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This thesis addresses two planning problems motivated by the operations of PSOD air transportation: scheduled maintenance planning, and base location and fleet allocation. In the first part of the thesis, we study tactical planning for scheduled maintenance which determines the daily maintenance capacities for two operating conditions: a growth phase and the steady state. We model tactical maintenance capacity planning during the growth phase as an integer program and develop an optimization-based local search to solve the problem. Tactical planning of steady state maintenance capacity concerns a special case for which we determine the optimal and the long run capacities with a pseudo-polynomial time algorithm. In the second part of the thesis, we address operational planning for scheduled maintenance which is concerned with assigning itineraries to jets and determining the specific jets to be scheduled for maintenance on a daily basis given a certain maintenance capacity. We present a solution methodology that employs a look-ahead approach to consider the impact of our current decisions on the future and decomposes the problem exploiting the differences between jets with respect to the proximity to their next maintenance. We further develop an integrated framework in order to capture the interaction between operational level maintenance decisions and flight scheduling. In the third and final part of the thesis, we present the tactical level base location and fleet allocation problem. As PSOD air transportation experiences changes in travel demand and fleet size, decisions regarding where to open new bases and how to allocate the number of jets among the bases are made. We first present a solution approach in which high level information about flight scheduling is used in a traditional facility location problem. We next develop a model that works directly with transportation requests and integrates a simplified version of flight scheduling with the base location and fleet allocation decisions in order to capture more detail.

Chapter one introduces the concept of disease emergence and factors associated with emergence. The role of wildlife as reservoirs of emerging diseases and specifically the history of bats as reservoirs of zoonotic diseases is previewed. Finally, the aims and structure of the thesis are outlined. In Chapter two, the literature relating to the emergence of Hendra virus, Nipah virus, and Australian bat lyssavirus, the biology of flying foxes, methodologies for investigating wildlife reservoirs of disease, and the modelling of disease in wildlife populations is reviewed. Chapter three describes the search for the origin of Hendra virus and investigations of the ecology of the virus. In a preliminary survey of wildlife, feral and pest species, 6/21 Pteropus alecto and 5/6 P. conspicillatus had neutralizing antibodies to Hendra virus. A subsequent survey found 548/1172 convenience-sampled flying foxes were seropositive. Analysis using logistic regression identified species, age, sample method, sample location and sample year, and the interaction terms age*species and age* sample method as significantly associated with HeV serostatus. Analysis of a subset of the data also identified a significant or near-significant association between time of year of sampling and HeV serostatus. In a retrospective survey, 16/68 flying fox sera collected between 1982 and 1984 were seropositive. Targeted surveillance of non-flying fox wildlife species found no evidence of Hendra virus. The findings indicate that flying foxes are a likely reservoir host of Hendra virus, and that the relationship between host and virus is mature. The transmission and maintenance of Hendra virus in a captive flying fox population is investigated in Chapter four. In study 1, neutralizing antibodies to HeV were found in 9/55 P. poliocephalus and 4/13 P. alecto. Titres ranged from 1:5 to 1:160, with a median of 1:10. In study 2, blood and throat and urogenital swabs from 17 flying foxes from study 1 were collected weekly for 14 weeks. Virus was isolated from the blood of a single aged non-pregnant female on one occasion. In study 3, a convenience sample of 19 seropositive and 35 seronegative flying foxes was serologically monitored monthly for all or part of a two-year period. Three individuals (all pups born during the study) seroconverted, and three individuals that were seropositive on entry became seronegative. Two of the latter were pups born during the study period. Dam serostatus and pup serostatus at second bleed were strongly associated when data from both years were combined (p<0.001; RR=9, 95%CI 1.42 to 57.12). The serial titres of 19 flying foxes monitored for 12 months or longer showed a rising and falling pattern (10), a static pattern (1) or a falling pattern (8). The findings suggest latency and vertical transmission are features of HeV infection in flying foxes. Chapter five describes Australian bat lyssavirus surveillance in flying foxes, insectivorous bats and archived museum bat specimens. In a survey of 1477 flying foxes, 69/1477 were antigen-positive (all opportunistic specimens) and 12/280 were antibody-positive. Species (p<0.001), age (p=0.02), sample method (p<0.001) and sample location (p<0.001) were significantly associated with fluorescent antibody status. There was also a significant association between rapid focus fluorescent inhibition test status and species (p=0.01), sample method (p=0.002) and sample location (p=0.002). There was a near-significant association (p=0.067) between time of year of sampling and fluorescent antibody status. When the analysis was repeated on P. scapulatus alone, the association stronger (p=0.054). A total of 1234 insectivorous bats were surveyed, with 5/1162 antigen–positive (all opportunistic specimens) and 10/390 antibody-positive. A total of 137 archived bats from 10 species were tested for evidence of Australian bat lyssavirus infection by immunohistochemistry (66) or rapid focus fluorescent inhibition test (71). None was positive by either test but 2 (both S. flaviventris) showed round basophilic structures consistent with Negri bodies on histological examination. The findings indicate that Australian bat lyssavirus infection is endemic in Australian bats, that submitted sick and injured bats (opportunistic specimens) pose an increased public health risk, and that Australian bat lyssavirus infection may have been present in Australian bats 15 years prior to its first description. In Chapter six, deterministic state-transition models are developed to examine the dynamics of HeV infection in a hypothetical flying fox population. Model 1 outputs demonstrated that the rate of transmission and the rate of recovery are the key parameters determining the rate of spread of infection, and that population size is positively associated with outbreak size and duration. The Model 2 outputs indicated that that long-term maintenance of infection is inconsistent with lifelong immunity following infection and recovery. Chapter seven discusses alternative hypotheses on the emergence and maintenance of Hendra virus and Australian bat lyssavirus in Australia. The preferred hypothesis is that both Hendra virus and Australian bat lyssavirus are primarily maintained in P. scapulatus populations, and that change in the population dynamics of this species due to ecological changes has precipitated emergence. Future research recommendations include further observational, experimental and/or modeling studies to establish or clarify the route of HeV excretion and the mode of transmission in flying foxes, the roles of vertical transmission and latency in the transmission and maintenance of Hendra virus in flying foxes, and the dynamics of Hendra virus infection in flying foxes.

