The development of techniques targeting the manipulation of particles of different<p>sizes - mostly in the nano to millimeter scale - when dispersed in a carrier medium, is an increasingly important topic in many fields such as biotechnology,nanotechnology, medicine, biophysics and environmental monitoring and remediation. The underlying rationale for using such techniques stands in the sometimes compelling requirements of avoiding clogging as in micro/nano channel flows, of limiting sedimentation and wall interactions in particle/cell counting, of enhancing particle-surface interaction as in bio-sensing or of facilitating characterization and sorting as in bio-physical applications. Being developed in the frame of a Belgian national project devoted to the characterization and counting of pollutant in water media by digital holographic microscopy, this thesis tackles a peculiar class of particle manipulation techniques, commonly known as Focusing. The main goal of focusing is to avoid at best wall particle interactions and sedimentation, prevalent issues for dispersions owing in micro/mini-channels especially for applications such as optical characterization and counting.<p><p>The main attention was given to two flow focusing techniques - Hydrodynamic and Acoustic Focusing - for their wide range applicability and cost effectiveness. Hydrodynamic Focusing consists in controlling the position and spreading of the sample under investigation by means of a so-called sheath flow. A low-cost, nevertheless effective, prototype has been conceived, designed, manufactured and tested. It allowed for controlling the spreading of the sample stream and achieving a focusing ratio accounting for only 4% of the original stream width.<p><p>Acoustic Focusing takes advantage of the time-averaged pressure fields induced by the creation of standing waves in channels to manipulate and focus the dispersed particles. In the frame of this thesis, several devices have been developed using square cross section glass mini-channels. Aside from the cost-effectiveness, particles where focused in a somehow unexpected but high reproducible 3D matrix-like structure. A novel numerical model has also been implemented in order to study the conditions leading to the 3D structure formation. A good agreement between experimental and numerical results was found./Ce projet de thèse portant sur la manipulation de micro-particules dans des minicanaux s'inscrit dans le développement de cellules de flux pour des applications biologiques, qui est l'une des problématiques du projet HOLOFLOW, soutenu par<p>la région de Bruxelles Capitale. Les cellules de flux doivent permettre l'observation et la reconnaissance des micro-organismes vivants dans une large gamme de dimensions (de quelques microns à 1mm) avec la microscopie holographie digitale.<p>La problématique d'observation et de manipulation des microorganismes en flux est liée au clogging (bouchage) et à la sédimentation qui limitent la durée de vie des cellules d'observation. Ce projet de thèse s'inscrit dans cette problématique et propose deux axes d'étude pour limiter l'interaction entre organismes et canaux, la focalisation hydrodynamique, basée sur le guidage de flux, et la focalisation acoustique, basée sur la manipulation des particules.<p><p>La focalisation hydrodynamique est une technique basée sur l'injection différentiée de l'échantillon à observer et d'un fluide support. La différence des vitesses d'injection des flux permet de contrôler la dispersion des particules afin d'optimiser leur observation. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, un prototype à bas-coût a été développé et construit, permettant de focaliser les particules dans un faisceau jusqu'à 4% de leur faisceau incident.<p><p>La focalisation acoustique utilise la création d'une onde acoustique stationnaire afin de regrouper les particules en suspension au centre du canal. Au cours de cette thèse, plusieurs prototypes ont été réalisés, mettant en évidence la formation de motifs tridimensionnaux. Un model numérique a été spécialement développé afin d'étudier les conditions de génération de ces motifs, et de nombreuses expériences ont été menées afin de s'assurer de leur reproductibilité. Une bonne adéquation entre la position des particules mesurée et calculée numériquement a été démontrée. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

(in English): The thesis focuses on the quality of life of carers of people with dementia being cared for at home. The theoretical section describes the concept of quality of life in general terms, but also considers carers accounts of their own personal experience. This section then outlines the various stages of dementia and how they impact the quality of life of caregivers. To complete the picture, this is followed by an assessment of care burden but also the various positive aspects arising from caring for dementia patients. By conducting semi-structured interviews, this work aims to investigate how excarers assess and value their experience of caring and whether, either while they were caring or retrospectively, they were aware of any positive aspects of caring for dementia patients and if so, specify what they were and if caregivers found personal meaning in their caregiving experience. Hence, the core area of interest is whether positive aspects of caregiving, finding meaning and cognitive restructuring could form the basis of a successful intervention, which may positively impact quality of life of current caregivers of dementia patients. While excarers mentioned numerous positive aspects associated with caregiving, some also referred to the meaning that they have found through caregiving....

