Euphorbiaceae é uma família com grande diversidade floral, despertando o interesse desde meados do século XVIII e que, atualmente, é composta por 218 gêneros e 6.745 espécies, distribuídas em quatro subfamílias (Cheilosoideae, Acalyphoideae, Crotonoideae e Euphorbioideae). Essas variações morfológicas, tais como a presença de pseudantos e os diferentes níveis de reduções florais, são razões para as divergências em sua classificação e motivação para diversos estudos evolutivos. Considerando a variedade de tipos de pseudantos e flores presentes nas diferentes subfamílias, quatro espécies foram selecionadas para este trabalho: Dalechampia meridionalis Müll. Arg. (Acalyphoideae), Joannesia princeps Vell. (Crotonoideae), Euphorbia sipolisii N.E. Br. (Euphorbioideae) e Pera glabrata Poepp. ex Baill. (de posição incerta). O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar os diferentes graus de redução floral, com ênfase na atividade dos meristemas (padrões de divisão, expansão e diferenciação celular) juntamente com os fatores ontogenéticos (diferenças quanto à formação de primórdios) que levaram a supressão de verticilos e culminaram no surgimento dos pseudantos. Aliado a esta diversidade e à redução dos verticilos, tem-se a importância das estruturas secretoras na manutenção da recompensa ao polinizador e, portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho é complementado com o estudo morfoanatômico destas estruturas e análise histoquímica de seus exsudatos. Botões florais e flores em diversos estágios de desenvolvimento foram analisados em microscopia de luz e em microscopia eletrônica de varredura para auxiliar na investigação da ontogênese floral. Nas fases iniciais de desenvolvimento dos pseudantos, as primeiras estruturas a se formar são os diferentes níveis de brácteas. Os primórdios florais iniciam formação concomitantemente aos invólucros, sendo a iniciação das flores estaminadas pistiladas diferenciada, ocorrendo a formação de perianto unicamente em Dalechampia e Pera, formação de constrições nas flores de Dalechampia e Euphorbia e os pseudantos consideradas protogínicos. As flores de J. princeps apresentam iniciação similar à dos pseudantos, diferindo especialmente quanto ao desenvolvimento do perianto, não havendo a formação de constrição. As flores diferem anatomicamente quanto à características do gineceu e também nos padrões de ramificação. Coléteres são encontrados nas fases iniciais de desenvolvimento do ciátio e Dalechampia e laticíferos e idioblastos fenólicos ocorrem em diversas fases de Joannesia e Pera, secretando exsudatos compostos por mucilagem, proteínas, ácidos graxos e fenólicos. A glândula de resina de Dalechampia e os nectários de Euphorbia e Joannesia atuam como glândulas nupciais e iniciam sua formação logo nos primórdios florais, apresentando secreção de exsudatos ricos em lipídios e açúcares, respectivamente. Considerando a ocorrência dos pseudantos em Acalyphoideae e Euphorbioideae e a variação floral presente em Crotonoideae, propõe-se que as características estruturais e as reduções florais observadas nos pseudantos tiveram mais de uma origem ao longo da evolução de Euphorbiaceae e assim sugerimos que os pseudantos evoluíram não apenas de um processo de redução, mas também de uma reorganização das flores ao longo do eixo da inflorescência. As estruturas secretoras estão possivelmente relacionadas a variação morfológica e à história evolutiva do grupo, importantes para o desenvolvimento completo das inflorescências e flores / Euphorbiaceae is a family with great floral diversity, arousing interest from the mid-eighteenth century, currently composed of 218 genera and 6,745 species, distributed into four subfamilies (Cheilosoideae, Acalyphoideae, Crotonoideae and Euphorbioideae). The morphological variations such as the presence of pseudanthia and different levels of floral reductions are reasons for the differences in classification and also motivation for several evolutionary studies. Considering the variety of pseudanthia and flowers present in the different subfamilies, four species were selected for this study: Dalechampia meridionalis Müll. Arg. (Acalyphoideae), Joannesia princeps Vell. (Crotonoideae), Euphorbia sipolisii N.E. Br. (Euphorbioideae) and Pera glabrata Poepp. ex Baill. (uncertain position). The aim of this study was to analyze the different