Chapter one introduces the concept of disease emergence and factors associated with emergence. The role of wildlife as reservoirs of emerging diseases and specifically the history of bats as reservoirs of zoonotic diseases is previewed. Finally, the aims and structure of the thesis are outlined. In Chapter two, the literature relating to the emergence of Hendra virus, Nipah virus, and Australian bat lyssavirus, the biology of flying foxes, methodologies for investigating wildlife reservoirs of disease, and the modelling of disease in wildlife populations is reviewed. Chapter three describes the search for the origin of Hendra virus and investigations of the ecology of the virus. In a preliminary survey of wildlife, feral and pest species, 6/21 Pteropus alecto and 5/6 P. conspicillatus had neutralizing antibodies to Hendra virus. A subsequent survey found 548/1172 convenience-sampled flying foxes were seropositive. Analysis using logistic regression identified species, age, sample method, sample location and sample year, and the interaction terms age*species and age* sample method as significantly associated with HeV serostatus. Analysis of a subset of the data also identified a significant or near-significant association between time of year of sampling and HeV serostatus. In a retrospective survey, 16/68 flying fox sera collected between 1982 and 1984 were seropositive. Targeted surveillance of non-flying fox wildlife species found no evidence of Hendra virus. The findings indicate that flying foxes are a likely reservoir host of Hendra virus, and that the relationship between host and virus is mature. The transmission and maintenance of Hendra virus in a captive flying fox population is investigated in Chapter four. In study 1, neutralizing antibodies to HeV were found in 9/55 P. poliocephalus and 4/13 P. alecto. Titres ranged from 1:5 to 1:160, with a median of 1:10. In study 2, blood and throat and urogenital swabs from 17 flying foxes from study 1 were collected weekly for 14 weeks. Virus was isolated from the blood of a single aged non-pregnant female on one occasion. In study 3, a convenience sample of 19 seropositive and 35 seronegative flying foxes was serologically monitored monthly for all or part of a two-year period. Three individuals (all pups born during the study) seroconverted, and three individuals that were seropositive on entry became seronegative. Two of the latter were pups born during the study period. Dam serostatus and pup serostatus at second bleed were strongly associated when data from both years were combined (p<0.001; RR=9, 95%CI 1.42 to 57.12). The serial titres of 19 flying foxes monitored for 12 months or longer showed a rising and falling pattern (10), a static pattern (1) or a falling pattern (8). The findings suggest latency and vertical transmission are features of HeV infection in flying foxes. Chapter five describes Australian bat lyssavirus surveillance in flying foxes, insectivorous bats and archived museum bat specimens. In a survey of 1477 flying foxes, 69/1477 were antigen-positive (all opportunistic specimens) and 12/280 were antibody-positive. Species (p<0.001), age (p=0.02), sample method (p<0.001) and sample location (p<0.001) were significantly associated with fluorescent antibody status. There was also a significant association between rapid focus fluorescent inhibition test status and species (p=0.01), sample method (p=0.002) and sample location (p=0.002). There was a near-significant association (p=0.067) between time of year of sampling and fluorescent antibody status. When the analysis was repeated on P. scapulatus alone, the association stronger (p=0.054). A total of 1234 insectivorous bats were surveyed, with 5/1162 antigen–positive (all opportunistic specimens) and 10/390 antibody-positive. A total of 137 archived bats from 10 species were tested for evidence of Australian bat lyssavirus infection by immunohistochemistry (66) or rapid focus fluorescent inhibition test (71). None was positive by either test but 2 (both S. flaviventris) showed round basophilic structures consistent with Negri bodies on histological examination. The findings indicate that Australian bat lyssavirus infection is endemic in Australian bats, that submitted sick and injured bats (opportunistic specimens) pose an increased public health risk, and that Australian bat lyssavirus infection may have been present in Australian bats 15 years prior to its first description. In Chapter six, deterministic state-transition models are developed to examine the dynamics of HeV infection in a hypothetical flying fox population. Model 1 outputs demonstrated that the rate of transmission and the rate of recovery are the key parameters determining the rate of spread of infection, and that population size is positively associated with outbreak size and duration. The Model 2 outputs indicated that that long-term maintenance of infection is inconsistent with lifelong immunity following infection and recovery. Chapter seven discusses alternative hypotheses on the emergence and maintenance of Hendra virus and Australian bat lyssavirus in Australia. The preferred hypothesis is that both Hendra virus and Australian bat lyssavirus are primarily maintained in P. scapulatus populations, and that change in the population dynamics of this species due to ecological changes has precipitated emergence. Future research recommendations include further observational, experimental and/or modeling studies to establish or clarify the route of HeV excretion and the mode of transmission in flying foxes, the roles of vertical transmission and latency in the transmission and maintenance of Hendra virus in flying foxes, and the dynamics of Hendra virus infection in flying foxes.