La révolution en cours des outils optogénétiques - des protéines photosensibles génétiquement induites qui peuvent activer, inhiber et enregistrer l'activité neuronale - a permis d'ouvrir une nouvelle voie pour relier l'activité neuronale et la cognition. Néanmoins, pour profiter au mieux de ces outils nous avons besoin de méthodes optiques qui peuvent projeter des schémas d'illumination complexes dans le cerveau. Pendant mon doctorat, j'ai travaillé sur deux nouveaux systèmes complémentaires pour la stimulation de l'activité neuronale. Le premier système combine des déflecteurs acousto-optiques et une illumination Gaussienne à faible ouverture numérique pour produire une photo activation rapide des outils optogénétiques. La capacité d'accès aléatoire du système permet de délivrer des séquences d'illumination spatialement et temporellement complexes qui simulent avec succès les schémas physiologiques de l'activité des fibres moussues dans des tranches de cerveaux. Ces résultats démontrent que les schémas de stimulation optogénétique peuvent être utilisés pour recréer l'activité en cours et étudier les microcircuits du cerveau dans un environnement physiologique. Alternativement, l'holographie générée par ordinateur (HGO) permet d'améliorer grandement les stimulations optogénétiques en répartissant efficacement la lumière sur plusieurs cibles cellulaires simultanément. Néanmoins, le confinement axial se dégrade pour des schémas d'illuminations larges. Afin de d'améliorer ce point, l’HGO peut être combinée avec une technique de focalisation temporelle qui confine axialement la fluorescence sans dépendre de l'allongement latéral. Les précédentes configurations maintiennent l'excitation non linéaire à un unique plan focal spatiotemporel. Dans cette thèse, je décris deux méthodes différentes qui permettent de dépasser ces limitations et de permettre la génération de schémas focalisés tridimensionnellement, à la fois spatialement et temporellement. / The ongoing revolution of optogenetic tools – genetically encoded light-sensitive proteins that can activate, silence and monitor neural activity – has opened a new pathway to bridge the gap between neuronal activity and cognition. However, to take full advantage of these tools we need optical methods that can deliver complex light patterns in the brain. During my doctorate, I worked on two novel and complementary optical systems for complex spatiotemporally neural activity stimulation. The first system combined acousto-optic deflectors and low numerical aperture Gaussian beam illumination for fast photoactivation of optogenetic tools. The random-access capabilities of the system allowed to deliver complex spatiotemporal illumination sequences that successfully emulated physiological patterns of cerebellar mossy fiber activity in acute slices. These results demonstrate that patterned optogenetic stimulation can be used to recreate ongoing activity and study brain microcircuits in a physiological activity context. Alternatively, Computer Generated Holography (CGH) can powerfully enhance optogenetic stimulation by efficiently shaping light onto multiple cellular targets simultaneously. Nonetheless, the axial confinement degrades for laterally extended illumination patterns. To address this issue, CGH can be combined with temporal focusing that axially confines fluorescence regardless of lateral extent. However, previous configurations restricted nonlinear excitation to a single spatiotemporal focal plane. In this thesis, I describe two alternative methods to overcome this limitation and enable three-dimensional spatiotemporal focused pattern generation.

This thesis describes the physical nature of corrections of an electron microscope and mathematical methods of image processing required for their complete automation. The corrections include different types of focusing, astigmatism correction, electron beam centring, and image stabilisation. The mathematical methods described in this thesis include various methods of measuring focus and astigmatism, with and without using the Fourier transform, edge detection, histogram operations, and image registration, i.e. detection of spatial transformations in images. This thesis includes detailed descriptions of the mathematical methods, their evaluation using an “offline” application, descriptions of the algorithms of their implementation into an actual electron microscope and results of their testing on the actual electron microscope, in the form of a video footage grabbed from its control computer’s screen.

