Cette thèse a pour objet d’effectuer une étude approfondie des IDE chinois et d’analyser la stratégie et l’organisation des entreprises chinoises en France. Pour cela, nous étudions les principales motivations d’investissement des entreprises chinoises en France, leurs modes d’entrée sur le marché français ainsi que les différentes façons de contrôler leurs filiales en France. Nous utilisons la méthodologie qualitative pour cette recherche. Au total, nous avons interviewé dix-sept entreprises chinoises ayant réalisé des IDE en France. Nos résultats montrent que la recherche de marchés et d’actifs stratégiques sont les principales motivations des IDE chinois en France. Le gouvernement chinois joue un rôle de promoteur dans le processus d’internationalisation des entreprises chinoises en France. Les entreprises chinoises préfèrent entrer en France par une filiale en propriété exclusive. Les cadres locaux jouent un rôle clé dans la gestion des filiales des entreprises chinoises en France. / This thesis aims to carry out an in-depth study on Chinese FDI, to analyse the strategy and organization of Chinese companies in France. For this, we study the main investment motivations for Chinese companies in France, their entry modes into the French market, and the different ways of controlling their subsidiaries in France. We used a qualitative methodology for this research. In total, we interviewed seventeen Chinese companies that carried out FDI in France. Our empirical findings indicate that market-seeking and strategic assets seeking are the main motivations for Chinese FDI in France. The Chinese government plays a role of promoter in the process of internationalization of Chinese companies in France. Chinese companies prefer to enter into France through wholly owned subsidiaries. Local managers play a key role in the management of the subsidiaries of Chinese firms in France.

Orientadores: Sergio Robles Reis de Queiroz / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T03:42:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_Pollyanade_M.pdf: 1204744 bytes, checksum: b275cedb023051973e8b16d3603337a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: No Brasil, o setor de componentes semicondutores, os chips, permanece restrito a um pequeno grupo de empresas, fato que tem ocasionado déficits crescentes na balança comercial. Diante desse fato, existem várias discussões e estudos sobre formas de aumentar a internalização das atividades desse setor no país, além do debate recente sobre a necessidade da instalação de uma planta produtiva (foundry) realizado pelo governo. Outro elemento de destaque é que o segmento foi adotado como um dos setores prioritários na Política Industrial, Tecnológica e de Comércio Exterior (PITCE), lançada em 2004. Com essa preocupação, o objetivo dessa dissertação foi examinar as perspectivas, com suas possibilidades e limitações, do desenvolvimento da indústria brasileira de semicondutores por meio de um segmento específico - as companhias de projeto dos circuitos, chamadas de design houses. Para tanto, por meio da revisão bibliográfica, o trabalho foi estruturado em três capítulos: o primeiro que trata de uma discussão sobre o panorama existente e as tendências recentes na indústria mundial de semicondutores; o segundo que traz a análise de um país com desenvolvimento tardio nessa indústria - a experiência de Taiwan, e, finalmente, uma avaliação da indústria brasileira de chips, além do exame de suas possibilidades de desenvolvimento do setor por meio das design houses. Constatou-se que, com a tendência de especialização vertical na indústria mundial, houve uma separação entre as atividades de projeto e as de manufatura, criando um amplo mercado de design de circuitos, particularmente em segmentos menos padronizados e oligopolizados, como os circuitos integrados de aplicação específica, propiciando oportunidades para novos entrantes, tal como o Brasil. Já a experiência de Taiwan mostrou que a intervenção estatal é necessária para uma trajetória de desenvolvimento nesse setor, principalmente para articular mecanismos que garantam a assimilação e aprendizado a partir da transferência de tecnologias. Além disso, que a interação entre as design houses e as empresas de manufatura (foundries) permitiu a geração de capacidades tecnológicas diferenciadas que garantiram a inserção competitiva do país na indústria mundial. No caso da indústria brasileira de semicondutores, verificou-se que existem capacidades tecnológicas na área de projetos, as quais possibilitam o desenvolvimento de design houses no Brasil: atividades de design de circuitos integrados em grupos e centros de pesquisa, atividades de capacitação de recursos humanos e disponibilidade de equipamentos e ferramentas para desenvolvimento de projetos e softwares. No entanto, a experiência internacional de sucesso, juntamente com os obstáculos identificados na indústria nacional, mostraram que o desenvolvimento somente do segmento de design é uma trajetória limitada, uma vez que são necessários outros elementos, como uma empresa de manufatura, para que exista um ?círculo virtuoso?, capaz de oferecer sustentabilidade no desenvolvimento da indústria de semicondutores no longo prazo / Abstract: In Brazil, the sector of semiconductors components, the chips, remains restricted to a small group of companies, fact that has caused deficit increasing in the trade balance. Ahead of this fact, there are several discussions and studies in forms to increase the internal production of these activities in the sector of the country, beyond the recent debate on the necessity of the installation of a productive plant (foundry) realized by the government. Another element of prominence is that the segment was adopted as one of the priority sectors in the Industrial, Technological and Foreign Trade Policy (PITCE), launched in 2004. With this concern, the objective of this dissertation was examine the perspectives, with its possibilities and limitations, of the development of the semiconductor brazilian industry by means a specific segment - the companies of project of the circuits, called design houses. For in such a way, by means the bibliographical revision, the work was structuralized in three chapters: the first one deals with a discussion on the existing panorama and the recent trends in the worldwide industry of semiconductors; the second brings the analysis of a country with late development in this industry ? the Taiwan experience, and finally, an evaluation of the Brazilian industry of chips, beyond the examination of its possibilities of development of the sector by means the design houses. It was evidenced that with the trend of vertical specialization in worldwide industry, it had a separation between the project and manufacture activities, creating an ample market of circuit designs, particularly in less standardized and oligopolyzed, as the integrated circuits of specific application, propitiating new chances for incoming, as Brazil. Already the Taiwan experience showed that the state intervention is necessary for a trajectory of development in this sector, mainly to articulate mechanisms that guarantee the assimilation and learning from the technology transfer. Moreover, that the interaction between design houses and the companies of manufacture (foundries) allowed the generation of differentiaded technological capacities that had guaranteed the competitive insertion of the country in the worldwide industry. In the case of the Brazilian industry of semiconductors, which was verified that exist technological capacities in the area of projects, makes possible the development of design houses in Brazil: activities of circuit designs integrated in groups and centers of research, activities of human resources qualification and availability of equipment and tools for development of projects and softwares. However, the international experience of success, together with the obstacles identified in the national industry, had shown that only the development of the design segment is an limited trajectory, given that other elements are necessary, as a company of manufacture, so that a ?virtuous circle? can exist, capable to offer sustaintability in the development of the industry of semiconductors in a long period. / Mestrado / Politica Cientifica e Tecnologica / Mestre em Política Científica e Tecnológica