Η τεχνολογία της αναγνώρισης και παρακολούθησης αεροσκαφών βρίσκει ποικίλες εφαρμογές σε όλους τους τομείς της αεροναυσιπλοΐας, πολιτικούς και στρατιωτικούς, από τον έλεγχο και τη ρύθμιση της εναέριας κυκλοφορίας σε πολιτικά αεροδρόμια έως το χειρισμό και την καθοδήγηση αντιαεροπορικών όπλων για στρατιωτικούς σκοπούς (π.χ. το σύστημα TAS του αντιαεροπορικού συστήματος MIM-23B Hawk). Έως σήμερα, γνωστές μέθοδοι υλοποίησης αποτελούν οι ραδιοεντοπιστές (radar), οι υπέρυθρες και οι θερμικές κάμερες, τα οποία είναι εγκατεστημένα σε επίγειους σταθμούς, σε κινούμενες μονάδες και σε αεροσκάφη. Το σύστημα που δημιουργήθηκε και θα παρουσιαστεί στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία αποτελεί μια εναλλακτική μέθοδο υλοποίησης της αναγνώρισης και της παρακολούθησης ιπτάμενων αντικειμένων, που εκμεταλλεύεται το οπτικό φάσμα με τη χρήση μιας οπτικής κάμερας ενσωματωμένης σε ένα σερβοκινητήρα. Σε σημεία όπου είναι δύσκολο να εφαρμοσθεί κάποια άλλη τεχνολογία ή σε σημεία που δεν καλύπτονται από άλλες συσκευές ανίχνευσης (π.χ. radar), η συσκευή μας προσφέρει όμοιες υπηρεσίες και συμπληρώνει πιθανά χάσματα ακάλυπτων περιοχών. Συγκεκριμένα, μέσω του λογισμικού που έχει αναπτυχθεί, όταν κάποιος στόχος (αεροσκάφος) εισέλθει στο οπτικό πεδίο της κάμερας, ανιχνεύεται και αναγνωρίζεται. Στη συνέχεια ο σερβοκινητήρας παρακολουθεί τον στόχο τροφοδοτούμενος με δεδομένα της θέσης και της ταχύτητάς του, ενώ βρίσκεται σε συνεχή επικοινωνία με την κάμερα. Όλα τα παραπάνω έχουν αναπτυχθεί ώστε να λειτουργούν σε συνθήκες πραγματικού χρόνου. Παρά την απουσία μιας θεωρητικής παρουσίασης ή μιας ολοκληρωμένης λύσης οπτικής αναγνώρισης και παρακολούθησης αεροσκαφών, η αναζήτηση και μελέτη της διεθνούς βιβλιογραφίας μας έδωσε το θεωρητικό υπόβαθρο για την κατανόηση του προβλήματος και ταυτόχρονα τη δυνατότητα να συνδυάσουμε τεχνικές και μεθόδους για την επίτευξη του στόχου μας. Για την επιτυχή αναγνώριση και παρακολούθηση των στόχων δημιουργήθηκαν διάφορα μοντέλα προσομοίωσης για τον έλεγχο της συμπεριφοράς μεμονομένων χαρακτηριστικών. Συγκεκριμένα, στο υποσύστημα της αναγνώρισης του στόχου μοντελοποιήθηκε αρχικά μια μέθοδος εξαγωγής της θέσης βασισμένη στο χρώμα του στόχου σε περιβάλλον Matlab/Simulink. Στη συνέχεια η ίδια μέθοδος μεταφέρθηκε σε περιβάλλον LabVIEW για να εμπλουτισθεί με διάφορες άλλες μεθόδους βασισμένες σε ένα σύνολο από χαρακτηριστικά που θα αναλυθούν στη συνέχεια. Το τελικό μοντέλο αποτελεί συνδυασμό των μεθόδων του αθροίσματος απολύτων διαφορών, της οπτικής ροής, της εξαγωγής χρωματικών και σχηματικών χαρακτηριστικών, της κανονικοποιημένης εττεροσυσχέτισης και άλλων λογικών μεθόδων και βελτιστοποιήσεων τους. Για την επίτευξη μιας επιτυχυμένης παρακολούθησης ενός “κλειδωμένου” στόχου, δοκιμάστηκαν και έγιναν πολλές προσομοιώσεις με διαφορετικούς τύπους ελεγκτών. Συγκεκριμένα η δυναμική του μοντέλου που δημιουργήθηκε, εξαρτάται από ένα συνδυασμό ελεγκτών θέσεως, ταχύτητας και άλλων παραμέτρων. Αυτά εξασφαλίζουν ένα ευσταθές και γραμμικοποιημένο σύστημα παρακολούθησης, ικανό να παρακολουθήσει οποιοδήποτε στόχο με τη προϋπόθεση ότι τα χαρακτηριστικά του στόχου καθώς και η κατάστασή του (θέση, ταχύτητα κτλ.), ικανοποιούν τις απαιτήσεις του αλγορίθμου αναγνώρισης και είναι μέσα στις εργοστασιακές δυνατότητες του συστήματος. Το μοντέλο αυτό αναπτύχθηκε και υλοποιήθηκε σε περιβάλλον LabVIEW, όπως και οι μετρήσεις και προσομοιώσεις που έγιναν πάνω σε αυτό. Όλες οι παραπάνω μέθοδοι συνεργάζονται και είναι ικανοί να δώσουν ακριβή αποτελέσματα θέσης πραγματικών στόχων κατά τη διάρκεια της ημέρας ακόμα και κάτω από δύσκολες συνθήκες (όπως συννεφιά, χαμηλή φωτεινότητα, παρεμβολή