<p>Ultrafast laser-based diagnostic techniques are powerful tools for the detailed understanding of highly dynamic combustion chemistry and physics. The ultrashort pulses provide unprecedented temporal resolution along with high peak power for broad spectral range−ideal for nonlinear signal generation at high repetition rate−with applications including next-generation combustors for gas turbines, plasma-assisted combustion, hypersonic flows and rotating detonation engines. The current work focuses on advancing (i) femtosecond (fs) two-photon laser-induced fluorescence, and (ii) hybrid femtosecond/picosecond vibrational and rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (fs/ps RCARS and VCARS) to higher pressures for the first time. </p><p>Quantitative single-laser-shot kHz-rate concentration measurements of key atomic (O-atom) and molecular (CO) species is presented using femtosecond two-photon laser-induced fluorescence (TP-LIF) for a range of equivalence ratios and pressures in diffusion flames. A multitude of signal-interfering sources and loss mechanisms−relevant to high-pressure fs TP-LIF applications−are also quantified up to 20 atm to ensure high accuracy. The pressure scaling of interferences take into account degradation, attenuation and wave-front distortion of the excitation laser pulse; collisional quenching and pressure dependent transition line-broadening and shifting; photolytic interferences; multi-photon ionization; stimulated emission; and radiation trapping. </p><p>Hybrid fs/ps VCARS of N₂ is reported for interference-free temperature measurement at 1300-2300 K in high-pressure, laminar diffusion flames up to 10 atm. A time asymmetric probe pulse allowed for detection of spectrally resolved CARS signals at probe delays as early as ~200-300 fs while being independent of collisions for the full range of pressures and temperatures. Limits of collisional independence, accuracy and precision of the measurement is explored at various probe-pulse delays, pressures and temperatures. </p><p> </p><p>Additionally, a novel all diode-pumped Nd:YAG amplifier design is presented for generation of time-synchronized ps-probe pulses for hybrid fs/ps RCARS of N₂. High-energy, nearly transform-limited, single-mode, chirp-free ps probe-pulses are generated at variable pulsewidths. The detailed architecture and characterization of the laser is presented. kHz-rate RCARS thermometry is presented up to 2400 K. Excellent spatial, spectral, and temporal beam quality allowed for fitting the theoretical spectra with a simple Gaussian model for the probe pulse with temperature accuracies of 1-2%. </p> <p><br></p>

<p>Particle suspensions in viscoelastic fluids (e.g., polymeric fluids, liquid crystalline solutions, gels) are ubiquitous in industrial processes and in biology. In such fluids, particles often acquire lift forces that push them to preferential streamlines in the flow domain. This lift force depends greatly on the fluid’s rheology, and plays a vital role in many applications such as particle separations in microfluidic devices, particle rinsing on silicon wafers, and particle resuspension in enhanced oil recovery. Previous studies have provided understanding on how fluid rheology affects the motion of spherical particles in simple viscoelastic fluid flows such as shear flows. However, the combined effect of more complex flow profiles and particle shape is still under-explored. The main contribution of this thesis is to: (a) provide understanding on the migration and rotation dynamics of an arbitrary-shaped particle in complex flows of a viscoelastic fluid, and (b) develop guidelines for designing such suspensions for general applications.</p> <p><br></p> <p>In the first part of the thesis, we develop theories based on the second-order fluid (SOF) constitutive model to provide solutions for the polymeric force and torque on an arbitrary-shaped solid particle under a general quadratic flow field. When the first and second normal stress coefficients satisfy  <strong>Ψ</strong>₁  = −2 <strong>Ψ</strong> ₂ (corotational limit), the fluid viscoelasticity modifies only the fluid pressure and we provide exact solutions to the polymer force and torque on the particle. For a general SOF with  <strong>Ψ</strong> ₁ ≠  −2 <strong>Ψ</strong> ₂, fluid viscoelasticity modifies the shear stresses, and we provide a procedure for numerical solutions. General scaling laws are also identified to quantify the polymeric lift based on different particle shapes and orientation. We find that the particle migration speed is directly proportional to the length the particle spans in the shear gradient direction (L_sg), and that polymeric torques lead to unique orientation behavior under flow.