Magíster en Gestión y Políticas Públicas / Este estudio consiste en el diagnóstico y análisis del actual funcionamiento del Sistema Nacional de Inversión Pública de Honduras, y la posterior generación de propuestas de mejora. Se inicia con la descripción de la gestión del órgano rector, los actores que intervienen y los vínculos entre éstos, detectando las oportunidades de mejora y los retos futuros. La investigación sigue una metodología similar al de la publicación Los SNIP de América Latina y el Caribe: Historia, evolución y lecciones aprendidas de la Serie de Gestión No.124, del Departamento de Ingeniería Industrial de la Universidad de Chile, en la que se analizan los sistemas de inversión pública de: México, Brasil, Costa Rica, Colombia, Chile, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Perú y República Dominicana. La metodología de investigación cuantitativa se desarrolló en tres fases, partiendo con la revisión de estudios previos de inversión pública, informes de avances y resultados, marco legal de Honduras, entre otros. Seguido de la aplicación de una encuesta cerrada y estructurada a los directivos y formuladores de proyectos del Plan de Inversión Pública, aprovechando los avances tecnológicos al haberla elaborado on line. Se finaliza con el análisis de los resultados, haciendo una comparación del país con respecto a América Latina en los aspectos positivos y en los que se identificaron brechas que se deben mejorar. Los principales hallazgos consisten en la necesidad de articular las políticas nacionales de inversión con las de orden territorial, participación ciudadana, y rendición de cuentas públicas. También avanzar en el uso de los sistemas tecnológicos de información, mejorar herramientas propias de la inversión pública como es el BIP, fortalecer la capacidad institucional identificando actores y asignando responsabilidades. Además de encaminar el SNIP hacia las evaluaciones sociales ex ante y ex post de proyectos, desarrollar y fortalecer capacidades técnicas en aspectos transversales a la metodología de proyectos, como: género, ambiente y transparencia, entre otros. Se debe destacar y aprovechar las evaluaciones positivas respecto al personal técnico de inversión pública y las iniciativas de asociaciones público-privadas de proyectos. Los retos futuros identificados para el SNIP debieran ser superados gradual y progresivamente, sin dejar de lado temas claves como la descentralización y la autonomía en la toma de decisiones de los actores regionales.

La fragmentation de la politique fiscale de l'Etat s'opère par la démocratisation de la vie publique et de la crise économique marquée par une érosion du monopole étatique et une atomisation du processus décisionnel due à l'internationalité des questions fiscales. Une première partie démontre l'apparente cohésion de la politique fiscale malgré la dispersion institutionnelle issue du jeu entre l'exécutif et le législatif supplantés par l'activisme des forces sociales diffuses. Le « désordre normatif » est issu de l'éclatement des instruments de l'ordre juridique qu'une codification lacunaire n'a pas su restaurer. Le contexte économique inspire aussi les choix fiscaux de sortie de crise et la réflexion s'ouvre pour une politique fiscale de développement. La deuxième partie développe la compétence limitée de l'Etat en raison de la décision fiscale influencée par l'intégration en zone CEMAC et l'entrée en commerce juridique avec d'autres nations et organisations internationales. A la mondialisation, la politique fiscale se définit par la posture offensive ou défensive de l'Etat même si ce dernier continue de tenir le gouvernail de la décision fiscale. C'est un Etat imaginatif recherchant des solutions adéquates, conciliant exigences de la ponction fiscale avec celles de l'atteinte des objectifs macroéconomiques. Le décryptage de la politique fiscale devient une problématique centrée sur le rôle de l'Etat dans l'environnement post-moderne et capable d'assurer l'unité conceptuelle du processus décisionnel fiscal malgré les turbulences interne et internationale. C'est un Etat intelligent fédérant, les acteurs impliqués dans la construction d'un nouvel ordre fiscal. / Against the backdrop of the conceptual uniqueness of the tax policy implemented by the government, lies a genuine fragmentation of fiscal decision-making sources. The State organ ultimately responsible for tax policy choices actually bears the laborious compromise built on trading of choices between public and private stakeholders at national and international levels. The State of Cameroon which, since independence in 1960, has been the keystone of the whole political edifice, and the initiator of tax-related decisions, is witnessing an adjustment in its unique structure national level due to the combined effect of political democratization and economic crisis. Its erstwhile monopoly in the production of fiscal choices is being fragmented due to the increasingly assertive international scope of tax-related issues. In short, the State's tax jurisdiction is shifting from decision-making monopoly to shared decision-making prerogatives integrating national constraints and requirements at international level. Understanding fiscal policy becomes a central issue in the State's new role of implementing the social contract. The new challenge for the State in the post-modern environment is to enhance its ability to continue to ensure the conceptual uniqueness of the fiscal decision-making process despite the turbulence of the internal order and international society. It is the advent of a smart State bringing together stakeholders involved in the construction of a fiscal order.

