Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós–Graduação em Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto de Oceanografia, 2012. / Submitted by Cristiane Gomides (cristiane_gomides@hotmail.com) on 2013-11-18T16:09:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 BRNA.pdf: 776201 bytes, checksum: 2dd5a6dcf1118a798cbd5a740899215e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Angelica Miranda (angelicacdm@gmail.com) on 2013-11-18T19:39:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 BRNA.pdf: 776201 bytes, checksum: 2dd5a6dcf1118a798cbd5a740899215e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-11-18T19:39:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BRNA.pdf: 776201 bytes, checksum: 2dd5a6dcf1118a798cbd5a740899215e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / O presente trabalho é dividido em dois capítulos, os quais apresentam estudos realizados em três comunidades de pescadores do estuário da Lagoa dos Patos: a São Miguel, o Bosque e a Torotama. O primeiro capítulo trata da estrutura da frota da pesca artesanal na região e sua evolução ao longo do tempo. Foram entrevistados 20 pescadores de cada comunidade, que responderam perguntas com relação aos seus petrechos de pesca e sua visão com relação a mudanças ocorridas no setor. Observou-se uma tendência à diminuição do tamanho de malha das redes, assim como o aumento da potência dos motores, o que evidencia um aumento de esforço pesqueiro quando comparado a décadas passadas. Os pescadores têm consciência das alterações que a pescaria vem sofrendo. O segundo capítulo aborda um assunto pouco estudado no Brasil, o autoconsumo dos pescadores artesanais, ou seja, a quantidade e o tipo de pescado consumido pelos pescadores e seus familiares daquilo que é capturado por eles próprios. Foram entrevistados periodicamente 10 pescadores de cada comunidade, de setembro de 2010 a dezembro de 2011. Coletaram-se informações pessoais sobre a atividade pesqueira e autoconsumo de pescado. O consumo médio anual por pessoa foi de 38,57 kg. A primavera e o verão foram as estações de maior consumo, sendo a corvina e o camarão-rosa as espécies mais consumidas nessas estações, respectivamente. / This study is divided into two chapters which presents studies done in three fishing communities of Patos Lagoon’s estuary: São Miguel, Bosque and Torotama. The first chapter is about the artisanal fishery’s fleet structure in the region and its evolution in time. Twenty fishermen of each community were interviewed, they answered questions about their vessels and the fishing gears and their vision about the changes that occurred in the sector. It was observed reduction trend in mesh sizes as well an increase of the engine power indicating an increase of fishing effort. Fishermen are aware of the changes the fishery has being undergoing. The second chapter addresses a less investigated issue in Brazil, the artisanal fishery self-consumption, i.e., the amount and type of fish consumed by the fishermen and their family of what is captured by them. Ten fishermen of each community were periodically interviewed, from September 2010 to May 2011. Personal information about the fishing activity and fish selfconsumption was collected. The average annual consumption per person was of 38.57 kg. Higher consumption occurred in spring and summer, the white croaker and the pink shrimp are the most consumed species in these seasons, respectively.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T18:10:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO_PETER LOEB CALDENHOF.pdf: 2483377 bytes, checksum: 2e812ba2f3baa4d90a5f0ad156244509 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-26 / This dissertation studies the relations between the socioeconomic base and the political-juridical superstructure, with the demonstration that they form a dialectic totality, but keeping the relative autonomy of its parts. The text shows the specific nature of Law as an important part of the superstructure and its role in the definition of national development models within the process of mundialization. The relative autonomy of Law is demonstrated in theoretical and historical-concrete terms, first, by showing that there is no automatic determination of Law by the socioeconomic structure and, second, with the evidence of the political and juridical constitution of the material base itself. These elements of the relative autonomy are explained by the political and juridical characteristics of the state, Law, the international system and the mundialization process as something that is deliberately produced by the different actors in conflict within the domestic and international superstructures. Parting from this point of view of critical institutionalism, the relations between Law and Economics are demonstrated and analyzed in the case study of the current juridical-institutional organization of the shipping industry in Brazil and its effects in terms of development for the shipping branch and the economy as a whole. The dissertation shows that the current model is insufficient for the consolidation of an autonomous national shipping industry, with the consequent negative impacts on the systemic competitiveness of the Brazilian economy, its national accounts, the national accumulation of capital and the development of correlated economic sectors, such as the shipbuilding industry. / A presente dissertação aprofunda o estudo das relações entre base material socioeconômica e superestrutura político-jurídica, com a demonstração de que formam uma totalidade dialética, mas com relativa autonomia de suas partes. Esclarece a natureza específica do direito como importante elemento superestrutural e seu papel para a definição de modelos de desenvolvimento nacionais no atual contexto da mundialização, demonstrando, em termos teórico-conceituais e histórico-concretos, sua relativa autonomia, tanto pelo aspecto de sua não determinação automática pelas relações socioeconômicas, quanto pela constituição política e jurídica da própria base material. Estes elementos de relativa autonomia são explicados pelas características político-jurídicas do Estado, do direito, do sistema internacional e da própria mundialização enquanto processo deliberadamente produzido pelos atores em luta nas esferas superestruturais doméstica e internacional. Sob essa ótica de institucionalismo crítico, as relações entre direito e economia são demonstradas e analisadas no estudo do caso concreto da organização jurídico-institucional da navegação marítima brasileira atual e seus efeitos em termos de desenvolvimento setorial e geral. O trabalho demonstra que o atual modelo é insuficiente para a consolidação de uma navegação marítima nacional autônoma, afetando negativamente a competitividade sistêmica da economia brasileira, suas contas nacionais, a acumulação de capital nacional e o desenvolvimento de setores conexos, como a construção naval.