</p> <p><br></p> <p>Secondly, we investigate the migration and rotational behavior of prolate and oblate spheroids in various viscoelastic, pressure-driven flows. In a 2-D slit flow, fluid viscoelasticity causes prolate particles to transition to a log-rolling motion where the particles orient perpendicular to the flow-flow gradient plane. This behavior leads to a slower overall migration speed (i.e., lift) of prolate particles towards the flow centerline compared to spherical particles of the same volume. In a circular tube flow, prolate particles align their long axis along the flow direction due to the extra polymer torque generated by the velocity curvature in all radial directions. Again, this effect causes prolate particles to migrate slower to the flow centerline than spheres of the same volume. For oblate particles, we quantify their long-time orientation and find that they migrate slower than spheres of the same volume, but exhibit larger migration speeds than prolate particles. Lastly, we examine the effect of normal stress ratio ? <strong>α</strong>  = <strong>Ψ</strong> ₂ /<strong>Ψ</strong>₁on the particle motion and find that this parameter only quantitatively impacts the particle migration velocity but has negligible effect on the rotational dynamics. We therefore can utilize the exact solution derived under the corotational limit (?<strong>α</strong> = −1/2) for a quick and reasonable prediction on the particle dynamics.</p> <p><br></p> <p>We next experimentally investigate the migration behavior of spheroidal particles in microfluidic systems and draw comparisons to our theoretical predictions. A dilute suspension of prolate/oblate microparticles in a density-matched 8% aqueous polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solution is used as the model suspension system. Using brightfield microscopy, we qualitatively confirm our theoretical predictions for flow Deborah numbers 0 < De < 0.1 – i.e., that spherical particles show faster migration speed than prolate and oblate particles of the same volume in tube flows.</p> <p><br></p> <p>We finally design a holographic imaging method to capture the 3-D position and orientation of dynamic microparticles in microfluidic flow. We adopt in-line holography setup and propose a straightforward hologram reconstruction method to extract the 3-D position and orientation of a non-spherical particle. The method utilizes image moment to locate the particle and localize the detection region. We detect the particle position in the depth direction by quantifying the image sharpness at different depth position, and uses principal component analysis (PCA) to detect the orientation of the particle. For a semi-transparent particle that produces complex diffraction patterns, a mask based on the image moment information can be utilized during the image sharpness process to better resolve the particle position.</p> <p><br></p> <p>In the last part of this thesis, we conclude our work and discuss the future research perspectives. We also comment on the possible application of current work to various fields of research and industrial processes.</p> <p><br></p>

Nous présentons dans ce manuscrit des mesures de corrélations spatiales à un et deux corps effectuées sur un gaz de bosons unidimensionnel et ultra-froid piégé à la surface d'une microstructure. Les corrélations à deux corps sont mises en évidence par des mesures de fluctuations de densité in situ ; les corrélations à un corps sont sondées grâce à des mesures de distributions en impulsion. Nous avons observé des fluctuations de densité sub-poissoniennes dans le régime d'interactions faibles, mettant ainsi en évidence pour la première fois le sous-régime du régime de quasi-condensat dans lequel la fonction de corrélation à deux corps est dominée par les fluctuations quantiques. Nous avons également observé des fluctuations sub-poissoniennes quelle que soit la densité dans le régime d'interactions fortes ; notre mesure constitue la première observation d'un unique gaz de bosons unidimensionnel dans ce régime. Le piège magnétique que nous avons utilisé est un piège modulé qui possède la propriété remarquable de découplage entre confinements transverse et longitudinal. Cette spécificité nous a permis de façonner à volonté la forme du confinement longitudinal. En particulier, nous avons pu obtenir des pièges harmoniques et quartiques. Nous avons également utilisé les propriétés de ce piège modulé afin de réaliser une lentille magnétique longitudinale. Cette technique nous a permis de mesurer la distribution en impulsion du gaz, dans le régime d'interactions