degrees of floral reduction, with emphasis on the activity of meristems (patterns of division, expansion and differentiation) along with the ontogenetic factors (differences on the primordia formation) which led to the suppression of whorls and culminated into the emergence of pseudanthia. Allied to this diversity and reduction of whorls, there is the importance of secretory structures in maintaining the pollinators reward and therefore the aim of this study is complemented with the morphoanatomical study of these structures and the histochemical analysis of their exudates. Flower buds and flowers in different stages of development were analyzed in light and scanning electronic microscopy to assist the investigation of floral ontogeny. In the early stages of development of pseudanthia, the first structures to be formed are the different levels of bracts. The floral primordia begin concomitantly as the involucre, with distinct initiation of staminate and pistillate flowers, formation of perianth only in Dalechampia and Pera, constrictions in the flowers of Euphorbia and Dalechampia and pseudanthia considered protogynic. The flowers of J. princeps show similar initiation as pseudanthia, differing especially in the development of the perianth, without the formation of constriction. The flowers differ anatomically in the gynoecium characteristics and also in branching patterns. Colleters are found in early stages of development of the cyathium and in Dalechampia, and laticifers and phenolic idioblasts occur in various stages of Joannesia and Pera, secreting exudates composed of mucilage, proteins, fatty acids and phenolic compounds. The resin gland of Dalechampia and the nectaries of Euphorbia and Joannesia act as nuptial glands and begin their formation in the floral primordia, presenting secretion of exudates rich in lipids and sugars, respectively. Considering the occurrence of pseudanthia in Acalyphoideae and Euphorbioideae and the floral variations present in Crotonoideae, it is proposed that the structural characteristics and floral reductions observed in pseudanthia had more than one single origin throughout the evolution of Euphorbiaceae and so we suggest that pseudanthia evolved not only by a process of reduction, but also by a reorganization of flowers along the inflorescence axis. Secretory structures are possibly related to morphological variations and the evolutionary history of the group, being important for the complete development of inflorescences and flowers

A axila foliar em Passiflora L. (Passifloraceae) apresenta uma estrutura complexa: de um mesmo ponto parecem surgir flores e gavinhas, além de uma gema vegetativa também estar presente. A origem da gavinha foi interpretada de diferentes maneiras ao longo da história, sendo considerada desde modificações de um ramo até uma flor. Além disso, a ontogenia dessas estruturas tem início em um único meristema axilar, que geralmente é descrito como capaz de se dividir em dois ou mais meristemas (chamado de \"complexo de gemas\"), cada qual dando origem a uma estrutura diferente (gavinhas e flores). Estudos de expressão gênica demonstram a presença do ortólogo do gene LEAFY de Arabidopsis, em meristemas axilares, florais e de gavinhas, em duas espécies de Passiflora. Esse gene é tipicamente relacionado à transição de fase vegetativa para reprodutiva em diversas angiospermas. Assim, o presente estudo objetivou descrever em detalhes a ontogenia das diferentes estruturas originadas no meristema axilar de diferentes espécies, focando em diferentes fases de vida da planta, bem como averiguar a expressão de ortólogos de APETALA1 (AP1), um gene tipicamente relacionado à identidade de meristemas florais e na determinação de sépalas e pétalas. Como resultado, propomos uma nova interpretação para a ontogenia do complexo de gemas, baseada na produção de brácteas e seus meristemas associados. Demonstramos também que o ortólogo de AP1 se expressa de maneira mais ampla do que aquela encontrada no modelo Arabidopsis, possivelmente desempenhando diversas funções relacionadas à manutenção da indeterminação celular. / The leaf axil in Passiflora L. (Passifloraceae) bears a complex structure: a tendril and one or more flowers seem to arise from the same growing point. In addition, vegetative bud is also present. There are many different interpretations for the