O setor de iluminação artificial passa por uma mudança de padrão tecnológico com a implantação da tecnologia LED, que permite novas abordagens quanto a interatividade e qualidade da luz nos ambientes internos. Em ambientes hospitalares, o conforto visual está intimamente ligado a recuperação do paciente e bem-estar dos demais usuários, visto que a qualidade da luz pode interferir de forma direta em reações fisiológicas ligadas ao ciclo circadiano. O presente trabalho apresenta diretrizes de design de luminárias, com ênfase na interação e necessidades dos pacientes. Para tanto, considerou as possibilidades inovadoras e interativas da tecnologia LED e sua relação com o ciclo-circadiano, especificamente na unidade de internação. Para gerar as diretrizes de design foi utilizado uma variação do método Desdobramento da Função Qualidade (QFD), que tem como premissa o atendimento às necessidades dos usuários. As diretrizes geradas pela matriz QFD foram aplicadas em um modelo virtual, utilizando o processo de modelagem da informação da construção conhecido como BIM (Building Information Modeling), com a finalidade de avaliar os resultados obtidos. A utilização do método QFD em conjunto com a tecnologia BIM se mostraram eficientes para a criação de projetos de iluminação, pois apresentou como resultado final um conjunto de imagens qualitativas e informações quantitativas, permitindo desenvolver diretrizes que podem ser manipuladas, de acordo com as necessidades observadas pelo designer responsável pelo projeto de iluminação. Os principais resultados obtidos estabelecem que na unidade de internação hospitalar a iluminação artificial deve contemplar as seguintes características: permitir fácil interatividade, oferecer localização temporal (ciclo circadiano), permitir direcionamento da luz, reduzir a monotonia do ambiente e transmitir sensação de segurança. / The artificial lighting industry undergoes a change of technological standards with the implementation of LED technology, which allows new approaches to interactivity and quality of light in indoor environments. In hospital settings, visual comfort is closely linked to patient recovery and well-being of other users, since the quality of light can interfere directly in physiological reactions linked to the circadian cycle. This work developed luminaire design guidelines, with emphasis on interaction and patient needs. Therefore, considered innovative and interactive possibilities of LED technology and its relationship with the cycle-circadian, specifically in the inpatient unit. To generate design guidelines was used a variation of Quality Function (QFD) method, which is premised on meeting the users needs. The guidelines generated by the QFD matrix were applied to a virtual model using the modeling process of building information known as BIM (Building Information Modeling), in order to evaluate the results obtained. The use of QFD method along with BIM proved efficient for creating lighting designs as it result in a set of qualitative images and quantitative information, allowing to develop guidelines that can be manipulated according to the needs observed by designer responsible for lighting design. The main results establish that at the hospitalization unit artificial lighting shall include the following features: allow easy interactivity, offer temporal location (circadian cycle), to allow light guidance, reducing the monotony of environment and transmit feeling of security.

During turning, the neck of a workpiece is ​three-lobed deformed due to the clamping pressure on the gripping jaws. While the workpiece is deformed, the machining tool will cut along a preprogrammed circular path. After removal from the chuck, the material returns to its original shape thus deforming the circular path. This means the processed part is no longer circular, as it should be. Typically, this type of problem is usually solved by changing the fixtures (jaws) or adjusting the clamping pressure. This thesis takes a different approach that is based on creating a compensated toolpath that follows the workpiece deformation. This can be a much faster and cheaper way to solve the problem and the technique can be applied to other cylindrical workpieces. The main results of this thesis are a methodology to address the deformation problem as well as suggested changes to the manufacturing process for the workpiece. This involves in particular a change from turning to milling in the last manufacturing stage involving fine machining.