This dissertation raises a number of policy concerns from a macroeconomic policy point of view and provides additional insights and implications in terms of the effects of fiscal policy and its macroeconomic effects that have kept the open economy macroeconomics literature busy since the early 2000s. The first essay develops a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model for analyzing the impact of various capital income tax policies in a small open economy that is populated by households possessing endogenous time preferences. I contribute to the literature by studying the impacts of: i) anticipated tax shocks under stochastically growing output, ii) stochastic tax shocks under deterministic output, on a dynamic general equilibrium framework. With the model's specifications, this is the first attempt to integrate uncertainty in the study of taxation and welfare. The results suggest that under certain conditions welfare paradoxes may exist, in the sense that increases in tax instruments may improve welfare. The second essay characterizes the dynamic effects of net tax and government spending shocks on prices, interest rate, GDP and its private components in four OECD countries using structural vector autoregressive regressions (SVAR) approach. For the first time in this literature, I propose a structural decomposition of total net taxes into four components: corporate income taxes, income taxes, indirect taxes and social insurance taxes. The paper provides estimates of the responses of macroeconomic aggregates to innovations in these net tax components. Decompositions of total net tax innovations show that net tax components have different impacts on economic variables. Moreover, the size and persistence of these effects vary across countries depending upon the strength of wealth, substitution, and income effects reflecting the structure of the economies. The last essay estimates the wealth effects of housing and stock market wealth using time-series data for eight developed countries. In estimation I employ the SVAR, which articulate the dynamic interactions of shocks to housing prices, stock values, and disposable incomes. The results show that for these countries the initial consumption response to housing price shocks is greater than to stock market capitalization shocks, but the long-run consumption response to the latter is more persistent than to the former. My findings suggest balanced monetary policies for the developments of housing markets and equity markets.

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2018-11-20T11:18:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 5863204 bytes, checksum: 63c0ec91a73a0b9e9ce5859da1de7391 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-20T11:18:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 5863204 bytes, checksum: 63c0ec91a73a0b9e9ce5859da1de7391 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-30 / Municípios com gestão fiscal em dificuldade tendem a oferecer ao cidadão serviços públicos reduzidos ou realizados de forma incompleta, contribuindo para as desigualdades socias. Além de enfrentar dificuldades em gerir suas contas, Minas Gerais é o estado com maior número de municípios, com mesorregiões diversificadas econômica e socialmente. Com o intuito de conhecer o comportamento espacial da gestão fiscal dos municípios mineiros este trabalho buscou analisar se existe uma interdependência espacial da gestão fiscal e a ocorrência de formação de clusters, no período de 2006 a 2016. Foi utilizado o Índice Firjan de Gestão Fiscal (IFGF) em Minas Gerais. A metodologia utilizada foi a Análise Exploratória de Dados Espaciais (AEDE), por meio de estudos globais e locais do IFGF. As fontes consultadas foram a Federação das Indústrias do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FIRJAN) e o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Os resultados mostraram a autocorrelação espacial positiva para o IFGF e seus indicadores relacionados ao custo da dívida, gastos com pessoal, liquidez, investimento e receita própria comprovando a hipótese de interação espacial da gestão fiscal. Os clusters do tipo Alto-Alto de municípios com elevados IFGF foram identificados nas mesorregiões Central Mineira, Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, Noroeste de Minas, Oeste de Minas e Sul/Sudoeste de Minas e os clusters do tipo Baixo-Baixo com baixo IFGF se localizavam nas mesorregiões Campo das Vertentes, Jequitinhonha, Norte de Minas, Vale do Mucuri e Vale do Rio Doce. A autocorrelação positiva entre IFGF e PIB, identificou cluster do tipo Baixo-Baixo predominante na região norte de Minas Gerais e do tipo Alto-Alto nas mesorregiões Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte e Triângulo Mineiro/Alto Paranaíba, comprovando a interação espacial entre as variáveis PIB e IFGF. Foi comprovado o comportamento diversificado do IFGF e seus indicadores entre as mesorregiões mineiras, com destaque para os cluster do IFGRL e IFGR que podem ajudar na revisão e elaboração de políticas públicas colaborando para o equilíbrio orçamentário e consequentemente no bem-estar social da população. / Municipalities with fiscal management in difficulty tend to offer citizens reduced or incomplete public services, contributing to social inequalities. In addition to facing difficulties in managing its accounts, Minas Gerais is the state with the highest number of municipalities, with economic and socially diversified mesoregions. In order to know the spatial behavior of the fiscal management of the municipalities of Minas Gerais, this work sought to analyze if there is a spatial interdependence of fiscal management and the occurrence of clusters formation, from 2006 to 2016. The Firjan Index of Fiscal Management (IFGF) in Minas Gerais. The methodology used was the Exploratory Analysis of Spatial Data (AEDE), through global and local studies of the IFGF. The sources consulted were the Federation of Industries of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FIRJAN) and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The results showed positive spatial autocorrelation for the IFGF and its indicators related to the cost of debt, personnel expenses, liquidity, investment and own income, proving the hypothesis of spatial interaction of fiscal management. The Alto-Alto clusters of municipalities with high IFGF were identified in the mesoregions Central Mineira, Metropolitana of Belo Horizonte, Northwest of Minas, West of Mines and South / Southwest of Mines, and Low-Low clusters with low IFGF were located in the mesoregions of Campo das Verentes, Jequitinhonha, Norte de Minas, Mucuri Valley and Rio Doce Valley. The positive autocorrelation between IFGF and GDP identified a low-low cluster predominant in the northern region of Minas Gerais and Alto Alto high in the metropolitan mesorregions of Belo Horizonte and Triângulo Mineiro / Alto Paranaíba, confirming the spatial interaction between the variables PIB and IFGF. The diverse behavior of the IFGF and its indicators among the mesoregions of Minas Gerais was evidenced, especially the IFGRL and IFGR clusters that can help in the review and elaboration of public policies collaborating for the budget balance and consequently the social well-being of the population.