origin of the tendril in this group, ranging from modifications of flowers to side shoots. Also, the ontogeny of these structures is often understood as a single meristem which subdivides into a bud complex, comprising the tendril and flower meristems. Recently, the expression of the LEAFY ortholog was demonstrated in the axillary, tendril and floral meristems of two Passiflora species. In Arabidopsis and many angiosperms, this gene is responsible for the shift between vegetative and reproductive phase. Therefore, the present work aimed to describe, in detail, the ontogeny of the bud complex in Passiflora species belonging to different subgenera, including different life stages. The expression of the ortholog of APETALA1, a gene typically related to floral meristem identity and sepal/petal specification was also assessed. As results, we propose a different interpretation for the ontogeny of the bud complex, based on the production of bracts and their associated meristems by the original axillary meristem, which then turns into the tendril meristem. We also demonstrate that expression of AP1 is much broader than that of the Arabidopsis model, and possibly have many other functions related to cell indeterminacy.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2016-03-23T23:54:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o ShantalaLua.pdf: 1071615 bytes, checksum: 15159372342693f6876667ee25762bff (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-23T23:54:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o ShantalaLua.pdf: 1071615 bytes, checksum: 15159372342693f6876667ee25762bff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-22 / Floral oil-collecting bees have close relations with Malpighiaceae species. This study aims to characterize the bee guilds that visit two Byrsonima (Malpighiaceae) species and investigate if the variation in floral oil supply influences on the richness and local abundance of these bees in an area in Chapada Diamantina. Bees were collected using entomological nets during the visit to Byrsonima and the floral oil supply was estimated at 12 transects through the Byrsonima spp density and the amount of oil available per flower and per plant. A large variation in Byrsonima spp density was detected among the 12 transects sampled what resulted in differences in floral oil supply among transects (1320.4g-16397.2g). The sample was 638 individuals belonging to 34 Apoidea species, being 24 species components of the floral oil-collecting bee guild. Centridini was the tribe with the largest representation of species richness and in abundance. The richness and abundance of Centridini were positively correlated to both Byrsonima spp density and the amount of oil estimated to each transect. However, the richness and abundance of Tapinotaspidini and Tetrapediini didn?t correlate to Byrsonima spp density or the amount of oil estimated to each transect. / As abelhas coletoras de ?leos florais apresentam rela??es bastante estreitas com esp?cies de Malpighiaceae. Este estudo tem como objetivo caracterizar a guilda de abelhas que visitam duas esp?cies de Byrsonima (Malpighiaceae) e investigar se a varia??o na oferta de ?leo floral influencia na riqueza e abund?ncia local destas abelhas, em uma ?rea na Chapada Diamantina. As abelhas foram coletadas com redes entomol?gicas durante a visita ?s flores de Byrsonima e a oferta de ?leo floral foi estimada em 12 transectos, atrav?s das medidas de densidade de Byrsonima spp e da quantidade de ?leo disponibilizada por flor e por planta. Foi detectada uma grande varia??o na densidade de Byrsonima spp entre os 12 transectos amostrados, o que resultou em diferen?as na oferta de ?leos florais entre os transectos (1320,4g-16397,2g). Foram amostrados 638 indiv?duos, pertencentes a 34 esp?cies de Apoidea, sendo 24 esp?cies componentes da guilda de abelhas coletoras de ?leo. Centridini foi a tribo com maior representatividade, tanto em riqueza de esp?cies quanto em abund?ncia. A riqueza e abund?ncia de Centridini estiveram positivamente correlacionadas tanto com a densidade de Byrsonima spp quanto com a quantidade de ?leo estimada para cada transecto. Entretanto a riqueza e abund?ncia de Tapinotaspidini e Tetrapediini n?o apresentaram correla??o nem com a densidade de Byrsonima spp, nem com a quantidade de ?leo estimada para cada transecto.