αντικειμένων) σε πραγματικό χρόνο. Η ακραία μεταβολή των περιβαλλοντικών συνθηκών θα επηρρέαζε οποιοδήποτε οπτικό σύστημα, συνεπώς και το παρόν. Περιγραφή των παραγόντων που επηρρεάζουν το σύστημά μας θα γίνει στη συνέχεια. / The technology of aircraft recognition and tracking applies in various applications in all areas of air navigation, civil and military, from air traffic control and regulation at civilian airports to anti-aircraft weapon handling and guidance for military purposes (e.g the TAS system of MIM-23B Hawk anti-aircraft system). To date, known methods of implementation are the radar, infrared and thermal cameras, which are installed at ground stations, in moving plants and aircrafts. The system that was created and is presented in this thesis is an alternative implementation of identifying and tracking flying objects, which operates in the optical spectrum using an optical camera built into a servomotor (pan-tilt unit – PTU). In regions where is difficult for one technology to be applied or in areas that are not covered by other detection devices (e.g. radar), our device offers similar services and complements potential gaps that arise by uncovered areas. Specifically, through the software we developed, when a target (aircraft) enters the field of view of our camera, it is detected and identified. Then the PTU, fed with data of target position and velocity, tracks the aircraft while keeps in constant communication with the camera. All the above have been developed to operate in real time. Despite the lack of a theoretical presentation or a complete solution of optical aircraft recognition and tracking, search and study of literature has given us the theoretical background for understanding the problem and making it possible to combine techniques and methods to achieve our goal. For the successful identification and monitoring of the targets, various simulation models were created to control the behavior of isolated features. Specifically, for the target recognition subsystem a method for extraction of the position based on the color of the target was initially modeled in Matlab/Simulink environment. Then the same method was implemented in LabVIEW to be enriched with several other methods based on a set of features that will be discussed below. The final model is a combination of the sum of absolute differences between two images, the extraction of color and shape profiles, the normalized cross-correlation and other logical methods and their optimizations. In order a successful tracking of a “locked” target to be achieved, there have been many tests and carried out many simulations with different types of controllers. Specifically, the dynamic of the model which was created, depends on a combination of position/velocity controllers and other parameters. These provide a stable and linearized tracking system, capable to follow any target under the condition that the characteristics of the target and its current status (position, speed, etc.) meet the requirements of the recognition algorithm and is within the capabilities of the system. The model was developed and implemented in the LabVIEW environment, as well as measurements and simulations were carried out in it. All these methods work and are able to give accurate results of the position of real targets during the day, even under difficult circumstances (such as clouds, decreased sky brightness etc) in real time. The extreme variation of environmental conditions would affect any optical system and hence could affect ours as well. Description of the factors that affect our system will be presented.