faibles. Nous présentons deux résultats, obtenus de part et d'autre de la transition molle entre les régimes de gaz de Bose idéal et de quasi-condensat. Sur le plan théorique, nous montrons qu'une théorie de champ classique ne suffit pas à décrire quantitativement cette transition molle pour les paramètres typiques de l'expérience. Nous avons donc recours à des calculs Monte-Carlo quantiques. La température extraite de l'ajustement de nos donnée par ces calculs est en bon accord avec celle obtenue en ajustant les fluctuations de densité in situ avec la thermodynamique de C. N. Yang et C. P. Yang. Enfin, nous démontrons une méthode de compensation de la gravité (piégeage harmonique résiduel) lors de la phase de lentille magnétique, qui nous permet d'améliorer considérablement la résolution en impulsion de cette technique. / In this manuscript, we present spatial one and two-body correlation measurements performed on a one-dimensional gas of ultra-cold bosons trapped at the surface of a microstructure. Two body correlations are highlighted by measurements of in situ density fluctuations and one-body correlations are probed through measurements of momentum distributions.We observed sub-Poissonian density fluctuations in the regime of weak interactions, thus demonstrating for the first time the regime of quasi-condensate in which the two-body correlation function is dominated by quantum fluctuations. We also observed sub-Poissonian fluctuations regardless of the density in the regime of strong interactions. Our measurement is the first observation of a single one-dimensional gas of bosons in this regime.The magnetic trap that we used is a modulated trap that has the remarkable property of decoupling between transverse and longitudinal confinements. This specificity has enabled us to engineer at will the shape of the longitudinal confinement. In particular, we were able to obtain harmonic and quartic traps.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:36:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 A contra-reforma do Estado e o financiamento da Seguridade Social - 1995 a 2002.pdf: 1001008 bytes, checksum: 93aaac1432b6d1aede0c3c946600717f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-30 / Trata do financiamento da Seguridade Social no Brasil no contexto da contra-reforma do Estado na década de 1990 e início dos anos 2000, focando o período do governo Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1995 2002). A Seguridade é uma das formas da intervenção pública do governo, com o objetivo de promover sua legitimação. A partir de uma problematização teórico-histórica sobre a teoria do Estado, base para os estudos, é discutida a construção do conceito de Seguridade no país e a regulamentação das políticas que a compõem Previdência, Assistência e Saúde , além da contra-reforma do Estado no Brasil e seus efeitos sobre essa política. Apresenta considerações sobre as alterações nas políticas componentes da Seguridade, discorrendo sobre a contra-reforma da Previdência Social com a incorporação da lógica atuarial à concessão dos benefícios; sobre a assistencialização das políticas sociais e o aumento dos gastos com a Assistência Social, ainda que em nível insuficiente para lidar com as mazelas sociais do país; e sobre o processo de implantação do Sistema Único de Saúde, que trouxe uma valorização da atenção básica à saúde e dos mecanismos de descentralização dos recursos, ficando os municípios responsáveis por boa parte da operacionalização e financiamento da política. A partir da discussão sobre o financiamento público, é ressaltada a predominância da valorização financeira do capital com a destinação de parcela crescente dos recursos arrecadados pelo governo para garantir a acumulação. Os principais mecanismos nesse sentido são os instrumentos de desvinculação das receitas, agora comprometidas com o pagamento dos juros da dívida, e as metas de resultado primário positivo. A intervenção pública dos anos 90 pautou-se pela busca da estabilização da economia, sobre-valorizando a importância de uma política econômica de cunho contracionista e conduzindo a cortes nos gastos públicos para a área social com a finalidade de pagar parte dos juros da dívida pública, ou seja, remunerar o capital especulativo e manter calmos, ou melhor, satisfeitos, os ditos mercados . Na medida em que avançou a penetração da ideologia neoliberal na sociedade e a utilização dos recursos arrecadados em nome da Seguridade para os gastos específicos foi reduzida, as possibilidades para a efetivação dessa política enquanto intervenção pública consolidada pioraram, dependendo cada vez mais de uma mobilização social nesse sentido.