Submitted by Silvia Molinar de Almeida Braga (silviamolinar@hotmail.com) on 2012-09-27T22:15:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MPFE_Dissertacao_SilviaMolinar de Almeida Braga.doc: 364032 bytes, checksum: 10e0cb5b2fb8a4a8391669e307dbddad (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2012-09-28T12:13:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MPFE_Dissertacao_SilviaMolinar de Almeida Braga.doc: 364032 bytes, checksum: 10e0cb5b2fb8a4a8391669e307dbddad (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-09-28T12:55:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MPFE_Dissertacao_SilviaMolinar de Almeida Braga.doc: 364032 bytes, checksum: 10e0cb5b2fb8a4a8391669e307dbddad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-28 / The foreign investment flows have suffered significant changes in the recent years and Brazil has become one of the main destinations for foreign direct investments. This paper aims to analyze multinational companies’ choice of property structure when merging, acquiring or investing directly in their Brazilian subsidiaries, also considering the possibility of financing through the Brazilian development bank (BNDES). The effect of contingencies on the companies’ investment decision was empirically tested for the period between 2005 and 2011. The result suggests that the real options theory would not be confirmed without the BNDES’ financing, especially when considering other contingencies in sectors of big volatility and growth. In other words, companies tend to chose more committed structures in high growth scenarios and less committed strategies when higher demand volatility is observed. / O fluxo de capitais estrangeiros sofreu grandes mudanças nos últimos anos, e o Brasil tornou-se um dos principais destinos dos recursos internacionais para investimento direto. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar como as multinacionais escolhem a estrutura de propriedade ao fazerem fusões, aquisições e investimentos diretos em subsidiárias no Brasil diante da existência de financiamento pelo banco de desenvolvimento local (o Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social — BNDES). Testou-se empiricamente o efeito das contingências sobre decisões tomadas pelas empresas no período compreendido entre 2005 e 2011. Os resultados sugerem que a teoria de opções reais não teria sido confirmada se o financiamento pelo BNDES na empresa-alvo não tivesse sido incluído nas interações em cenários de grande volatilidade e crescimento. Em outras palavras, as empresas optam por estruturas que exigem nível mais alto de comprometimento quando estão diante de cenários de alto crescimento e por estratégias que envolvem nível mais baixo de comprometimento quando se observa grande volatilidade de demanda nos mercados estudados.