La découpe de viandes et le filetage de poisson, destinés aux rois et aux nobles dans les siècles passés et, plus récemment, aux clients de la restauration traditionnelle, font partie de l’histoire de la gastronomie, au même titre que l’histoire de la cuisine. Ces pratiques, considérées comme une technique ou une science, voire, par certains, comme un art, bien que déjà présentes sous une forme ritualisée dans bien des textes mythologiques et des légendes fondatrices, ont connu plusieurs évolutions historiques. Dès le Moyen Âge, la pratique de la découpe des viandes et poissons auprès des élites s’est éloignée des techniques de la boucherie pour revêtir une dimension artistique. À partir de la Renaissance et jusqu’au XVIIIème siècle, les volailles et autres viandes sont filetées par les écuyers tranchants, véritables spécialistes qui effectuent des gestes empreints d’élégance, tel celui qui consiste à découper les viandes à la volée, maintenues en l’air en haut d’une fourchette. À partir du XVIIIème siècle, la découpe doit s’adapter aux changements sociaux : à la fin de l’Ancien Régime, en France, elle connaît une première grande évolution à la suite de changements radicaux dans la manière de concevoir la cuisine, puis avec l’apparition du service à la russe et la mise en valeur des rôts (pièces rôties) au centre du repas, évolution bientôt suivie par d’autres, en grande partie influencées par Marie-Antoine Carême puis Urbain Dubois et Emile Bernard. Plusieurs transformations sociales, culturelles et professionnelles auront aussi leur importance : la popularisation des sports d’hiver va marquer le déclin du poste de maître d’hôtel ; la loi Godart (juillet 1933) relative au contrôle et à la répartition des pourboires, va cristalliser le fameux conflit cuisine-salle ; par ailleurs, les « commandements de la nouvelle cuisine » prônés par Christian Millau et Henri Gault (1973) imposent la généralisation du service à l’assiette et rendent l’ancienne science du maître d’hôtel obsolète. Mais les pratiques de la découpe sont également présentes dans le foyer familial. De nombreux écrits sur les usages domestiques décrivent la manière de fileter viandes et poissons. Les pères de famille, dits amphitryons, possèdent et transmettent ce savoir-faire à l’occasion des réunions familiales. Traditionnellement, si la mère de famille officie en cuisine, le père de famille gère, en plus des boissons, les découpes de volailles et gigots. Mais, depuis la moitié du XXème siècle, ces usages sont en déclin. Malgré tout, l’art de la découpe a survécu sous forme de technique, dans certains restaurants et dans les écoles hôtelières, où il fait l’objet de débats houleux entre enseignants et professionnels, qui rejouent, à leur manière, la querelle des Anciens et des Modernes. La restauration française, actuellement en difficulté et en recherche de repères, a sans doute beaucoup à gagner de ces travaux sur les découpes et filetages devant les clients. En ce début du XXIème siècle, elle peut y retrouver une authenticité ancrée sur des racines profondes. / The carving tableside of meats, fishes and fruits, dedicated to kings and nobility in past centuries and demonstrated today in some traditional restaurants, is part of the history of gastronomy, as well as food history. Regarded as a technic or a science, or even as an art, this practice already present in a ritualized form in many mythological texts and founding legends, has undergone major changes in history. From the Middle Ages, it has moved away from the butchery techniques to get an artistic dimension. Since the Renaissance era to the eighteenth century, poultry and other meats are carved by real specialists called carving horsemen, who perform gestures imbued with elegance, like the « flying cut » (cutting the meat held in the air on top of a fork). From the eighteenth century, the cut must adapt to social changes at the end of the Old Regime in France, the first major carving art revolution follows radical changes in the way of designing food platers by chefs, then with the appearance of the russian service largely influenced by Marie-Antoine Carême and Urbain Dubois. The roast becomes the center of the meal. Subsequently, several social, cultural and professional changes will take place in the carving history : the popularization of winter sports that will mark the decline of carving station, the Godart law (July 1933), that legislates control of the distribution of tips and will crystallize the famous kitchen/waiting struggle, and finally the « commandments of Nouvelle Cuisine » led by Christian Millau and Henri Gault (1973) which impose the generalization of the plated service and render obsolete the ancient science of the maitre d’. But cutting practices is also found in the family home. Extensive litterature demonstrate how to thread meat and fish for domestic use. Fathers, called amphitryons in France, possess and transmit this knowledge during family gatherings. Traditionally, if the housewife officiates in the kitchen, the father manages, in addition to drinks, the cuts of poultry and legs of lamb. But since the mid-twentieth century, we must recognize that these uses are declining. Still, the art of cutting survived in the technical way, in some restaurants and hospitality schools, where it is subject of heated debate between teachers and professionals, replaying in their own way the quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns. French restaurants, currently in great difficulty and in search of direction, have probably much to gain from a reflection on the return of threads and cut in front of customers. It would find, in our view, deep roots authenticity in this beginning of the 21st century.