The circular economy is promoted by the EU, governments, and businesses all over the world as a concept to reach a sustainable future. The concept is embedded into the UN Sustainable Development Goals for 2030 and aims to decouple economic growth and environmental pressure. Many studies have been conducted on the circular economy in recent years but the research on the actual environmental performance of the concept is limited. To move forward with the concept of the circular economy and reach a sustainable future, the environmental performance must be investigated. In this thesis, the environmental impact of circularity in products is investigated by comparing the environmental impact from one circular and one linear product case. To achieve this, the environmental impact and the degree of circularity is calculated with two different methods. The circularity is calculated with a circularity indicator called the Linear Flow Ratio and the environmental impact is assessed with the environmental evaluation technique Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). In the LCAs, the cases are compared for different environmental impact categories (e.g. global warming). The product that is investigated is an LED lighting fixture from the company 2P1. The circular case is based on a leasing business model and includes remanufacturing, reuse and recycling. The linear case includes production, sales, use, and disposal. The LCA results show that the environmental impact from the circular case is lower for all environmental impact categories. The environmental impact is almost exclusively from the manufacturing phase (including extraction and production of raw materials) and the use phase. The circularity results from the Linear Flow Ratio show contradicting results, presenting that the degree of circularity is higher for the linear case. By comparing the results to calculations from another circularity indicator (Material Circularity Indicator), it is concluded that a unified framework for circularity measurements is required. / Cirkulär ekonomi är introducerat av EU, länder och företag över hela världen som ett koncept för att nå en hållbar framtid. Den cirkulära ekonomin är en del av arbetet mot agenda 2030 för hållbar utveckling och strävar efter att frånkoppla ekonomisk tillväxt från miljöpåverkan. Det har forskats mycket på cirkulär ekonomi under de senaste åren men studier som undersöker det miljömässiga utförandet av konceptet saknas. För att fortsätta att utveckla konceptet och för att nå en hållbar framtid så måste den miljömässiga påverkan från cirkularitet undersökas. I denna studie undersöks miljöpåverkan från cirkularitet hos produkter genom att jämföra miljöpåverkan från ett cirkulärt och ett linjärt fall. Miljöpåverkan och cirkularitetsgraden beräknas med två olika metoder. Cirkulariteten beräknas med cirkularitetsindikatorn Linear Flow Ratio och miljöpåverkan analyseras men livscykelanalys. I livscykelanalyserna värderas miljöpåverkan för de två fallen för olika påverkanskategorier (t.ex. global uppvärmning). Produkten som undersökt är en LED-armatur från företaget 2P1. Det cirkulära fallet basers på uthyrning av armaturerna och innehåller renovering, återanvändning och återvinning. Det linjära fallet innehåller produktion, försäljning, användning och bortskaffande av produkten. Resultaten från livscykelanalyserna visar att det cirkulära fallet medför mindre miljöpåverkan för alla kategorier. Miljöpåverkan kommer nästan enbart från produktion (inklusive material) samt användning. Cirkularitetsresultaten från Linear Flow Ratio visar motsägelsefulla resultat då det linjära fallet har en högre cirkularitetsgrad än det cirkulära fallet. Genom att jämföra resultaten med beräkningar från en annan cirkularitetsindikator (Material Circularity Indicator) kan det fastställas att ett enhetligt ramverk för beräkning av cirkularitet är nödvändigt framöver.

The objectives of Sensor Based Fixture Design and Verification (SFDV) research are to provide the means for detecting contact failure of the workpiece with fixture locators and for preventing incorrect loading of the workpiece in a fixture. The fixtures that involve complex free-form surfaces especially in the aerospace industries face problems caused by the contact failure of the workpiece with locators. In batch and mass production defects often occur due to incorrect loading of the workpiece in a fixture by an operator due to fatigue or inadvertence. The current fixturing research is focussed on improving the fixture quality and other aspects and do not address these issues. This research is focussed on three areas, to generate algorithms for automatically foolproofing the fixtures, to build locators with embedded sensors that could be used to verify the contact and foolproof the existing fixtures, and to design and experimentally validate fixtures for free-form surfaces with sensors to verify the location. In foolproofing, workpieces were classified into different categories to identify the existence of a solution and the geometry was simplified and used to search for a solution based on symmetry/asymmetry to discover a foolproofing location. The algorithms were implemented in a CAD software and the solutions were verified in 3D space. The locators with inbuilt sensors were designed for foolproofing and location verification purposes and the sensors were used in case studies to establish credibility. A sensor based fixture design method is created for the part location of free-form surfaces using fiber optic sensors. An experimental fixture with sensors incorporated in the locators was used to determine the effects of surface curvature on the sensitivity of the sensors. A new theory on best locations for the sensor based locators by utilizing surface curvature is proposed based on the experimental results. The SFDV implementation may help realize the dream for any manufacturing sys­tem aspiring to move beyond the six sigma levels of quality and achieve zero defects.