Esta pesquisa trata da aplicação de meta-heurísticas baseadas em busca em vizinhança variável em problemas de operação de transportes. Desta forma, buscou-se encontrar problemas complexos durante a operação de sistemas de transportes, nas grandes cidades, que possam ser resolvidos com a aplicação de meta-heurística baseada em busca em vizinhança variável. Este trabalho aborda dois diferentes problemas de planejamento e operação de transportes. O primeiro problema abordado neste trabalho é o Problema de Programação da Tabela de Horários, de Veículos e de Tripulantes de Ônibus, no qual as viagens que comporão a tabela de horários, os veículos que executarão as viagens e as tripulações que operarão os veículos são alocadas simultaneamente e de maneira integrada. O segundo problema a ser abordado é o problema de distribuição física, o qual envolve o agrupamento e a alocação de entregas a uma frota de veículos visando minimizar o frete total. Uma abordagem para a modelagem matemática deste problema é modelar como um problema de bin-packing, com bins de tamanho variável unidimensional (do inglês Variable Sized Bin-Packing Problem - VSBPP), ou seja, uma generalização do tradicional problema de bin-packing no qual bins (veículos) de diferentes capacidades e custos estão disponíveis para a alocação de um conjunto de objetos (cargas), de modo que o custo total dos bins (veículos) utilizados seja mínimo. A outra abordagem proposta para o problema de distribuição física é modelar o problema como um problema de bin-packing, com bins de tamanho variável bidimensional (do inglês Bidimensional Variable Sized Bin-Packing Problem BiD-VSBPP). Assim sendo, trata-se de uma expansão do problema de bin-packing com bins de tamanho variável unidimensional (VSBPP), no qual bins (veículos) de diferentes capacidades (capacidade volumétrica e capacidade de carga) e custos estão disponíveis para a alocação de um conjunto de objetos (cargas), os quais possuem as dimensões peso e volume, de modo que o custo total dos bins (veículos) utilizados seja mínimo. Durante a realização deste trabalho, foi desenvolvido um programa computacional em C++, o qual implementa a meta-heurística Busca em Vizinhança Variável (VNS) e duas meta-heurísticas baseadas em VNS. São apresentados resultados de experimentos computacionais com dados reais e dados benchmarking. Os resultados obtidos comprovam a eficácia das meta-heurísticas propostas. / This work approaches variable neighborhood search meta-heuristic applicate on transport operation problems. This way, we sought find complex transport operation problems in large cities that can be solved with the variable neighborhood search meta-heuristic application. This work approaches two different transport planning and operation problems. The first problem approached in this paper is the Bus Timetable Vehicle Crew Scheduling Problem, in which timetabling, bus and crew schedules are simultaneously determined in an integrated approach. The second problem to be approached is the physical distribution problem which comprises grouping and assigning deliveries to a heterogeneous fleet of vehicles aiming to minimize the total freight cost. The problem can be mathematical modeled as one-dimensional Variable Sized Bin-Packing Problem (VSBPP), a generalization of the traditional bin-packing problem, in which bins (vehicles) with different sizes and costs are available for the assignment of the objects (deliveries) such that the total cost of the used bins (vehicles) is minimized. Another proposed approach to the problem of physical distribution is model as two dimensional Variable Sized Bin-Packing Problem (BiD-VSBPP). Therefore, it is an expansion of the bin-packing problem with bins variable-length-dimensional (VSBPP), in which bins (vehicle) of different capacity (capacity and load carrying capacity) and costs are available for allocation a set of objects (loads), which have the dimensions weight and volume, so that minimized the total cost of bins (vehicle). In this work, was developed a C++ software implemented, which was implemented a meta-heuristic Variable Neighborhood Search (VNS) and two others meta-heuristics based on VNS. Computational results for real-world problems and benchmarking problems are presented, showing the effectiveness of these proposed meta-heuristics.

