and the gravity of its multiple consequences, our research aims at knowing better and at understanding the experience lived by women engaged in sexual activities against payment. More precisely, the objectives of our research are to describe the progress having driven these women to be engaged in such practices as well as their daily reality and how they perceive their situation, to be then capable to formulate propositions of preventive interventions or addressed to the women being already engaged in sexual activities for commercial purposes. We chose to interest ourselves in the women living and prostituting themselves at the train station of Varanasi. A qualitative method was privileged in the realisation of the research. Eight interviews were conducted with women and girls who prostitute themselves at the train station and three with social workers already involved on site. The observation in situ allowed to enrich the collected data. These prostitutes often come from a dysfunctional family circle. It is in situation of flight or family abandonment that they settle down at the train station. It is a place where the women are in situation of extreme vulnerability and where the living conditions are miserable. Exposed to the dangers of the life at the station and accessible to the pimps, prostitution becomes an option to survive. The needs of intervention with these women are multiple and answering to those needs is complex. A harm reduction policy and prevention appear to be avenues to be privileged.

In this work, the data analysis of oscillating flapping fins is conducted for mathematical model. Data points of heave and surge force obtained by the CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) for different geometrical kinds of flapping fins. The fin undergoes a combination of vertical and angular oscillatory motion, while travelling at constant forward speed. The surge thrust and heave lift are generated by the combined motion of the flapping fins, especially due to the carrier vehicle’s heave and pitch motion will be investigated to acquire system identification with CFD data available while the fin pitching motion is selected as a function of fin vertical motion and it is imposed by an external mechanism. The data series applied to model unsteady lifting flow around the system will be employed to develop an optimization algorithm to establish an approximation transfer function model for heave force and obtain a predicting black box system with nonlinear theory for surge force with fin motion control synthesis.

L’apport de sédiments fins au cours d’eau est un phénomène naturel mais qui sous les effets de l’anthropisation peut devenir excessif et conduire à perturber le fonctionnement de l’hydrosystème. Cet apport excessif provoque le colmatage du lit des rivières et peut perturber les échanges hydriques, les processus biogéochimiques et les communautés d’invertébrés benthiques et hyporhéiques. D’un point de vue méthodologique, la mesure de la conductivité hydraulique dans le substrat permet d’obtenir une image du niveau de colmatage de la zone hyporhéique et le pompage Bou Rouch permet d’étudier qualitativement la faune hyporhéique. D’un point de vue biologique, les effets du colmatage sont un peu plus importants pour l’hyporhéos que pour le benthos notamment au niveau de la richesse taxonomique, des assemblages faunistiques et des traits biologiques / Fine sediment input to the streambeds is a natural phenomenon but in addition to the effects of human impacts may become excessive and lead to disruption of the functioning of the hydrosystem. This excessive intake causes the clogging of river beds and can disrupt water exchange, biogeochemical processes and benthic and hyporheic invertebrate communities. From a methodological point of view, measurement of hydraulic conductivity in the substratum provides a realistic picture of the clogging level of the hyporheic zone and the Bou Rouch pump a good sampling for a qualitative study of the hyporheic fauna. From a biological point of view, the clogging effects on the hyporheos are higher compared to the benthos regarding taxonomic richness, changes in faunal assemblages and biological traits

[pt] Neste trabalho estudamos a teoria clássica das superfícies mínimas em R3, focando na representação de Enneper-Weierstrass e suas consequências. São exibidos vários exemplos, incluindo as superfícies de Jorge-Meeks e de Jorge-Xavier. Também mostramos princípios do máximo para superfícies mínimas e várias aplicações como, por exemplo, o teorema do semi-espaço. Em seguida, nos concentramos na teoria das superfícies mínimas completas de curvatura total finita e, com esta, podemos analisar o desenvolvimento assintótico de fins mínimos completos mergulhados de curvatura total finita. Por fim, a dissertação culmina com o teorema de Schoen, que afirma que as únicas superfícies mínimas completas, conexas, de curvatura total finita e apenas dois fins - ambos mergulhados - são um par de planos e o catenoide. / [en] In this work we study the classical theory of minimal surfaces in R3, with special focus on the Enneper-Weierstrass representation and its consequences. We exhibit many examples, including the Jorge-Meeks and Jorge-Xavier surfaces. We also show maximum principles for minimal surfaces and many applications as, for instance, the half-space theorem. Afterwards, we focus on the theory of complete minimal surfaces with finite total curvature, with which we can analyse the asymptotic development of complete minimal embedded ends with finite total curvature. This dissertation culminates with the Schoen s theorem, which states that the only complete, connected minimal surfaces with finite total curvature and exactly two ends - both embedded - are a pair of planes or a catenoid.