"Fixtures form an important factor in traditional and modern flexible manufacturing systems, since fixture design directly affects manufacturing quality and productivity. Hence, it is necessary to evaluate quality of fixture design. The fixturing accessibility refers to machining feature accessibility and loading /unloading accessibility. The development of Computer Aided Fixture Design (CAFD) has simplified this task. Fixture design activities include setup planning, fixture planning and fixture configuration design. Fixture design verification comes next. Fixturing accessibility using Computer Aided Fixture Design is part of the verification process and has not received much attention till date. Machining feature accessibility analysis involves the evaluation of possible interference between fixture components and the cutting tool, which moves with pre-programmed tool path, while the loading and unloading accessibility relates to the ease with which the operator attaches/detaches the workpiece from the surrounding manufacturing environment. This research has three main focuses. The first focus is to evaluate machining feature accessibility, by integrating fixture designs in SolidWorks and the NC programming in Esprit. The main goals are evaluation of fixture design for any kind of interference between tool/workpiece/fixtures and enable Esprit to indicate interference, if any. The next step is to modify the fixture design accordingly and thus, finally obtain an interference free fixture design by reiteration. The second and third focuses deal with analysis of loading and unloading accessibility. A simulation based approach is applied to evaluate loading/unloading paths for different workpiece-fixture setups and checking interference in a dynamic mode. Then the third focus is to develop analysis method and criteria of comparisons of fixturing accessibility in different fixture designs. Thus, this research establishes methods of analysis for accessibilities in fixture design. Also, the guidelines for good fixture design will prove to be of great use to both, the beginners as well as the experienced fixture designers in this field. "

The overall focus of this doctoral thesis is the examination of the role of store design-architecture in consumer perceptions of retail brand loyalty. More specifically, it examines how consumers’ perceptions at the store design-architecture level promote brand loyalty and attachment at the overall retail-level. This research, therefore, aims to address the underdeveloped extant knowledge of the role of the store design-architecture in retail branding. This thesis addresses two research questions: 1) is it possible to improve on the specification or measurement of the store environment beyond the novelty, complexity collative constructs proposed in traditional studies of the store environment?; and 2) what effect, if any, do these improved store environment constructs (from answering research question number one) have in explaining the role of store design-architecture in consumer perceptions of retail brand loyalty? In its examination of the role of store-level design-architecture in overall retail-level branding, the theoretical significance of this thesis is based on two activities. First, this thesis proposes a conceptual framework that draws on multiple, diverse literatures from design-architecture, psychology and marketing. The critical review of pertinent literatures from these three sources then enables the second activity: the generation of novel empirical insights based on surveys of consumer perceptions of store-level design-architecture. A research instrument is developed that compares higher and lower levels of design in two stores of Penneys, a discount fashion retailer. The responses of 145 consumers are examined in an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). A separate dataset of 403 consumer responses are analysed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equations Modelling (SEM). Multiple-group invariance testing is also completed on this dataset. The primary theoretical contributions of this thesis to the extant literature are five-fold. First, the principal contribution of this thesis confirms that store aesthetic preference is positively associated with retail brand loyalty. Thus, the second research question is satisfactorily addressed; I explain that there is a mild association between store aesthetic preference and the emotionally valenced retail brand attachment construct in higher-level design contexts. Instead, a store aesthetic preference association is observed with the more behaviourally valenced retail brand loyalty construct in lower-level designs. Consequently, this principal contribution to the extant literature reveals the perceptive dynamic of how consumers processing of store-level design-architecture correspond with their perceptions of retail-level brand loyalty. A host of global-attribute, objective-subjective, and cognitive-emotional perceptive processing at the store and retail levels are observed in the proposed theoretical framework. Second, to confirm the role of store design-architecture in retail brand loyalty, I develop: a new scale for retail brand product; modify scales for store