Les patients atteints de maladie de Parkinson présentent des troubles de la marche, parfois paroxystiques, pouvant être aggravés ou améliorés par les stimuli environnementaux. L'attention portée, soit aux stimuli extérieurs, soit à la marche, pourrait ainsi moduler la locomotion.L’objectif principal était donc de mieux caractériser la manière dont les stimuli environnementaux modulent par le biais de réseaux attentionnels la locomotion. Ceci a été étudié chez les sujets sains puis chez les patients parkinsoniens, avec ou sans enrayage cinétique.Nous avons d'abord défini précisément les déficits attentionnels des patients, avec ou sans troubles de la marche. Ils présentaient respectivement des difficultés en flexibilité mentale et plus particulièrement en attention divisée.Nous avons ensuite exploré l'interaction attention-locomotion grâce à l'étude de la préparation motrice. Ainsi, nous avons pu démontrer que les ajustements posturaux anticipés étaient un marqueur sensible de l’attention. Chez les patients, ils pouvaient témoigner d’une altération de l'interaction attention-programmation motrice.L'étude des régions cérébrales activées lors de la locomotion visuo-guidée chez ces patients a permis de confirmer l'implication de structures corticales attentionnelles. Un déséquilibre d’activation au sein du réseau pariéto-prémoteur (nécessaire à la modulation de l'action motrice en fonction des stimuli externes) était présent.Enfin, nous avons essayé de modifier l'excitabilité du cortex prémoteur via des techniques de stimulation magnétique transcrânienne répétitive afin de moduler la locomotion visuo-guidée. / Patients with Parkinson 's disease present gait impairments, sometimes sudden and unexpected, either improved or deteriorated with environmental stimuli. Attention focalization, either on external stimuli or on gait, could then modulate locomotion.The main objective was to better characterize how environmental stimuli would modulate locomotion, via attentional networks, in healthy subjects and in parkinsonian patients, with or without freezing of gait.At first, we precisely defined the attentional deficits in patients, with or without gait impairment. They showed altered performance respectively in mental flexibility and in divided attention.Then, we explored the attention-locomotion interaction by studying motor preparation. So, we highlighted that anticipatory postural adjustments were a sensitive marker of attention. In patients, they evidenced an alteration of the attention-motor program interaction.Studying the brain activation during the visuo-driven locomotion in these patients confirmed the involvement of cortical attentional regions. We observed an imbalance inside the parieto-premotor network (useful to modulate motor action according external stimuli)Finally, we tried to change the excitability of the premotor cortex with transcranial magnetic stimulation to modulate visuo-driven locomotion.

Tesis por compendio / [EN] Phononic crystals are artificial materials formed by a periodic arrangement of inclusions embedded into a host medium, where each of them can be solid or fluid. By controlling the geometry and the impedance contrast of its constituent materials, one can control the dispersive properties of waves, giving rise to a huge variety of interesting and fundamental phenomena in the context of wave propagation. When a propagating wave encounters a medium with different physical properties it can be transmitted and reflected in lossless media, but also absorbed if dissipation is taken into account. These fundamental phenomena have been classically explained in the context of homogeneous media, but it has been a subject of increasing interest in the context of periodic structures in recent years as well. This thesis is devoted to the study of different effects found in sonic and phononic crystals associated with transmission, reflection and absorption of waves, as well as the development of a technique for the characterization of its dispersive properties, described by the band structure. We start discussing the control of wave propagation in transmission in conservative systems. Specifically, our interest is to show how sonic crystals can modify the spatial dispersion of propagating waves leading to control the diffractive broadening of sound beams. Making use of the spatial dispersion curves extracted from the analysis of the band structure, we first predict zero and negative diffraction of waves at frequencies close to the band-edge, resulting in collimation and focusing of sound beams in and behind a 3D sonic crystal, and later demonstrate it through experimental measurements. The focusing efficiency of a 3D sonic crystal is limited due to the strong scattering inside the crystal, characteristic of the diffraction regime. To overcome this limitation we consider axisymmetric structures working in the long wavelength regime, as a gradient index lens. In this regime, the scattering