En esta investigación se desarrolla un modelo de equilibrio general para una economía pequeña y abierta calibrada para la economía peruana. Se busca evaluar la dinámica y el ajuste del tipo de cambio real ante distintos choques (términos de intercambio, productividad y tasa de interés internacional) y, en particular, se analizan dos tipos de reglas fiscales con el fin de observar qué regla se desempeña mejor en la suavización de la dinámica del tipo de cambio real. Se encuentra que la regla fiscal estructural tiene una mejor performance en suavizar la volatilidad del tipo de cambio real.

El presente trabajo busca analizar los distintos cuestionamientos que atañen el uso de reglas fiscales en las economías. En estricto, se busca modelar la economía peruana bajo una dinámica que reconozca la demora en la ejecución del gasto. Se incorpora una fricción de tipo time to build en la acumulación de capital público, lo cual resulta fundamental por cuanto existe secuencialidad y retardo entre las decisiones de gasto a nivel agregado y la ejecución del gasto. Esta fricción en el modelo puede refinar el análisis respecto a la idoneidad de reglas fiscales y a la elección entre reglas convencionales o estructurales para reducir la volatilidad del producto. Se discuten las implicancias respecto a la volatilidad del producto y bienestar de los agentes bajo ambos tipos de regla fiscal y se concluye que la regla fiscal estructural sería superior a la regla fiscal convencional en su tarea de atenuar la volatilidad del producto y garantizar un mayor bienestar en los agentes.

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / A country's decentralization process can be one of the pillars of democratic participation, local and regional accountability, sub-national empowerment, and under certain conditions, economic growth. Fiscal decentralization, a sub-division of decentralization, plays an important role in defining the assignment of expenditure and of revenue sources to subnational levels of government. The proper assignment of revenue provides all the different governments of a country with the necessary financial resources to operate efficiently. In this mini-thesis, I analyze the assignment of taxes as revenue sources to local governments, giving special focus to the Peruvian case. It aims at proposing an optimal local taxation system for Peruvian local governments.

This study uses a simple univariate regression model to assess the cyclicality of fiscal policy, based on government expenditure, in South Africa since 1994. The model suggests that that total government expenditure is highly procyclical, indicating that government spending responds positively to economic growth. The results from similar regression focusing on components of government spending suggests that only capital spending (economic classification) and general services (functional classification) are countercyclical, while other classifications are more procyclical in line with total government spending. The procyclicality of expenditure components such as compensation of employees, goods and services and all functional classification is in line with government’s decisions to reduce taxes in order to boost economic activities during periods of recessions, coupled with South Africa’s high public wage bill. The countercyclicality of capital spending is attributed to government's view on prioritising capital projects during periods of recession, in line with the Keynesian theory. Results of procyclicality confirm most of other empirical findings on South Africa’s fiscal policy. However, this suggests that the procyclicality of South Africa’s government expenditure plays only a small role in demand management and therefore stabilising aggregate demand or economic fluctuations. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

Thesis: M.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 1975 / Bibliography: leaves 79-80. / by Richard Joseph Boyland, Jr. / M.S. / M.S. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management

archives@tulane.edu / This dissertation examines how fiscal policy affects gender inequality using a comparable and comprehensive framework and data from Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, and Uruguay. Using the harmonized household microdata provided by the Commitment to Equity (CEQ) Institute at Tulane University, this study assesses how fiscal policy in these countries affects households and beneficiaries with gender equity as the focus. This is the first cross-country comprehensive gendered fiscal incidence analysis evaluating the impact of direct and indirect taxes (including consumption taxes and subsidies), direct and indirect subsidies (e.g., cash transfers), and in-kind education and health transfers combined. The study reveals that male breadwinner households are more disadvantaged pre and post government intervention as compared to female breadwinner households. However, female headed households are more disadvantaged than male headed households. In fact, female headed households are the most severely disadvantaged group compared to any other gender variable. In all countries analyzed in this study, fiscal policy as a whole does improve the wellbeing of those who are more disadvantaged pre fisc (i.e., the poor, defined as those who earn less than US$5.50 PPP per day) regardless of their gender. Further research is needed to determine why female breadwinners are better off than male breadwinners, but female headed households are more disadvantaged than any other type of gender household classification. Additionally, more research should be done to determine the most effective gender variables necessary to assess fiscal policy. / 1 / Samantha Greenspun