The cultivation of crop sunflower or Helianthus annuus is a 20 billion USD industry globally. Crop wild relatives of H. annuus have a long history of being used to breed improved traits into cultivated varieties. Cultivated H. annuus is not known to have a pleasant aroma, and at times seed yield is limited by pollination services, particularly in the production of hybrid seed. Improved floral fragrance could improve pollinator attraction and would add value to ornamental sunflowers in the context of the cut-flower industry. If volatile organic compounds that together generate favorable scents are present in wild Helianthus species, they could be bred into domesticated varieties. In order to assess the diversity of floral fragrance available in crop wild relatives, 30 diverse accessions of wild Helianthus as well as seven varieties of H. annuus spanning a domestication gradient were grown in a greenhouse experiment and variation in floral volatiles was analyzed by solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. While alpha-pinene made up a significant portion of the volatiles emitted for most taxa, there was substantial diversity present across the genus. Most volatiles emitted were found to be monoterpenoids with a significant share of sesquiterpenoids. Several wild accessions such as H. debilis subsp. tardiflorus and H. praecox subsp. praecox as well as open-pollinated domesticated accessions of H. annuus show promise for breeding for improved floral fragrance due to high volatile abundance and likely favorable compound compositions.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2015-08-05T23:11:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Aline G?es.pdf: 1583356 bytes, checksum: 25f6a13a73abce0f5006e99d3dcf5038 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-05T23:11:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Aline G?es.pdf: 1583356 bytes, checksum: 25f6a13a73abce0f5006e99d3dcf5038 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-22 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Studies on hummingbird/plant interactions in the Atlantic Forest have been providing major data on ornithophilous plants and on the role of these birds as pollen vectors and maintainers of plant communities. The aim of this study was to investigate a plant community used by hummingbirds, in order to recognize flowering phenological patterns and to identify pollen loads transported by visiting trochilidae. Fieldwork was performed from April 2009 to August 2011 in the understory of an Atlantic Forest area within Michelin Ecological Reserve, in Igrapi?na municipality, Bahia State. We identified hummingbirds from focal observations in flowering plants, recording their foraging strategies and the local of pollen deposition in their bodies. Data on morphology and floral biology were recorded for plants visited by hummingbirds, such as the number of flowers and buds monthly produced and if the plant was ornithophilous or not. Pollen attached to the beak, head, throat and chest of captured hummingbirds was removed, identified and counted in laboratory. About 18 plant species, most of them ornithophilous (83%), were visited by 13 hummingbird species, with Phaethornis ruber being the most frequent pollen vector. The plant community showed a continuous flowering, with sequential flowering peaks during the studied period. Sixteen pollen types and eight hummingbird species were recorded, with the beak being the main area for pollen deposition (58%), followed by the head (30%), throat (11%) and chest (1%). Differences on the local of pollen deposition on birds reduce the chance of mixing pollen from different species, allowing their coexistence by the sharing of the same pollen vector. Continuous flowering within the plant community assure the presence of their pollinators in the area, avoiding population dislocation towards floral resources. A high investment on floral morphology specialization allows a great deposition of pollen grains over a safe place on the body of the hummingbirds, maximizing plant reproductive success. / Os estudos sobre intera??es planta/beija-flor em Mata Atl?ntica t?m fornecido informa??es importantes sobre plantas ornit?filas e o uso de beija-flores como vetores de p?len e o papel destas aves na manuten??o de comunidades vegetais. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a comunidade vegetal utilizada por beija-flores, conhecer o padr?o fenol?gico de flora??o da comunidade al?m de identificar a carga pol?nica transportada pelos troquil?deos visitantes. O estudo foi realizado de abril de 2009 a agosto de 2011, no sub-bosque de uma ?rea de Mata Atl?ntica na Reserva Ecol?gica da Michelin, Igrapi?na, Bahia. Os beija-flores foram identificados a partir de observa??es focais em plantas floridas, registrando suas estrat?gias de forrageio e o local de deposi??o de p?len no corpo das aves. Das plantas visitadas pelos beija-flores, foram registrados dados sobre morfologia e biologia floral, sendo classificadas como ornit?fila ou n?o ornit?fila, e o n?mero de flores e bot?es produzidos mensalmente. Dos beija-flores capturados, foi removido o p?len impregnado em seu bico, cabe?a, garganta e peito. Os tipos pol?nicos foram identificados e contabilizados em laborat?rio. Foram registradas dezoito esp?cies de plantas, a maioria ornit?fila (83%), sendo visitadas por beija-flores. Treze esp?cies de beija-flores visitaram as plantas, sendo Phaethornis ruber o vetor de p?len mais frequente. Durante o per?odo de estudo, a comunidade vegetal apresentou flora??o cont?nua com picos de flora??o sequenciais. Dezesseis tipos pol?nicos foram identificados em oito esp?cies de beija-flores capturadas, sendo o bico o principal local de deposi??o de p?len (58%), seguido da cabe?a (30%), garganta (11%) e peito (1%). Diverg?ncias no local de deposi??o de p?len no corpo das aves reduz a probabilidade de mistura de p?len heteroespec?fico, permitindo a coexist?ncia de plantas que se beneficiam da partilha de polinizadores. A flora??o cont?nua da comunidade garante a presen?a de seus polinizadores na ?rea, evitando deslocamentos populacionais em busca de recurso. O alto investimento na morfologia floral especializada proporciona a deposi??o de grande quantidade de gr?os de p?len em local seguro do corpo da ave, maximizando o sucesso reprodutivo vegetal.