prototype, store novelty, store aesthetic preference, store complexity and retail brand price; and introduce scales for brand attachment and brand loyalty from non-retail contexts into a retail context for the first time. This research, therefore, addresses research question number one by making a notable conceptual and measurement contribution to the specification of the store environment. Third, as a progression from the previous contribution, I use these improved store environments constructs to better specify the store environment, and examine the associations between store prototype, store novelty and store aesthetic preference. I demonstrate that theory such as the preference-for-prototypes literature helps to improve the extant understanding of the associations between store prototype, store novelty and store aesthetic preference. The confirmation of the existence of these associations essentially means that the proposed model is robust, credible and able to account for consumers objective-subjective, global-attribute discriminations of the store-level aesthetic. Fourth, in an effort to explain the relative visual and non-visual contributions to retail brand attachment and retail brand loyalty, I examine associations concerning retail brand product and retail brand price. Retail brand product is confirmed to have stronger associations with retail brand attachment than store aesthetic preference or store prototypicality. Thus, this research extends the extant knowledge of the relative contributions of visual and non-visual constructs to understanding retail brand loyalty. Fifth, this research contributes to the extant understanding of how non-invariance analysis can be employed in Structural Equations Modelling (SEM) to confirm differences between groups. This research examines differences in parameter values to confirm differences in perception of the higher and lower levels of store design-architecture. This type of use of non-invariance analysis is not frequently employed in SEM and I propose that this research instrument can be generalised to other retail contexts also. Finally, this thesis concludes by presenting the limitations of this research. It makes suggestions on potential future research that could be completed, and raises some pertinent implications for practitioners arising from this research.

Det finns företag inom den svenska industrin som är intresserade av att tillämpa fixturer för byggnation av huskomponenter. I förhoppningen av att fixturerna ska medföra samma produktionsmässiga fördelar till byggindustrin som de redan gör inom andra industrier idagsläget. Ändamålet med fixturerna är att huskomponenterna som producerade i fixturerna ska bli billigare att tillverka i jämförelse med traditionell husbyggnation. Vilket leder till möjligheten att uppföra billigare bostäder. Samtidigt som fixturerna skapar en förhoppning av att de ska öppna upp för fler att arbeta med produktion av bostäder, genom att fixturerna sänker kravet på tidigare yrkesskicklighet och utbildning för att kunna producera högkvalitativa produkter. Därigenom har en inkorporering av fixturer inom byggindustrin möjlighet till att bidra positivt i samhällsutvecklingen rörande både bostads- och långtidsarbetslöshet.  Dock är forskning på området bristfällig och det saknas kunskap om hur en eventuell tillämpning av fixturer inom byggindustrin kan se ut. Därför utför det här projektet en fallstudie i utvecklandet av en fixtur. Fallstudien är utgörs av ett pilotprojekt mellan företaget Husmuttern AB och ett av Sveriges ledande byggföretag och ämnar utveckla en fixtur för produktion av innerväggar, vilka ska levereras till ett aktivt bostadsprojekt i Eskilstuna. Projektet följer en produktutvecklingsprocess utvecklad av Ulrich & Eppinger (2019) för att ta fram en adekvat fixturkonstruktion till pilotprojektet. Utöver produktutvecklingsprocessen genomförs en litteraturstudie baserat på metoden framtagen av Hagen-Zanker & Mallet (2013) för att identifiera ett teoretiskt underlag för projektet. Fallstudien syftar till att besvara de tvåforskningsfrågorna: ”Hur kan ergonomin se ut för monteringsarbete vid innerväggsfixturer?”och ”Vilka relationer finns mellan innerväggens byggkrav och tillverkningsfixturens konstruktion?”. Fallstudien resulterade i att en flexibel fixtur konstruerades, vilken: enligt de ergonomiska bedömningsmodeller som applicerades visade på att fixturen bidrog med att skapa en god ergonomisk arbetsplats för de anställda och säkerställde att väggsektionerna som producerades i fixturen uppnådde de rådande byggnationskraven. Den utvecklade konstruktionslösningen visade på förmågan att kunna medföra besparingar på 70 procent för deväggsektionerna som producerades under pilotstudien i jämförelse med den referenskostnad som användes. Besparingen avser produktionskostnaden av innerväggarna där materialkostnaden är exkluderad då den är densamma för båda fallen. Resultatet från fallstudien visade på att det går att tillämpa fixturer inom byggindustrin på ett kostnadseffektivt sätt vid produktion av större volymer komponenter, samtidigt som kravet på erfarenhet reduceras och ergonomin på arbetsplatsen förbättras.  Rapporten innehåller även rekommendationer om fortsatta studier inom ämnet.