Presented thesis is focused on the nature of Korean direct investments in European Union, especially in the new central European member states (The Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia). The major task of thesis is to clarify, which Korean companies invest in central Europe and why do these companies locate their investments in new member states. Additionally, character of existing investments is analyzed. Thesis is divided into three main parts. Firstly, the explanation of development of Korean multinationals is provided. The main question of second part is why Korean multinationals invest in Europe and what the impact of European economic integration is. In the third part, distribution of Korean investments in central Europe is demonstrated. Both the nature of foreign direct investments and the effect of economic integration are analyzed from theoretical perspective first. Subsequently, theoretical concepts are applied on real data. Answer to all three main questions (which, why and how) will provide insight into future development of Korean direct investments in central Europe (middle- and long-term perspective).

The thesis provides information on rarely discussed issues -Czech outward foreign direct investments. The theoretical parts contains a brief overview of major theories and methodology of outward internationalization processes. The main hypothesis that deals with this issue is so called "investment development path" paradigm (IDP). This model explains why countries at a lower development stage first host foreign direct investments and why and when they start investing abroad. The practical part concentrates mainly on history, trends and role determining outward foreing direct investments of Czech enterprises. The major source for the analyses in this part is based on Czech National Bank data, Czech Statistical Office data and relevant scientific researches. This part also describes investment strategy of Czech companies - ČEZ a.s, Zentiva N.V. and Škoda-Auto a.s.The last chapter is engaged in applying IDP theory on case of Czech Republic.

Foreign direct investments have an important role in current global economy. There is a substantial evidence between the macroeconomical factors and the foreign direct investments especially at the transition countries. However the capital inflow have a different effect on the macroeconomical factors in the different countries. Effects of foreign direct investment could have a positive effect on the investment, gross domestic products, on the other hand they could also be a source of swift appreciation and massive repatriation of profits with negative impact of the host economy.

The dissertation thesis focused on a topical issue of the economic diplomacy, its role in the current economic discourse and its implication for the Czech Republic. The main contribution of the thesis can be seen in linking traditional economic issues, such as external economic relations balance with political issues, for example the governance of economic diplomacy on the national level. Being placed between economics and politics is a typical feature for the economic diplomacy. The thesis analysed various aspects of economic diplomacy, predominantly the export promotion and foreign direct investments. The Czech economic diplomacy has a big potential for further development. The Czech entrepreneurs are quite successful on foreign markets, both in the developed countries and in the third World. If the identified weaknesses were eliminated and some improvement measures were adopted, the positive impact on the economy and the business environment will arrive soon. The economic diplomacy plays an important role in the open economy, which is also the case of the Czech Republic. It also hugely affects the external economic balance of the country. The thesis also showed that the governance of the Czech economic diplomacy suffers from major deficiencies, particularly in terms of the distribution of powers and responsibilities. This hinders an efficient functioning of the state system of export promotion. In addition, the state support is not targeted enough at the sector of SMEs that needs the most support. The level of awareness about the public services provided is low. On the other hand, the findings showed that another important element of the economic diplomacy, the state support of foreign direct investments is very instrumental in the competitiveness of the economy and thus substantively contributes to the economic growth. The comparative analysis of the governance systems in Germany, Austria, Finland and France revealed that although the Czech system of economic diplomacy governance is similar to a certain extent to the analysed countries, there are still some issues to deal with that negatively affects the efficiency. There are a number of suggestions for further improvement provided in the thesis that can be used by the policy makers.

The thesis deals with tax systems of selected developing countries, especially from the perspective of a potential investor. It discusses the theoretical aspects of developing countries, their economies, and also indicates the importance of foreign direct investments. The main part deals with the tax systems of India, Vietnam and the Philippines, with a view to their analysis, description and comparison. The whole work aims to bring tax conditions in selected countries to potential investors. And also recommend the most suitable country for investment on the basis of a comparison of tax systems and foreign direct investments.