Conventional 2-level inverters have been quite popular in industry for drives applications. It used pulse width modulation techniques to generate a voltage waveform with high quality. For achieving this, it had to switch at high frequencies and also the switching is between 0 and Vdc. Also additional LC filters are required before feeding to a motor. 3-phase IM is the work horse of the industry. Several speed control techniques have been established namely the V/f control technique and for high performance, vector control is adopted. An electric drive system comprises of a rectifier, inverter, a motor and a load. each module is a topic by itself. This thesis work discusses the novel inverter topologies to overcome the demerits of a conventional 2-level inverter or even the basic multilevel topologies, for an electric drive. The word ‘multilevel’ itself signifies that inverter can generate more than two levels. The idea was first originated by Nabae, Takahashi and Akagi to bring an additional voltage level so that the waveform becomes a quasi square wave. This additional voltage level brought additional benefits in terms of reduced dv/dt and requirement of low switching frequency. But this was not without any cost. The inverter structure is slightly more complicated than a 2-level and also required more devices. But the advantage it gave was superior enough to such an extent that the above topology (popularly known as NPC) has become quite popular in industry. This topology was later modified to equalize the semiconductor losses among switches by replacing the clamping diodes with controllable switches and such topologies are popularly known as Active NPCs (ANPCs) because of the replacement of diodes with active switches. 3-level flying capacitors were then introduced where the additional voltage level is provided using charged capacitors. But this capacitor voltage has to be maintained at its nominal value during the inverter operation. An additional floating capacitor, which is an electrolytic capacitor is needed for this. Increasing the number of electrolytic capacitors reduces the reliability of the inverter drive since they are the weakest link in any inverters and its count has to be kept to the minimum. By using a H-bridge cell in each of the three phases, three voltage levels can be easily obtained.This is commonly known as Cascaded H-bridge (CHB) multilevel inverter. The above three topologies have been discussed with respect to generation of three pole voltage levels and these topologies are quite suited also. A higher number of voltage levels will reduce the switching frequency even lesser and also the dv/dt. On increasing the number of levels further and further, finally the inverter need not do any PWM switching and just generating the levels is sufficient enough for a good quality waveform and also low dv/dt. But when the above topologies are scaled for more than three voltage levels, all of them suffer serious drawbacks which is briefly discussed below. The diode clamped inverter (known as NPC if it is 3-level), when extended to more than three levels suffers from the neutral point balancing issue and also the count of clamping diodes increase drastically. FC inverters, when extended beyond 3-level, the number of electrolytic capacitors increases and also balancing of these capacitors to their nominal voltages becomes complicated. In the case of multilevel CHB, when extended beyond 3-level, the requirement of isolated DC sources also increases. To generate isolated supplies, phase shifting transformer and 8, 12 or 24 pulse diode rectifier is needed which increases the weight , size and cost of the drive. Therefore its application is limited. In this thesis, the aim is to develop a novel method to develop a multilevel inverter without the drawbacks faced by the basic multilevel topologies when scaled for higher number of voltage levels. This is done through stacking the basic or hybrid combination of these basic multilevel topologies through selector switches. This method is experimentally verified by stacking two 5-level inverters through a 2-level selector switch (whose switching losses can be minimized through soft cycle commutation). This will generate nine levels.Generating 9-levels through scaling the basic topologies is disadvantageous, the comparison table is provided in the thesis. This is true for any higher voltage level generation. Each of the above 5-level inverter is developed through cascading an FC with a capacitor fed H-bridge. The device count can be reduced by making the FC-CHB module common to the selector switches by shifting the selector switches between the DC link and the common FC-CHB module. Doing so, reduces the modular feature of the drive but the device count can be reduced. The FFT plot at different frequencies of operation and the switching losses of the different modules-FC, CHB and the selector switches are also plotted for different frequencies of operation. The next step is to check whether this method can be extended to any number of stackings for generation of more voltage levels. For this, a 49-level inverter is developed in laboratory by stacking three 17-level inverters. Each of the 17-level inverter is developed by cascading an FC with three CHBs. When there are 49 levels in the pole voltage waveform, there is no need to do any regular PWM since the output waveform will be very close to a sine wave even without any PWM switching. The technique used is commonly known in literature as Nearest Level Control (NLC). This method of stacking and cascading has the advantage that the FC and the CHB modules now are of very low voltages and the switching losses can be reduced. The switching losses of the different modules are calculated and plotted for different operating frequencies in the thesis. To reduce the voltages of the modules further, a 6-phase machine has been reconfigured as a 3-phase machine, the advantage being that now the DC link voltage requirement is half of that needed earlier for the same power. This further reduces voltages of the modules by half and this allows the switches to be replaced with MOSFETs, improving the efficiency of the drive. This topology is also experimentally verified for both steady state and transient conditions. So far the research focussed on a 3-phase IM fed through a stacked MLI. It can be observed that a stacked MLI needs as many DC sources as the number of stackings. A 6-phase machine apart from reduced DC link voltage requirement, has other advantages of better fault tolerant capability and better space harmonics. They