is strongly reduced and, in an axisymmetric configuration, the symmetry matching with acoustic sources radiating sound beams increase its efficiency dramatically. Moreover, the homogenization theory can be used to model the structure as an effective medium with effective physical properties, allowing the study of the wave front profile in terms of refraction. We will show the model, design and characterization of an efficient focusing device based on these concepts. Consider now a periodic structure in which one of the parameters of the lattice, such as the lattice constant or the filling fraction, gradually changes along the propagation direction. Chirped crystals represent this concept and are used here to demonstrate a novel mechanism of sound wave enhancement based on a phenomenon known as "soft" reflection. The enhancement is related to a progressive slowing down of the wave as it propagates along the material, which is associated with the group velocity of the local dispersion relation at the planes of the crystal. A model based on the coupled mode theory is proposed to predict and interpret this effect. Two different phenomena are observed here when dealing with dissipation in periodic structures. On one hand, when considering the propagation of in-plane sound waves in a periodic array of absorbing layers, an anomalous decrease in the absorption, combined with a simultaneous increase of reflection and transmission at Bragg frequencies is observed, in contrast to the usual decrease of transmission, characteristic in conservative periodic systems at these frequencies. For a similar layered media, backed now by a rigid reflector, out-of-plane waves impinging the structure from a homogeneous medium will increase dramatically the interaction strength. In other words, the time delay of sound waves inside the periodic system will be considerably increased resulting in an enhanced absorption, for a broadband spectral range. / [ES] Los cristales fonónicos son materiales artificiales formados por una disposición periódica de inclusiones en un medio, pudiendo ambos ser de carácter sólido o fluido. Controlando la geometría y el contraste de impedancias entre los materiales constituyentes se pueden controlar las propiedades dispersivas de las ondas. Cuando una onda propagante se encuentra un medio con diferentes propiedades físicas puede ser transmitida y reflejada, en medios sin pérdidas, pero también absorbida, si la disipación es tenida en cuenta. La presente tesis está dedicada al estudio de diferentes efectos presentes en cristales sónicos y fonónicos relacionados con la transmisión, reflexión y absorción de ondas, así como el desarrollo de una técnica para la caracterización de sus propiedades dispersivas, descritas por la estructura de bandas. En primer lugar, se estudia el control de la propagación de ondas en transmisión en sistemas conservativos. Específicamente, nuestro interés se centra en mostrar cómo los cristales sónicos son capaces de modificar la dispersión espacial de las ondas propagantes, dando lugar al control del ensanchamiento de haces de sonido. Haciendo uso de las curvas de dispersión espacial extraídas del análisis de la estructura de bandas, se predice primero la difracción nula y negativa de ondas a frecuencias cercanas al borde de la banda, resultando en la colimación y focalización de haces acústicos en el interior y detrás de un cristal sónico 3D, y posteriormente se demuestra mediante medidas experimentales. La eficiencia de focalización de un cristal sónico 3D está limitada debido a las múltiples reflexiones existentes en el interior del cristal. Para superar esta limitación se consideran estructuras axisimétricas trabajando en el régimen de longitud de onda larga, como lentes de gradiente de índice. En este régimen, las reflexiones internas se reducen fuertemente y, en configuración axisimétrica, la adaptación de simetría con fuentes acústicas radiando haces de sonido incrementa la eficiencia drásticamente. Además, la teoría de homogenización puede ser empleada para modelar la estructura como un medio efectivo con propiedades físicas efectivas, permitiendo el estudio del frente de ondas en términos refractivos. Se mostrará el modelado, diseño y caracterización de un dispositivo de focalización eficiente basado en los conceptos anteriores. Considérese ahora una estructura periódica en la que uno de los parámetros de la red, sea el paso de red o el factor de llenado, cambia gradualmente a lo largo de la dirección de propagación. Los cristales chirp representan este concepto y son empleados aquí para demostrar un mecanismo novedoso de incremento de la intensidad de la onda sonora basado en un fenómeno conocido como reflexión "suave". Este incremento está relacionado con una ralentización progresiva de la onda conforme se propaga a través del material, asociado con la velocidad de grupo de la relación de dispersión local en los planos del cristal. Un modelo basado en la teoría