La Turquie, comme de nombreux pays, a pris conscience de l'importance de mettre en œuvre une diplomatie commerciale active. Cette thèse se donne pour objectif d'analyser les aspects juridiques de la diplomatie commerciale turque. Une réflexion est menée sur le concept même de la diplomatie commerciale dont il n'existe pas de définition faisant l'unanimité. Dans le cadre de l'étude des fondements de la diplomatie commerciale de la Turquie, l'histoire de cette diplomatie est analysée dans un premier temps, suivie de l'étude de sa législation, sans délaisser l'analyse des institutions et des acteurs turcs qui interviennent dans son élaboration. La thèse comporte également une réflexion sur l'intégration de la Turquie dans l'économie mondiale. Cette réflexion s'articule essentiellement autour de l'étude des aspects multilatéraux et plurilatéraux, mais également régionaux et bilatéraux de la diplomatie commerciale turque. Les différents axes de la diplomatie commerciale de la Turquie ont été sensiblement renforcés depuis l'arrivée au pouvoir du gouvernement AKP en 2002, grâce notamment à la politique étrangère active mise en œuvre sous l'impulsion du stratège de la diplomatie, l'ancien Ministre des Affaires Étrangères et l'actuel Premier Ministre, Ahmet Davutoglu. Ces évolutions ont permis à la Turquie de gagner en visibilité sur la scène internationale aussi bien sur le plan politique que commerciale. En effet, ce grand pays de 77 millions d'habitants, situé à la périphérie du continent européen, qui s'est fait discret durant une longue période, a commencé, et ce depuis plus d'une décennie, à faire parler d'elle. Les résultats économiques que la Turquie a obtenus en 2007 et 2008 ont été qualifiés de «miracle», notamment en comparaison avec la majorité des pays européens ayant été frappés par le ralentissement consécutif à la crise mondiale. Les années qui ont suivi ont cependant montré que cet élan a tendance à s'essouffler. / Turkey, like many countries, has recognized the importance of implementing an active commercial diplomacy. This thesis has the objective to analyze the legal aspects of the Turkish commercial diplomacy. A study is conducted on the very concept of commercial diplomacy which there is no definition-consensus. As part of the study of the fundamentals of commercial diplomacy of Turkey, the history of that diplomacy is analyzed at first, followed by the study of its legislation, without neglecting the analysis of institutions and Turkish actors involved in its development. This thesis also includes a reflection on the integration of Turkey into the global economy. This reflection is essentially based around the study of multilateral and plurilateral aspects but also regional and bilateral aspects of the Turkish commercial diplomacy. The various axes of Turkey's commercial diplomacy was significantly strengthened since the AKP government came to power in 2002, especially thanks to the active foreign policy implementation under the leadership of the strategist of diplomacy, Ahmet Davutoglu, who is the former Foreign Affairs Minister and the current Prime Minister. These developments have enabled Turkey to gain visibility on the international scene both politically and commercially. Indeed, this great country of 77 million inhabitants, situated on the outskirts of the European continent, which has been discreet for a long time, started, since for more than a decade, to be talked about. The economic results that Turkey has achieved in 2007 and 2008 have been described as "miracle", especially in comparison with the majority of European countries which were hit by the subsequent slowdown in the global crisis. The ensuing years have shown, however, that this momentum tends to falter.

Cette thèse se propose d’étudier le rôle de l’hétérogénéité des entreprises multinationales dans leurs stratégies d’investissements directs à l’étranger (IDE). Si de précédents travaux soulignent l’importance de la productivité individuelle des entreprises dans le fait de devenir une multinationale, peu évoquent l’hétérogénéité restante entre ces entreprises pour expliquer les différences de choix de mode d’entrée ou de motif d’implantation à l’étranger. A travers des approches théoriques et empiriques innovantes, basées sur l’utilisation de données confidentielles d’entreprises françaises, nous montrons que l’hétérogénéité des entreprises détermine chacun des trois aspects stratégiques détaillés dans cette thèse : Le taux de contrôle à l’étranger, le motif d’implantation et la structure du réseau de filiales. Plus précisément, la productivité et l'expérience de la firme favorisent un contrôle accru des filiales étrangères, leur importance relative dépendant du pays hôte. Ces caractéristiques sont également associées à une intégration plus profonde dans les chaînes de valeur mondiales, ainsi qu’à la constitution d'un réseau d’implantations plus original. Ces résultats permettent une meilleure compréhension des choix des multinationales, au-delà de l’apparente complexité des flux d’IDE. / This thesis examines the role of firms´ heterogeneity in the Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs) strategies. We already know firms’ heterogeneity to sharply distinguish between domestic firms, exporters and multinationals (MNEs). Yet, to what extent it impacts their foreign direct investments (FDIs) strategies among MNEs is rarely evoked, while several entry mode choices and FDI motives coexist. Mixing both theoretical and empirical innovating approaches using French firm-level data, the four chapters of this PhD dissertation reveal that the firm heterogeneity influences all of the three dimensions of strategies we review: foreign ownership mode, FDI motive and structure of the overall network of affiliates. Specifically, firm-level productivity and international experience foster deeper integration with a changing relative importance according to the host country. They are also associated with production motives and vertical integration into the global value chains. The more productive firms also display original affiliates’ network structure. These findings allow a better understanding of multinationals’ choices underneath the ``complex’’ global picture of FDI flows