are serious contenders for applications like ship propulsion, locomotive traction, electric vehicles, more electric aircraft and other high power industrial applications. Using the unique property of a 6-phase machine that its opposite windings always draw equal and opposite current, the neutral point (NP) (formed as a result of stacking two MLIs) voltage can be balanced. It was observed that the net mid point current drawn from the mid point can be made zero in a switching interval. It was later observed that with minimal changes, the mid point current drawn from the NP can be made instantaneously zero and the NP voltage deviation is completely arrested and the topology needs only very low capacity series connected capacitors energized from a single DC link. This topology is also experimentally verified using the stacked 9-level inverter topology discussed above but now for 6-phase application and experimental results are provided in the thesis. Single DC link enables direct back to back conversion and power can be fed back to the mains at any desired power factor. All the experimental verification is done on a DSP (TMS320F28335) and FPGA (Spartan 3 XCS3200) platform. An IM is run using V/f control scheme and the above inverter topologies are used to drive the motor. The IGBTs used are SKM75GB123D for the stacked 9-level inverter in the 3-phase and 6-phase experiments. For the 49-level inverter experiment, MOSFETs-IRF260N were used. Both steady state and transient results ensure that the proposed inverter topologies are suitable for high power applications.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur l’étude fondamentale de systèmes nano-électroniques,mesurés à très basse température. Nous avons réalisé des interféromètres électroniques àdeux chemins à partir d’électrons balistiques obtenus dans un gaz 2D d’électrons d’unehétéro-structure GaAs/AlGaAs. Nous montrons que la phase des électrons, et ainsileur état quantique,peut être contrôlée par des grilles électrostatiques. Ces dispositifsse révèlent être des candidats prometteurs pour la réalisation d’un qubit volant. Nousavons développé une simulation numérique évoluée d’un modèle de liaisons fortes à partirde transport quantique ballistique qui décrit toutes les découvertes expérimentales etnous apporte une connaissance approfondie sur les signatures expérimentales de cesdispositifs particuliers. Nous proposons des mesures complémentaires de ce système dequbit volants. Pour atteindre le but ultime, à savoir un qubit volant à un électron unique,nous avons assemblé la source à électron unique précédemment développée dans notreéquipe à un beam splitter électronique. Les électrons sont alors injectés depuis une boîtequantique à un train de boîte quantiques en mouvement. Ce potentiel électrostatique enmouvement est généré par des ondes acoustiques de surface créées par des transducteursinter-digités sur le substrat GaAs piézo-électrique. Nous avons étudié et optimisé chacunde ces composants fondamentaux nécessaires à la réalisation d’un beam splitter à électronunique et développé un procédé local et fiable de fabrication. Ce dispositif nous permet d’étudier les interactions électroniques pour des électrons isolés et pourra servir de basede mesure pour des expériences d’optique quantiques sur un système électronique del’état condensé. Enfin, nous avons développé un outil puissant de simulation du potentielélectrostatique à partir de la géométrie des grilles. Ceci permet d’optimiser la conceptiondes échantillons avant même leur réalisation. Nous proposons ainsi un prototype optimiséde beam splitter à électron unique. / This thesis contains the fundamental study of nano-electronic systems at cryogenictemperatures. We made use of ballistic electrons in a two-dimensional electron gasin a GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure to form a real two-path electronic interferometerand showed how the phase of the electrons and hence their quantum state can becontrolled by means of electrostatic gates. The device represents a promising candidateof a flying qubit. We developed a sophisticated numerical tight-binding model based onballistic quantum transport, which reproduces all experimental findings and allows togain profound knowledge about the subtle experimental features of this particular device.We proposed further measurements with this flying qubit system. With the ultimate goalof building a single electron flying qubit, we combined the single electron source that hasbeen developed in our lab prior to this manuscript with an electronic beam splitter. Theelectrons are injected from static quantum dots into a train of moving quantum dots.This moving potential landscape is induced in the piezoelectric substrate of GaAs bysurface acoustic waves from interdigial transducers. We studied and optimized all keycomponents, which are necessary to build a single electron beam splitter and built up areliable local fabrication process. The device is capable of studying electron interactionson the single electron level and can serve as a measurement platform for quantum opticsexperiments in electronic solid state systems. Finally, we developed a powerful toolcapable of calculating the potential landscapes of any surface gate geometry, which canbe used as a fast feedback optimization tool for device design and proposed an optimizedprototype for the single electron beam splitter.

Alterations caused by the edge effects in a fragment have direct influence over the fauna and can determine the composition and distribution of the small non-flying mammals assemblage in a landscape. This study had as aim of analyzing the edge effect over the structure of a small mammal assemblege and the circumjacent environment in a decidual forest fragment located in the southern limit of the Atlantic Forest, in the center state of Rio Grande do Sul. Five field phases were carried out, with an effort of 6360 trap-night, and 1060 pitfall-night, totalizing 78 captured individuals (99 captures), belonging to four species of rodents and two species of marsupials. The success of capture of live traps was 1.2% and of pitfall traps was of 2.3%. Rodents were responsible for 97.4% of all captures and marsupials, 2.6%. In pitfall traps, it was observed high abundance of rodents in the interior in relation to the edge. The Analysis of Multivariada Variance by Randomization showed that there is no significant difference in the composition of species in relation to distances of the edge, despite the Analysis of Principal Components has evidenced some trends, grouping the species in