Ptilotus nobilis is a short-lived perennial wildflower, native to semi-arid and arid areas of Australia. Propagation by vegetative means is constrained by the early onset and a continuous flowering habit. Despite being defined as the main barrier for vegetative propagation no published research on floral induction and initiation was found. The aim of this study is to provide the first insights into floral evocation in P. nobilis, with the general objectives being to investigate floral induction and initiation, find the means to maintain plants in the vegetative phase, enhance leaf initiation and to gain knowledge of growth and development with an emphasis on light intensity, temperature and daylength. Early experiments aimed to increase the understanding of growth and development. The main cardinal events were identified including the onset of branching (axillary stem growth), visible bud stage, first floret opening and maturity of the inflorescence. To aid future cultivation schedules, four growing degree days (GDD) and one chronological model, using days after sowing (DAS), were established and validated. All GDD models were accurate in predicting first floret opening and maturity, but not in predicting visible bud stage. Best prediction was achieved by using an upper temperature threshold of 18.2 ºC and an own base temperature of 5.0 ºC. Days after sowing were an accurate means of prediction, indicating that temperature and other variables such as light intensity regulate development. A series of defoliation treatments investigated the maintenance of P. nobilis plants in the vegetative phase. Within all treatments, reproductive structures were observed and all plants with more than two true leaves entered the reproductive phase. Plants with less than two true leaves showed a delayed floral bud appearance by up to 20 days. Floral development was affected by most defoliation treatments resulting in vegetative growth within the inflorescences. It is hypothesized that plants have a very short juvenile phase and that a constant floral stimulus may be needed for floral evocation. Using scanning electron and light microscopy a template for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase was developed. Bract initiation was accompanied by a significant increase in meristem area and diameter, and was defined as the onset of flowering. The established template was used in a subsequent glasshouse trial, which revealed that floral initiation occurred very early and at 25 DAS all plants had entered the reproductive phase. Branching and leaf area expansion were identified as post- initiation processes. Plants were exposed to different light intensities (229.3, 398.6 and 909.3 µmol m-2 s-1) in a glasshouse. Under low light, final leaf number increased by up to three leaves, indicating that the vegetative phase was prolonged. Cardinal events were delayed but all plants reached maturity. It was concluded that a light intensity of 229.3 µmol m-2 s-1 was not low enough to prevent floral initiation and that a further decrease of light intensity in combination with temperature could be more effective. Interactions of light intensity, temperature and daylength were investigated. Plants were grown under high light and low light (< 1.2 MJ m-2) intensities, 25/10 ºC and 35/20 ºC and daylengths of 11 h and 16 h. During the trial period (42 days), low light intensity suppressed floral initiation and high temperatures maintained more plants (70%) in the vegetative phase. However daylength treatments had no effect on the time of bract initiation or the percentage of vegetative plants. After 83 days floral buds and axillary stems were observed on some plants under low light intensity, indicating the onset of the reproductive phase and showing that P. nobilis could not be maintained in the vegetative phase indefinitely. Plants under high light were harvested at maturity and effects of temperature and daylength were analysed. Final leaf number increased under 35/20 ºC supporting the previously established results that floral initiation was delayed and leaf production enhanced by high temperature. Morphological data was collected to classify the photoperiodic response of P. nobilis. Plants under 25/10 ºC and 11 h had the longest inflorescences and greatest number of buds and flowers, which was also reflected in the buds and flowers dry weight, with an increase of up to 3.4 fold under these conditions. The difficulty of classifying some plants accordingly to their photoperiodic response and the proposal that P. nobilis may be a facultative short day plant under 25/10 ºC is discussed. In summary, this study presents the first evidence that P. nobilis has a very short juvenile phase and that growth and development are mainly driven by light intensity and temperature. It was possible to enhance vegetative growth by defoliation, low light intensity and high temperatures, however this did not fully prevent flowering, which indicates that P. nobilis has a very strong flowering response or signal.