Hierdie proefskrif handel oor aspekte van inaedificatio (bebouing) in die Suid-Afrikaanse, Engelse en Nederlandse reg. Die klem val op die maatstawwe wat aangewend word om te bepaal of aanhegting van ‘n roerende saak aan ‘n onroerende saak plaasgevind het. Die maatstawwe in die drie stelsels toon ooreenkomste en verskille. Een ooreenkoms is dat die graad en wyse van aanhegting in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg oorweeg word, terwyl daar in die Engelse reg slegs na die graad van aanhegting gekyk word. In die Nederlandse reg word ’n duursame verbinding vereis om te bepaal of bestanddeelvorming plaasgevind het, en word gevra of verwydering van die saak sonder beskadiging kan plaasvind. In die Suid-Afrikaanse reg word die doel van die aangehegte saak oorweeg, hoewel Innes HR dit nie in MacDonald Ltd v Radin NO & The Potchefstroom Dairies & Industries Co Ltd so formuleer nie. Die aard van die roerende saak word in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg oorweeg, terwyl die aard en ontwerp van die roerende saak in die Nederlandse reg oorweeg word. In die Engelse reg word die doel waarvoor die aanhegting gemaak is oorweeg om die bedoeling met die aanhegting te bepaal. Die vraag is of die saak vir die permanente en substansiële verbetering van die gebou (grond) aangeheg is, of vir ’n tydelike doel of vir die beter benutting van die chattel. Die Nederlandse reg beklemtoon die bestemming van die aanhegting. Die opvallendste verskil tussen die Suid-Afrikaanse reg en die ander twee stelsels is die belang van die subjektiewe bedoeling van een of ander betrokkene. Die regsposisie van huurders wat sake aanheg verskil van dié van ander aanhegters. In al drie regstelsels kan huurders voor afloop van die huurtermyn sommige aangehegte sake verwyder, mits die huurgrond in dieselfde toestand gelaat word as waarin dit was voor die aanhegting. Die drie stelsels vertoon verskille soos dat onsekerheid bestaan oor wie die eienaar van die aangehegte sake is voor verwydering. In die Engelse reg heg bedryfsaanhegtings en ornamentele aanhegtings, nie aan nie. Ingevolge die Nederlandse reg is die verhuurder gedurende die huurtermyn eienaar van die aanhegtings, aangesien aanhegting plaasvind sodra die roerende sake aan die huurgrond heg. Die Suid-Afrikaanse reg hieroor is onduidelik. / This thesis deals with aspects of inaedificatio (building) in South African, English and Dutch law. The emphasis falls on the criteria that are applied to determine whether attachment of a movable to an immovable thing occurred. The criteria in the three systems show similarities and differences. One similarity is that in South African law the degree and manner of attachment are considered, while in English law only the degree of attachment is considered. To determine whether one thing became a component part of another thing (bestanddeelvorming) a durable connection is required In Dutch law. The question is whether removal can take place without causing damage. The purpose of the attached thing is considered in South African law, although Innes CJ did not formulate this criterion in this manner in MacDonald Ltd v Radin NO & The Potchefstroom Dairies & Industries Co Ltd. The nature of the movable thing is relevant, while the nature and design of the movable thing are considered in Dutch law. In English law the purpose of the attachment is considered to determine the intention with the attachment. The question is whether the thing was attached for the permanent and substantial improvement of the building (land) or for a temporary purpose or for the better use of the chattel. The destination (bestemming) of the attachment is considered in Dutch law. The most significant difference between South African law and the other two systems is the importance of the subjective intention of some person involved in the situation. The legal position of lessees who attach movales differs from that of other persons who make such attachments. In all three legal systems lessees may remove certain attached movables before the expiry of the term of lease as long as the leased land is left in the same condition that it was in before the attachment. The three systems also differs for example it is not certain who the owner of the attached things is before removal of the attachments. In English law trade and ornamental fixtures do not attach. In Dutch law the lessor is the owner of the attachments during the term of lease, because attachment takes place when the movable things are fixed to the leased land. The position in South African law on this is unclear. / Private Law / LL. D.