accordance to the distances where they had occurred more frequently. Thus, the assemblege of small mammals was dominated by a species of rodent, Oligoryzomys nigripes, which represented 73% of all captures, appearing in all distances of the edge, but mostly in the forest interior. On the other hand, marsupials appeared only in the interior of the fragment, being A. montensis registered from 130 m from the edge, seeming to prefer habitats with denser forest cover. By using MANOVA, and on the basis of the biotic and abiotic factors analyzed along the edge gradient, it was possible to establish different distances of penetration of the edge that had varied from 10 to 160 meters. The Congruence Analysis showed that environmental variables which best explained the distribution of small mammas in the gradient was the feeding resources, lianas, trees and canopy cover. Thus, species of small mammals seem to use the modified environment in accordance to their adaptations to the available micro-habitats in the gradient edge-interior, having a noticeable edge effect in the study area. / Alterações causadas pelos efeitos de borda em um fragmento têm influência direta sobre a fauna e podem determinar a composição e distribuição da assembléia de pequenos mamíferos em uma paisagem. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o efeito de borda sobre a riqueza e abundância de pequenos mamíferos e o ambiente circunjacente em um fragmento de Floresta Estacional Decidual localizado no limite sul da Floresta Atlântica, no centro do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram realizadas cinco fases de campo, com esforço amostral de 6360 armadilhas-noite, e 1060 armadilhas de quedanoite, totalizando 78 indivíduos capturados (99 capturas), pertencentes a quatro espécies de roedores e duas de marsupiais. O sucesso de captura para as armadilhas de metal foi de 1,2% e para as armadilhas de queda foi de 2,3%. Os roedores representaram 97,4% das capturas e os marsupiais 2,6%. Nas armadilhas de queda, observou-se maior riqueza e abundância de roedores no interior em relação à borda. A Análise de Variância Multivariada via Aleatorização mostrou que não houve diferença significativa na composição de espécies em relação às distancias da borda ainda que a Análise de Componentes Principais tenha evidenciado algumas tendências agrupando as espécies de acordo com as distâncias onde elas ocorreram com maior freqüência. Assim, a assembléia de pequenos mamíferos esteve dominada por uma espécie de roedor, Oligoryzomys nigripes, que representou 73% do total de capturas, aparecendo em todas distâncias da borda, embora com uma tendência a ser mais florestal. Por outro lado, os marsupiais apareceram apenas no interior do fragmento, ao passo que A. montensis foi registrado a partir de 130 m do início da borda parecendo preferir ambientes com cobertura florestal mais densa. Com base nos fatores bióticos e abióticos que foram usados para estimar o término da borda e início do interior do fragmento foi possível estabelecer, através da MANOVA, diferentes distâncias de penetração da borda que variaram de 10 a 160 metros. A análise de congruência mostrou que as variáveis ambientais que melhor explicaram a distribuição dos animais no gradiente foram os recursos alimentares, lianas, árvores e cobertura do dossel. Assim, as espécies de pequenos mamíferos parecem utilizar o ambiente alterado de acordo com suas adaptações aos micro-hábitats disponíveis no gradiente bordainterior.

La recherche sur les soucoupes volantes commence à la fin des années 1940 en France. Elle est principalement le fait de ceux qui se nomment « soucoupistes ». En parallèle de cette activité exercée essentiellement à titre individuel, l’armée mène également ses propres enquêtes. Son intérêt pour la question ne se dément pas depuis les années 1940, même si les informations concernant son implication et son action se révèlent peu accessibles. De leur côté les soucoupistes s’agrègent et les premiers groupements privés d’envergure apparaissent dans les années 1950 et se généralisent à la fin des années 1960. La décennie 1970 correspond, quant à elle, à l’âge d’or de l’ufologie en France : les organisations se comptent par centaines et les ufologues par milliers. Un véritable réseau de recherche scientifique sur les ovnis apparait donc. Ce réseau s’articule autour des groupements de personnes et des individus -qui publient dans des revues spécialisées- et tente de se connecter à une ufologie scientifique publique en plein essor. Cette dernière, placée sous l’égide du CNES, prend le nom de GEPAN. Ce service, plusieurs fois rebaptisé, existe toujours aujourd’hui. Il s’appuie sur l’armée –principalement la gendarmerie- et certaines administrations qui le pourvoient en informations OVNI. L’ufologie française –en déclin depuis les années 1980- se caractérise donc par la coexistence d’un réseau de recherche privé et d’un réseau public qui, hormis en de rares occasions, collaborèrent très peu, cette situation contribuant à la maigreur des résultats obtenus par les ufologues. / The research about unidentified flying objects has started in the late 1940s in France. All this is the doing of those who are commonly known in French as the soucoupistes (the researchers in this field). Currently with this mainly individual initiative, the army also has made their own enquiries. Their interest for the question has proved consistent since the 1940s although the details about their implication and their action have been uneasy to know. As for them, the soucoupistes (or French ufologists) have joined together and the first major private groups have come out in the 1950s to become widespread in the late 1960s. Nonetheless, the decade of the 1970s was the golden age of ufology research in France : there were hundreds of organizations and thousands of ufologists. A real reasearch network came out. This network has revolved both around groups of people and individuals, who publish in specialized reviews, and they try to connect to a booming public scientific ufology. The latter, which is under the aegis of the CNES, is known as GEPAN. The department has been often renamed but still exists today. It is based on the army, mainly on the police force, but also on some administrations which provide them with information about UFO. French ufology, which has been in decline since the 1980s, is characterized by the coexistence of a private research network and a public one. Except for a few occasions, both of them have hardly collaborated and this situation explains why ufologists haven’t found many results.