[pt] O contínuo processo de transformação do mercado faz com que as empresas não pensem unicamente em si mesmas, mas em toda a cadeia de suprimentos, na qual estão inseridas. Atualmente, a principal meta é a redução dos seus diversos custos de distribuição, fazendo uso de novas tecnologias ou melhores sistemas, sem esquecer de manter ou melhorar o seu nível de serviço. Este trabalho considera um sistema de distribuição física constituído por um centro de distribuição (CD) e 44 furgões. A partir do CD os furgões atendem diariamente todos os clientes situados na Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Nesta dissertação serão examinadas algumas propostas de configuração da rede de distribuição porta-a-porta de uma grande empresa industrial, na Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, para se chegar a menores custos, desperdícios e maior eficiência. O sistema atual é avaliado e diversas configurações de modificação na estrutura do sistema são examinadas, incluindo a colocação de um ou mais depósitos regionalizados, dentro da Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, auxiliando o depósito central (CD Principal), de modo a reduzir as distâncias percorridas, reduzir a frota e melhorar o atendimento aos clientes. Após a montagem das configurações, são feitas três análises para examinar as variações dos custos logísticos, dependendo da evolução da demanda e de congestionamentos resultantes nas vias da Região Metropolitana. O trabalho conclui mostrando que o aumento de custos das estruturas propostas, com mais um único depósito avançado, pode ser recompensado com ganhos operacionais e mercadológicos. A consideração de cenários futuros, com maiores custos de combustíveis e maiores congestionamentos reforça a proposta, sem chegar a viabilizar a proliferação dos depósitos avançados. / [en] The continuous process of transformation of the market forces the companies to think not only on themselves, but on the whole supply chain, in which they are inserted. Currently, the main goal is the reduction of their diverse costs of distribution, making use of new technologies or better systems, without forgetting to keep or improving its level of service. This study considers a physical distribution system that operates with one distribution center (DC) and 44 small trucks. Departing everyday from the DC the trucks supply all customers that belong to the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro. In this thesis some proposals for the door-to-door configuration of the distribution network of a great industrial company will be examined, in the Metropolitan Area of Rio de Janeiro, to reach lower costs, less waste and greater efficiency. The current system is evaluated and diverse configurations of modification in the system`s structure are examined, including the introduction of one or more deposits, in the Metropolitan Area, assisting the central deposit, in order to reduce the traveled distances, to reduce the fleet and to improve the customer`s attendance. After the assembly of the configurations, and considering various scenarios of evolution of demand and increase of traffic congestion, analyses are made to examine the variations of the logistics costs. The thesis goes to showing that the increase in the costs of an additional advanced warehouse, can be paid with operational and marketing profits. The consideration of future scenarios with larger fuel costs and more dramatic traffic congestion shall reinforce the proposal of one warehouse but yet do not recommend the proliferation of them.

The diploma thesis deals with analysis of car fleet financing in the selected company. It focuses on cars financing options, describes methods of their comparison. It studies both national and international accounting regulation with focus on reporting of loan, financial and operating leasing. Another area of interest are tax circumstances influencing decision making. The main emphasis is laid on the comparison methods, ways of data evaluation and on specifics which can affect decision making. In the practical part analysis of car fleet financing is performed, decision specifics are discussed and financing options favourability is compared.

The master‘s thesis concerns an analysis of the current estate of the company car fleet in the company ABB Ltd. and with a proposal of an appropriate method of its funding. The thesis considers the theoretical base of funding methods and account and tax aspects of lease funding. In the next part the current estate and current funding is analysed. Chosen leasing companies and their offers of financial and operational leasing are examined. In the suggestions part different methods of lease funding are compared. The monthly costs of each method of funding are reckoned and the appropriate method is suggested considering account and tax aspects. This method will decrease the costs of the company car fleet and will increase the efficiency of its controlling.