Samverkan fastigheter emellan förekommer i flera olika former. En gemensamhetsanläggning utgör en sådan samverkansform, vilken inrättas för att tillgodose ändamål av stadigvarande betydelse för flera fastigheter. Ändamålen som en gemensamhetsanläggning inrättas för är vitt skilda och består ofta av anläggningar som utgör tillbehör till en fastighet, däribland fastighetstillbehör. Med en gemensamhetsanläggning följer rätten till utrymme för att de deltagande fastigheterna ska kunna förvalta anläggningen på ett ändamålsenligt sätt. Dock övergår inte äganderätten till de deltagande fastigheterna automatiskt vid inrättandet av en gemensamhetsanläggning.   Innan år 2002 sågs fastighet och dess tillbehör som en äganderättslig enhet, vilka enbart kunde åtskiljas genom att tillbehöret fysiskt flyttades från fastigheten. Bestämmelser som möjliggjorde överföring av fastighetstillbehör och äganderätt till anläggningssamfälligheten infördes i fastighetsbildningslagen (FBL) och anläggningslagen (AL). Även bestämmelse om möjlighet till frigörande av fastighetstillbehör infördes samtidigt i ledningsrättslagen (LL). I propositionen Överföring av fastighetstillbehör 2000/01:138 motiverades införandet av lagändringarna med att en rad oklarheter skulle kunna undvikas rörande fastighetstillbehöret. Dessa utgjordes av oklarhet kring underhållsansvar, ansvar att teckna försäkring, upplåtelse av nyttjanderätt, rätt att bygga om och bygga ut, samt utnyttjande av pantsättningsmöjligheten.   Att äga sin egen fastighet har alltid varit viktigt, inte enbart för den enskilde individen, utan även för samhällets utveckling. Ägandet skapar incitament att lägga ner tid, energi och pengar i sin fastighet, vilket i sin tur genererar ett högre fastighetsvärde. Trots detta är bostadsrätten en vanlig bostadsform i Sverige. Möjlighet finns dock att genom likvidation av bostadsrättsföreningen och avstyckning av fastigheten bilda nya enskilda fastigheter. För de utrymmen och anläggningar som tidigare varit gemensamma kvarstår dock behovet av att även i fortsättning kunna utnyttjas gemensamt. I praktiken är det endast fastighetsgränserna och ägandeformen som ändrats, inte de fysiska förutsättningarna. Genom inrättande av en gemensamhetsanläggning tillgodoses detta behov. För att även kunna överföra äganderätten till de deltagande fastigheterna finns möjligheten att tillämpa AL 12 a §.   Denna studie undersöker vad som varit avgörande för om AL 12 a § tillämpats och vilka fastighetstillbehör som vanligen överförts. För gemensamhetsanläggningar är ansvar ett centralt begrepp. Studien undersöker hur ansvaret kring försäkringsfrågan påverkas om överföring med stöd av AL 12 a § sker eller inte. För att kunna reda ut ansvarsfrågan var det viktigt att försöka förstå vad som skiljer rätten till utrymme från äganderätten. Resultatet visar att överföring av fastighetstillbehör med stöd av AL 12 a § förekommit i 17 av de 45 insamlade förrättningsakterna. De fastighetstillbehör som vanligen överförts var framförallt VA-ledningar, men också dagvattenledningar, utomhusbelysning, medieanläggningar i form av kabel-tv, bredband, fiber och centralantenn, samt körytor såsom väg och utfart. Avgörande för om AL 12 a § tillämpas är förrättningslantmätarens inställning till, och kunskap om bestämmelsen. Vad gäller ansvar kring försäkringsfrågan anses anläggningssamfällighetens förvaltningsform av större betydelse än om överföring kommit till stånd eller inte. Rätten till utrymme skiljer sig obetydligt från äganderätten i detta sammanhang, eftersom försäkringsvillkoren utgår från ansvaret för fastighetstillbehöret och inte själva äganderätten. Överföringen av fastighetstillbehöret saknar därför praktisk betydelse. Föreningsförvaltning anses i sammanhanget lämpligare än delägarförvaltning. Valet av förvaltningsform är viktigare ju dyrare fastighetstillbehöret är och ju större nytta det utgör för de i gemensamhetsanläggningen deltagande fastigheterna. / The interaction of properties exist in several different forms. A joint facility forms such a form of cooperation, which is set up to accommodate purposes of constant importance for several properties. The purposes for which a joint facility is set up are widely different and often consist of facilities that make up a property, including property fixtures. With a joint facility follows the right to space for the participating properties to manage the facility appropriately.   