Ptilotus nobilis is a short-lived perennial wildflower, native to semi-arid and arid areas of Australia. Propagation by vegetative means is constrained by the early onset and a continuous flowering habit. Despite being defined as the main barrier for vegetative propagation no published research on floral induction and initiation was found. The aim of this study is to provide the first insights into floral evocation in P. nobilis, with the general objectives being to investigate floral induction and initiation, find the means to maintain plants in the vegetative phase, enhance leaf initiation and to gain knowledge of growth and development with an emphasis on light intensity, temperature and daylength. Early experiments aimed to increase the understanding of growth and development. The main cardinal events were identified including the onset of branching (axillary stem growth), visible bud stage, first floret opening and maturity of the inflorescence. To aid future cultivation schedules, four growing degree days (GDD) and one chronological model, using days after sowing (DAS), were established and validated. All GDD models were accurate in predicting first floret opening and maturity, but not in predicting visible bud stage. Best prediction was achieved by using an upper temperature threshold of 18.2 ºC and an own base temperature of 5.0 ºC. Days after sowing were an accurate means of prediction, indicating that temperature and other variables such as light intensity regulate development. A series of defoliation treatments investigated the maintenance of P. nobilis plants in the vegetative phase. Within all treatments, reproductive structures were observed and all plants with more than two true leaves entered the reproductive phase. Plants with less than two true leaves showed a delayed floral bud appearance by up to 20 days. Floral development was affected by most defoliation treatments resulting in vegetative growth within the inflorescences. It is hypothesized that plants have a very short juvenile phase and that a constant floral stimulus may be needed for floral evocation. Using scanning electron and light microscopy a template for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase was developed. Bract initiation was accompanied by a significant increase in meristem area and diameter, and was defined as the onset of flowering. The established template was used in a subsequent glasshouse trial, which revealed that floral initiation occurred very early and at 25 DAS all plants had entered the reproductive phase. Branching and leaf area expansion were identified as post- initiation processes. Plants were exposed to different light intensities (229.3, 398.6 and 909.3 µmol m-2 s-1) in a glasshouse. Under low light, final leaf number increased by up to three leaves, indicating that the vegetative phase was prolonged. Cardinal events were delayed but all plants reached maturity. It was concluded that a light intensity of 229.3 µmol m-2 s-1 was not low enough to prevent floral initiation and that a further decrease of light intensity in combination with temperature could be more effective. Interactions of light intensity, temperature and daylength were investigated. Plants were grown under high light and low light (< 1.2 MJ m-2) intensities, 25/10 ºC and 35/20 ºC and daylengths of 11 h and 16 h. During the trial period (42 days), low light intensity suppressed floral initiation and high temperatures maintained more plants (70%) in the vegetative phase. However daylength treatments had no effect on the time of bract initiation or the percentage of vegetative plants. After 83 days floral buds and axillary stems were observed on some plants under low light intensity, indicating the onset of the reproductive phase and showing that P. nobilis could not be maintained in the vegetative phase indefinitely. Plants under high light were harvested at maturity and effects of temperature and daylength were analysed. Final leaf number increased under 35/20 ºC supporting the previously established results that floral initiation was delayed and leaf production enhanced by high temperature. Morphological data was collected to classify the photoperiodic response of P. nobilis. Plants under 25/10 ºC and 11 h had the longest inflorescences and greatest number of buds and flowers, which was also reflected in the buds and flowers dry weight, with an increase of up to 3.4 fold under these conditions. The difficulty of classifying some plants accordingly to their photoperiodic response and the proposal that P. nobilis may be a facultative short day plant under 25/10 ºC is discussed. In summary, this study presents the first evidence that P. nobilis has a very short juvenile phase and that growth and development are mainly driven by light intensity and temperature. It was possible to enhance vegetative growth by defoliation, low light intensity and high temperatures, however this did not fully prevent flowering, which indicates that P. nobilis has a very strong flowering response or signal.

CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Em plantas dependentes da polinização biótica, traços florais podem incluir pistas táteis, olfativas e visuais e fatores como cor, formato, odor ou combinações dessas pistas podem ser utilizados para identificar as flores como fonte de recompensas.Um dos componentes que atraem os polinizadores é a simetria, utilizada para discriminação entre flores com diferentes quantidades de recursos e pode ser alterada pela atividade de herbívoros florais, capazes de interferir na quantidade de visitas do polinizador ou alterar a eficiência da polinização. As espécies de Malpighiaceae são conhecidas por ofertar pólen e óleo aos seus visitantes, além de ser uma família importante no Cerrado, um dos ecossistemas que mais sofre degradação no mundo. Diante disso, os objetivos desse estudo foram: a) observar a relação entre simetria floral natural e recursos ofertados aos polinizadores e se b) há discriminação pelos polinizadores entre flores simétricas e flores experimentalmente assimétricas, ou seja, artificialmente danificadas simulando herbivoria e seus efeitos sobre a polinização e consequente produção de frutos. A coleta de dados foi realizada em uma área de cerrado do Clube de Caça e Pesca Itororó de Uberlândia, de setembro de 2013 a julho de 2014. A taxa de simetria floral natural e os recursos florais foram observados nas flores de 24 indivíduos de Byrsonima intermedia (murici-pequeno), das quais 3 inflorescências foram ensacadas na pré-antese e três flores de cada inflorescência tiveram suas medidas tomadas. A partir do eixo longitudinal central da pétala estandarte foram medidas as larguras dos lados direito e esquerdo. Foram medidos os comprimentos das duas pétalas imediatamente ao lado da pétala estandarte (pétalas proximais) pelos seus eixos longitudinais centrais. Foram medidas, ainda, as distâncias do ápice da pétala estandarte até o ápice das duas pétalas mais distantes, ou pétalas distais. Cada flor medida foi também utilizada para a quantificação do volume de óleo de seus elaióforos com tubo capilar e quantificação dos grãos de pólen, retirados e corados com Carmin Acético. Nas mesmas plantas, foram escolhidas quatro flores que tiveram 10% das áreas das pétalas estandarte, proximais ou distais retiradas e quatro controles, que não receberam manipulação. Essas flores foram acompanhadas até a frutificação. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre a quantidade de óleo ofertada aos polinizadores e a simetria floral (r= -0.1407, df= 22, p= 0.5118), bem como para quantidade de pólen (r= -0.0079, df= 22, p= 0.9707), o que indica que, para esse sistema de estudo, a simetria não pode ser utilizada como parâmetro dos recursos disponíveis. Foi encontrada diferença significativa na proporção de frutos formados entre o grupo controle e o grupo tratamento (X²=91,147, gl=3, p<0,01), mas não entre os tratamentos (X²=2,026, gl=2, p=0,363), o que sugere que as manipulações realizadas nas pétalas influenciaram a visitação e consequente polinização, mas o local onde essa manipulação foi realizada não é tão importante. / For plants which rely on biological pollination, floral traits related to pollination can include tactile, olfactory and visual cues and color, shape and odor or combinations of these cues can be used to identify flowers as source of rewards. One of the components that attract pollinators is symmetry, used to discriminate flowers with different levels of rewards. Symmetry can be altered by the activity of floral herbivores, capable of interfering on pollinator visitation rate or alter pollination efficacy. Malpighiaceae species are known to offer pollen and oil to their floral visitors and compose an important family on Brazilian savannah (Cerrado), one of the most degraded ecosystems in the world. The aim of this study was to: a) observe the relation between natural floral symmetry and floral rewards and b) assess pollinator discrimination of experimentally asymmetrical flowers, simulating floral herbivory, and its effects over pollination and fruit set. Data collection was performed in a Cerrado area inside Clube Caca e Pesca Itororo de Uberlandia, from September 2013 to July 2014. Natural floral symmetry and floral rewards were observed in flowers of 24 bushes of Byrsonima intermedia (Malpighiaceae), in which 3 inflorescences were bagged in pre-anthesis phase and three flowers from each inflorescence had their measures taken. The width of right and left sides of the standard petal was measured as well as the length of proximal petals from the central longitudinal axis . The distance of the apex of standard petal to the distal petals was also measured. Each measured flower was then used to the quantification of elaiophores oil volume with a capillary tube and pollen grain quantification, dyed with Acetic Carmin. On the same plants, we chose four plants that had 10% of petal area removed, on standard, proximal or distal petal and four control plants, which were not manipulated. These flowers were followed to fructification and the seeds were placed in gerbox boxes over germination paper. There were no statistical differences between oil quantity and floral symmetry (r= -0.1407, df= 22, p= 0.5118) as well as pollen quantity (r= -0.0079, df= 22, p= 0.9707), which indicates that, for this particular plant, symmetry is not a reliable sign of floral rewards. There was statistical differences in the proportion of fruits formed from control and treatment groups (X²=91,147, gl=3, p<0,01), but not among treatments (X²=2,026, gl=2, p=0,363), what suggests that petal manipulation have an effect on pollinator visitation, but the point of manipulation is not that significant. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-10-03T17:15:46Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação - Marina de Magalhães da Fonseca.pdf: 2736383 bytes, checksum: b1ef8a122c1dc6e2d92f2bb25c8badb3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-10-06T20:42:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marina de Magalhães da Fonseca.pdf: 2736383 bytes, checksum: b1ef8a122c1dc6e2d92f2bb25c8badb3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-06T20:42:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marina de Magalhães da Fonseca.pdf: 2736383 bytes, checksum: b1ef8a122c1dc6e2d92f2bb25c8badb3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Os estudos de biologia reprodutiva são fundamentais para a conservação e manejo das espécies de plantas, uma vez que o período reprodutivo é uma fase de grande importância para a dinâmica das populações e sobrevivência das espécies . Esta dissertação teve como objetivo contribuir para o conhecimento da morfologia floral, biologia floral e reprodutiva de Butia odorata (Barb. Rodr.) Noblick, além de identificar os agentes polinizadores e suas relações com as flores. O trabalho foi realizado em dois países, no Uruguai (em La Paloma, Departamento de Rocha) e no Brasil (em Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul). Foram identificadas as fases de floração, antese masculina e feminina. Foi estimado o número de flores masculinas e femininas por ráquila na inflorescência, e a relação existente entre flores masculinas e femininas. Foi verificada a coloração das ráquilas e das flores. As flores foram caracterizadas quanto à sua morfologia e morfometria. Foram identificadas as ordens de insetos que visitaram as inflorescências, a relação dos insetos com as flores, os recursos florais coleta dos e o período de visitação durante as fases de floração. As flores de Butia odorata são unissexuais, hipóginas, actinomorfas, diclamídeas e sésseis. As flores masculinas e femininas ocorrem na mesma inflorescência e possuem formatos distintos, sendo as primeiras muito mais numerosas do que as segundas. As flores masculinas estão dispostas por toda a ráquila, com maior concentração do meio para o ápice, as flores femininas são encontradas do meio para a base da ráquila, formando tríades com duas masculinas. Existe variabilidade genética para cor e tamanho de ráquilas e para cor das flores em inflorescências de B. odorata. A espécie apresenta mecanismos de protandria. Uma grande diversidade de espécies de insetos das ordens Hymenoptera, Coleoptera e Diptera visitam as inflorescências. Durante a antese masculina, as ordens Hymenoptera e Coleoptera são mais frequentes, enquanto que durante a antese feminina a ordem Hymenoptera se destaca. Os insetos são atraídos pelos recursos como pólen e néctar disponibilizados pelas flores. A compreensão sobre a biologia reprodutiva, apresentado nos dois capítulos da dissertação, serve de alicerce para a preservação do butiá, pois este conhecimento é de grande importância para traçar estratégias de conservação e uso de recursos genéticos e programas de melhoramento. / Studies of reproductive biology are essential for the conservation and management of plant species, once the reproductive period is a time of great importance for the population dynamics and species survival. This dissertation had as objective to contribute to uderstanding floral morphology, floral and reproductive biology of Butia odorata (Barb. Rodr.) Noblick. Also, to identify the pollinators and their relationship with the flowers. The study was conducted in two Countries, Uruguay (La Paloma, Rocha Department) and Brazil (Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State). Stages of flowering, and male and female anthesis were identified. The number of male and female flowers per rachille in the inflorescence, and the ratio between male and female flowers were estimated. The coloring of rachilles and flowers was verified. The morphology and morphometry of flowers were characterized. Orders of insects that visited the inflorescences, the relationship of insects with flowers, the collected floral resources and the period of visitation during the stages of flowering were identified. Flowers of Butia odorata are unisexual, hypogynous, actinomorphic, dichlamydeous and sessile. The male and female flowers occur on the same inflorescence and have different formats, being the male more numerous than the female. The male flowers are arranged throughout the rachille, with higher concentration from the middle to the apex. The female flowers are found from the middle to the base of rachille, forming triads with two male flowers. There is genetic variability for color and size of rachilles and for color of flowers on inflorescences of B. odorata. The species has mechanisms of protandry. A great diversity of insects' species, belonging to the Hymenoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera orders visit the inflorescences. During male anthesis, the Hymenoptera and Coleoptera orders are more frequent, whereas during female anthesis the Hymenoptera order stands. The insects are attracted by the resources such as pollen and nectar provided by the flowers. The understanding of the reproductive biology, presented in two chapters of this dissertation, serves as the foundation for the preservation of butiá, because this knowledge is of great importance to devise strategies for the conservation and use of genetic resources and breeding programs.

No description available.