La maintenance de flottes de systèmes mobiles dans le monde du transport et de la logistique revêt de nos jours une importance croissante de par l’augmentation des attentes des exploitants et opérateurs en termes de sécurité, de fiabilité, de suivi, de diagnostic et de maintenance de ces systèmes. Dans ce contexte, Les mainteneurs des flottes doivent souvent faire face à d'énormes quantités de données brutes, informations et événements de surveillance liés aux contexte de leurs systèmes. De plus, ces événements, données et informations manquent souvent de précision et sont souvent contradictoires ou obsolètes. Enfin, le degré d'urgence des décisions de maintenance est rarement pris en compte. Ce travail est consacré à la proposition et à la mise au point d’une architecture de surveillance pour l’aide à la maintenance d’une flotte de systèmes mobiles. Cette architecture, appelée EMH², est destinée à faciliter le diagnostic et le suivi de ce type de flotte. Elle est construite sur les principes holoniques, des plus bas (capteurs) aux plus hauts niveaux (ensemble d’une flotte de systèmes mobiles). Elle se base également sur une standardisation des événements traités afin de traiter les données de manière générique. Cette architecture, indépendante des types de systèmes surveillés et de leur niveau hiérarchique, peut devenir l'épine dorsale d’une stratégie efficace de maintenance proactive d’une flotte. Une méthodologie de déploiement est ainsi proposée. Une étude en simulation et une application sur une flotte de 10 trains actuellement en service est présentée. / The maintenance of mobile systems fleets in the world of transport and logistics is of increasing importance today due to the increasing expectations of operators in terms of safety, reliability, monitoring, diagnosis and maintenance of these systems. In this context, fleet maintainers often have to deal with huge amounts of raw data, information and monitoring events related to the context of their systems. Moreover, these events, data and information are often lack precision and often contradictory or obsolete. Finally, the urgency of maintenance decisions is rarely taken into account. This work is devoted to the proposal and the development of a monitoring architecture to help maintain a fleet of mobile systems. This architecture, called EMH², is intended to facilitate the diagnosis and monitoring of this type of fleet. It is built on holonic principles, from the lowest (sensors) to the highest levels (a whole fleet of mobile systems). It is also based on a standardization of processed events in order to process the data generically. This architecture, independent of the types of systems monitored and their hierarchical level, can become the backbone of an effective strategy for proactive fleet maintenance. A deployment methodology is thus proposed. A simulation study and an application on a fleet of 10 trains currently in service is presented.

<div>The growth in online goods delivery is causing a dramatic surge in urban vehicle traffic from last-mile deliveries. On the other hand, ride-sharing has been on the rise with the success of ride-sharing platforms and increased research on using autonomous vehicle technologies for routing and matching. The future of urban mobility for passengers and goods relies on leveraging new methods that minimize operational costs and environmental footprints of transportation systems. </div><div><br></div><div>This paper considers combining passenger transportation with goods delivery to improve vehicle-based transportation. Even though the problem has been studied with model-based approaches where the dynamic model of the transportation system environment is defined, model-free approaches where the dynamics of the environment are learned by interaction have been demonstrated to be adaptable to new or erratic environment dynamics. </div><div><br></div><div>FlexPool is a distributed model-free deep reinforcement learning algorithm that jointly serves passengers \& goods workloads by learning optimal dispatch policies from its interaction with the environment. The model-free algorithm (as opposed to a model-based one) is an algorithm which does not use the transition probability distribution (and the reward function) associated with the Markov decision process (MDP).</div><div> The proposed algorithm pools passengers for a ride-sharing service and delivers goods using a multi-hop routing method. These flexibilities decrease the fleet's operational cost and environmental footprint while maintaining service levels for passengers and goods. The dispatching algorithm based on deep reinforcement learning is integrated with an efficient matching algorithm for passengers and goods. Through simulations on a realistic urban mobility platform, we demonstrate that FlexPool outperforms other model-free settings in serving the demands from passengers \& goods. FlexPool achieves 30\% higher fleet utilization and 35\% higher fuel efficiency in comparison to (i) model-free approaches where vehicles transport a combination of passengers \& goods without the use of multi-hop transit, and (ii) model-free approaches where vehicles exclusively transport either passengers or goods. </div>