de modos acoplados es propuesto para predecir e interpretar este efecto. Se observan dos fenómenos diferentes al considerar pérdidas en estructuras periódicas. Por un lado, si se considera la propagación de ondas sonoras en un array periódico de capas absorbentes, cuyo frente de ondas es paralelo a los planos del cristal, se produce una reducción anómala en la absorción combinada con un incremento simultáneo de la reflexión y transmisión a las frecuencias de Bragg, de forma contraria a la habitual reducción de la transmisión, característica de sistemas periódicos conservativos a estas frecuencias. En el caso de la misma estructura laminada en la que se cubre uno de sus lados mediante un reflector rígido, la incidencia de ondas sonoras desde un medio homogéneo, cuyo frente de ondas es perpendicular a los planos del cristal, produce un gran incremento de la fuerza de / [CA] Els cristalls fonònics són materials artificials formats per una disposició d'inclusions en un medi, ambdós poden ser sòlids o fluids. Controlant la geometría i el contrast d'impedàncies dels seus materials constituents, és poden controlar les propietats dispersives de les ondes, permetent una gran varietatde fenòmens fonamentals interessants en el context de la propagació d'ones. Quan una ona propagant troba un medi amb pèrdues amb propietats físiques diferents es pot transmetre i reflectir, però també absorbida si la dissipació es té en compte. Aquests fenòmens fonamentals s'han explicat clàssicament en el context de medis homogenis, però també ha sigut un tema de creixent interés en el context d'estructures periòdiques en els últims anys. Aquesta tesi doctoral tracta de l'estudi de diferents efectes en cristalls fonònics i sònics lligats a la transmissió, reflexió i absorció d'ones, així com del desenvolupament d'una tècnica de caracterització de les propietats dispersives, descrites mitjançant la estructura de bandes. En primer lloc, s'estudia el control de la propagació ondulatori en transmissió en sistemes conservatius. Més específicament, el nostre interés és mostrar com els cristalls sonors poden modificar la dispersió espacial d'ones propagants donant lloc al control de l'amplària per difracció dels feixos sonors. Mitjançant les corbes dispersió espacial obtingudes de l'anàlisi de l'estructura de bandes, es prediu, en primer lloc, la difracció d'ones zero i negativa a freqüències próximes al final de banda. El resultat és la collimació i focalització de feixos sonors dins i darrere de cristalls de so. Després es mostra amb mesures experimentals. L'eficiència de focalització d'un cristall de so 3D està limitada per la gran dispersió d'ones dins del cristall, que és característic del règim difractiu. Per a superar aquesta limitació, estructures axisimètriques que treballen en el règim de llargues longituds d'ona, i es comporten com a lents de gradient d'índex. En aquest règim, la dispersió es redueix enormement i, en una configuració axisimètrica, a causa de l'acoblament de la simetría amb les fonts acústiques que radien feixos sonors, l'eficiència de radiació s'incrementa significativament. D'altra banda, la teoria d'homogeneïtzació es pot utilitzar per a modelar, dissenyar i caracteritzar un dispositiu eficient de focalització basat en aquests conceptes. Considerem ara una estructura periòdica en la qual un dels seus paràmetres de xarxa, com ara la constant de xarxa o el factor d'ompliment canvia gradualment al llarg de la direcció de propagació. Els cristalls chirped representen aquest concepte i s'utilitzen ací per a demostrar un mecanisme nou d'intensificació d'ones sonores basat en el fenòmen conegut com a reflexió "suau". La intensificació està relacionada amb la alentiment progressiva de l'ona conforme propaga al llarg del material, que està associada amb la velocitat de grup de la relació de dispersió local en els diferents plànols del cristall. Es proposa un model basat en la teoria de modes acoblats per a predir i interpretar este efecte. Dos fenòmens diferents cal destacar quan es tracta d'estructures periòdiques amb dissipació. Per un costat, al considerar la propagació d'ones sonores en el plànol en un array periòdic de capes absorbents, s'observa una disminució anòmala de l'absorció i es combina amb un augment simultani de reflexió i transmissió en les freqüències de Bragg que contrasta amb la usual disminució de transmissió, característica dels sistemes conservatius a eixes freqüències. Per a un medi similar de capes, amb un reflector rígid darrere, les ones fora del pla incidint l'estructura des de un medi homogeni, augmentaran considerablement la interacció. En altres paraules, el retràs temporal de les ones sonores dins del sistema periòdic augmentarà significativament produint un augmen / Cebrecos Ruiz, A. (2015). Transmission, reflection and absorption in Sonic and Phononic Crystals [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/56463 / TESIS / Premios Extraordinarios de tesis doctorales / Compendio