However, ownership of the participating properties will not automatically change when setting up a joint facility. Before 2002, property and its fixtures were seen as an ownership unit, which could only be separated by the physical removal of the fixture from the property. Regulations that allowed the transfer of property fixtures and property rights to the facility were introduced in the Real Property Formation Act (FBL) and the Joint Facilities Act (AL). Even regulation on the possibility of release of property fixtures was introduced simultaneously in the Utility Easements Act (LL).   In the government bill Transfer of property fixtures 2000/01: 138, the introduction of the legislative changes was motivated by the fact that a number of uncertainties could be avoided regarding the property fixtures. These consisted of uncertainties about maintenance responsibility, liability to subscribe for insurance, assignment of use rights, the right to rebuild and expand, as well as the use of the mortgaging.  Owning your own property has always been important not only for the individual but also for the development of society. The ownership creates incentives to spend time, energy and money on your property, which in turn generates a higher property value. Nevertheless, tenant-ownership is a common housing form in Sweden. However, it is possible to create new individual properties through liquidation of the tenant-ownership and the subdivision of the property. However, for those spaces and facilities that has previously been common, the need remains for common use. In practice, only the property boundaries and ownership have changed, not the physical conditions. Establishment of a joint facility meets this need. In order to also transfer ownership of the participating properties there is the possibility of applying AL 12 a §.   This study investigates what has been crucial for whether AL 12 a § has been applied and which property fixtures are usually transferred. Responsibility for joint facilities is a key concept. The study examines how responsibility for the insurance issue is affected if transfer under AL 12 a § happens or not. In order to answer the question of liability, it was important to try to understand what separates the right to space from ownership. The result shows that transfer of property fixtures under AL 12 a § occurred in 17 of the 45 gathered acts of execution. The property fixtures that were usually transferred were mainly VA-pipelines but also watercourses, outdoor lighting, media installations in the form of cable TV, broadband, fiber and central antenna, as well as driving areas such as road and exit. The decisive factor in applying AL 12 a § is the attitude of the cadastral surveyor, and knowledge of the regulation.  Regarding the liability of the insurance issue, the joint property unit of the facility is considered to be of greater significance than if the transfer has taken place or not. The right to space differs slightly from ownership in this context, as the insurance terms are based on the responsibility for property fixtures and not the property rights themselves. The transfer of the property fixtures therefore lacks practical significance. Associations management is considered more appropriate in this context than part-owner management. The choice of management form is more important, the more expensive the property fixtures are and the more useful it is for the properties participating in the joint venture.

The thesis deals with energy-saving plumbing systems. It is divided into three parts: task analysis, applications theme on the building and experiment. In the first part are described the possibilities of saving water and energy in the plumbing systems. The second part contains a comparison of some variants of saving solution water supply system and sanitary drainage system at the hotel. Part of the experiment investigates the water consumption for washing hands in addiction: the pressure in the water supply system and the type of mixing valves.