El presente trabajo muestra la situación actual de la demanda de Gas Liquado de Petroleo (GLP) en el mercado peruano con respecto al parque automotor durante los últimos 6 años. El objetivo general es predecir la demanda de GLP para el segundo semestre del año 2021, a través de las variables más relevantes a fin de conocer si la producción local más la importación de este tipo de combustible (GLP) será la suficiente para cubrir la demanda del sector automotriz. La metodología utilizada por el equipo de ciencia de datos es Cross Industry Standard Process for Data Mining (CRISP-DM), la cual consiste en seguir una serie de diez etapas, en cada una de ellas se ira descubriendo y analizando las variables que serán relevantes para la elaboración del modelo deseado. El modelo seleccionado por el equipo de ciencia de datos es el modelo de aprendizaje predictivo ya que este agrupa varias técnicas estadísticas de modelización, lo cual incluye algoritmos de aprendizaje automático. Posteriormente las Herramientas que se utilizarán para un mejor Análisis y entendimiento de la problemática serán Power BI, KNime y Python. / This paper shows the current situation of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) demand in the Peruvian market with respect to the vehicle fleet during the last 6 years. The general objective is to predict the LPG demand for the second semester of the year 2021, through the most relevant variables to know if the local production plus the import of this type of fuel (LPG) will be enough to cover the demand of the automotive sector. The methodology used by the data science team is Cross Industry Standard Process for Data Mining (CRISP-DM), which consists of following a series of ten stages, in each of which the variables that will be relevant for the elaboration of the desired model will be discovered and analyzed. The model selected by the data science team is the predictive learning model because it groups several statistical modeling techniques, including machine learning algorithms. Subsequently, the tools to be used for a better analysis and understanding of the problem will be Power BI, KNime and Python. / Trabajo de investigación

As the transport industry shifts towards Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) the need for accurate route planning rises. BEVs have reduced range compared to traditional fuel based vehicles, and the range can vary greatly depending on ambient conditions and vehicle load. Existing research focuses more on the theoretical algorithms, and often have none or very simple vehicle models, leaning towards consumer cars instead of heavy duty trucks. Vehicle Route Planning (VRP) is a wide research area, and this thesis focuses on the Shortest Path subproblem. Contraction Hierarchies (CHs) is a commonly used family of algorithms for finding shortest paths in road networks, and is prevalent in the research frontier. CHs however comes with certain drawbacks, such as having to perform a costly preprocessing phase whenever metrics change, and not being able to share map data between multiple vehicles in a fleet. This thesis extends CHs to support a mixed fleet, with fast metric updates and support for more detailed cost optimization goals. This is done by implementing Customizable Contraction Hierarchies (CCHs), but with custom data structures and customization phase. This implementation allows map data to be shared between vehicles in a fleet, and keeps each vehicle's edge weights separate. The edge weights can be updated quickly, as the customization phase scales linearly with the size of the map. The implementation also supports edge weights that do not adhere to triangle inequality, which the previous research did not. Experiments are executed on a map of Stockholm and a synthetic map, to test the algorithm's performance, verify correctness, and stress the importance of accurate metrics for optimization goals. The CCH performed as expected, if not better, and its correctness is upheld. The implementation is fit to be integrated into a route planner, but further research should be conducted to see how it meshes with other parts of VRP, such as time windows, turn costs, and charging stations. / När transportindustrin övergår till batterielektriska fordon ökar behovet av rigorös ruttplanering. Batterielektriska fordon har minskad räckvidd jämfört med traditionella bränslebaserade fordon, och räckvidden kan variera stort beroende på omgivningsförhållanden och fordonets belastning. Existerande forskning fokuserar mer på de teoretiska algoritmerna och har ofta inga eller mycket enkla fordonsmodeller, som liknar mer konsumentbilar istället för tunga lastbilar. Ruttplanering är ett brett forskningsområde, och denna avhandling fokuserar på underproblemet att hitta kortaste vägen. Kontraktionshierarkier är en välanvänd familj av algoritmer för att hitta kortaste vägen i ett vägnät, och är prevalent i forskningsfronten. Kontraktionshierarkier har dock vissa nackdelar, som att de behöver utföra en kostsam förbehandlingsfas när parametrar ändras, och att kartdatan inte kan delas mellan flera fordon i en flotta. Den här avhandlingen utökar Kontraktionshierarkier för att stödja en blandad fordonsflotta, med snabba uppdateringar av parametrar och stöd för mer detaljerade optimeringsmål. Detta görs genom att implementera Anpassningsbara Kontraktionsierarkier, men med anpassade datastrukturer och anpassningsfas. Denna implementering tillåter att kartdata delas mellan fordonen i en flotta, och håller varje fordons kantvikter separat. Kantvikterna kan uppdateras snabbt, eftersom anpassningsfasen skalas linjärt med storleken på kartan. Implementationen stöder också kantvikter som inte följer triangelojämlikheten, vilket den tidigare forskningen inte gjorde. Experiment utförs på en karta över Stockholm och en syntetisk karta, för att testa algoritmens prestanda, verifiera korrekthet, och betona vikten av detaljerade parametrar i optimeringsmål. Anpassningsbara Kontraktionshierarkier presterade som förväntat, om inte bättre, och dess korrekthet uppehölls. Implementeringen är lämplig för att integreras i en ruttplanerare, men ytterligare forskning bör genomföras för att se hur den passar ihop med andra delar av ruttplaneringsproblemet, så som tidsfönster, svängkostnader och laddstationer.