Si, comme nous le suggérons, le mot « frontière » désigne un lieu de contact et d’échanges entre deux espaces plutôt qu’une ligne de séparation bien tracée, de nombreuses frontières existent, politiques, sociales, culturelles, linguistiques dans un Proche-Orient ancien qu’on qualifie souvent de « monde sans frontières » parce qu’il partage la même culture cunéiforme. Du XIVe siècle av. J.-C. au début du XIIe, les États syriens sont dans la mouvance successive d’empires puissants, Mitanni, Égypte, Hatti, qui se les disputent et fixent leurs frontières politiques, tandis que les frontières juridiques (de qui est-on justiciable ?) ou économiques (qui édicte les obligations fiscales ?) se superposent. Dans une Syrie où les langues parlées sont diverses, il existe, et même il se crée, des « entre-deux » linguistiques. Les zones frontières sont traversées sans cesse, volontairement (nomades, marchands) ou sous la contrainte (captifs). Dire qui est « un étranger » n’est possible en Syrie que de façon relative. Cependant, ni tout à fait étranger, ni membre de la communauté, un étranger résident peut, parce qu’il bénéficie d’une certaine protection et peut s’intégrer, devenir un de ceux par lesquels les cultures se transmettent. / If, as we would define it, the word “border” indicates a place of contact and exchanges between two spaces rather than a well-drawn line of separation, numerous borders exist: political, social, cultural, linguistic in an Ancient Near East often characterized as “a world without borders” since it shares the same cuneiform culture. From the fourteenth century BC to the beginning of the twelfth, the Syrian States have belonged to successive spheres of influence of powerful empires, Mitanni, Egypt, Hatti, which dispute them between themselves and fix their political borders, whereas the legal borders (to which jurisdiction you are under?) or economic ones (which authority imposes the tax obligations?) overlap. In Syria where the spoken languages are diverse, linguistic interspaces exist, are even created. Fringe areas are crossed ceaselessly, voluntarily (nomads, traders) or under duress (captives). To determine who is “a foreigner” is only possible in Syria in a relative manner. However, neither a true foreigner, nor a member of the community, a “resident foreigner” (since he is partly protected and may become integrated) can be one of these through whom the cultures are passed on.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2017-05-12T14:14:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RUBENS ALVES COSTA.pdf: 1079488 bytes, checksum: fad065aa893b1e9123a83cc7ddfd703b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:14:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RUBENS ALVES COSTA.pdf: 1079488 bytes, checksum: fad065aa893b1e9123a83cc7ddfd703b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-22 / This dissertation proposes to approach the Eschatological Sermon of the Gospel of Matthew 25,34-36.40 as denunciator of environments without social justice in the social contexts of Palestine and in South Syria of the first century A.C.The research aims to highlight that social injustice is a construction of several segments and to show that Jesus' social goal was to implant a Kingdom based on social justice, according to the Evangelist Matthew. Among the constructive segments of social injustice are the governmental and religious that conform to the current status quo and thus have no interest in change. The question of social justice is approached from the perspective of conflicting sociology. The hypothesis is based on the proposition that "The Jesus Christ described by Matt 25: 34-36.40 is of the miserable. Matthew points to a Jesus who is among the hungry, thirsty, stranger, naked, sick, and stuck. So it is those who do good works who will come into possession of the Kingdom". In order to investigate the hypothesis, the first chapter of the historical context and how the categories hunger, thirst, outsiders, nudes, patients and prisoners in the Eschatological Sermon of Matthew were articulated and in which they contributed to the formation of the social injustice. In the second chapter the exegesis of the sacred text is made from the historical-critical method. The third chapter seeks to update the text of Mt 25,34-36.40 by studying the Haitian migratory phenomenon for Brazil that occurred after the earthquake of 2010. It is concluded that social injustice is still present in today's society and that the same mechanisms generate in the time of the Evangelist Matthew continue in other formats nowadays. / Esta dissertação propõe abordar o Sermão Escatológico do Evangelho de Mateus 25,34-36.40 como denunciador de ambientes sem justiça social nos contextos sociais da Palestina e no Sul da Síria do primeiro século d.C. A pesquisa tem como objetivos destacar que a injustiça social é uma construção de diversos segmentos e evidenciar que a meta social de Jesus era implantar um Reino fundamentado na justiça social, conforme o Evangelista Mateus. Entre os segmentos construtores de injustiça social apontam-se o governamental e religioso que se acomodam ao status quo vigente e assim não têm interesse em mudanças. Aborda-se a questão da justiça social a partir da perspectiva da sociologia conflitual. A hipótese pesquisada está fundamentada na proposição de que o Jesus Cristo descrito por Mt 25,34-36.40 é dos miseráveis. Mateus aponta para um Jesus que está no meio de quem tem fome, sede, é forasteiro, estava nu, enfermo e preso. Então, são os que fazem boas obras que entrarão na posse do Reino. Para a investigação da hipótese trata-se no primeiro capítulo do contexto histórico e de como eram articuladas as categorias fome, sede, forâneos, desnudos, doentes e presos no Sermão Escatológico de Mateus e em que elas contribuíram para a formação do contexto comunitário mateano de injustiça social. No segundo capítulo é feita a exegese do texto sagrado a partir do método histórico-crítico. No terceiro capítulo busca-se atualizar o texto de Mt 25,34-36.40 estudando o fenômeno migratório haitiano para o Brasil que ocorreu depois do terremoto de 2010. Conclui-se que a injustiça social continua presente na sociedade atual e que os mesmos mecanismos geradores na época do Evangelista Mateus continuam sob outros formatos hodiernamente.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-06-21T13:02:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Luís Rebechi_.pdf: 724935 bytes, checksum: 306b8d852b6c0333c5a904d4809440c0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-21T13:02:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Luís Rebechi_.pdf: 724935 bytes, checksum: 306b8d852b6c0333c5a904d4809440c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-12 / Nenhuma / Utilizando o ferramental teórico (com destaque a Teoria da Escolha Racional) e empírico desenvolvido pela Ciência Econômica, a disciplina de Direito e Economia (ou Análise Econômica do Direito) proporciona uma compreensão aprofundada do fenômeno jurídico. Neste trabalho, sob a ótica de Direito e Economia, sobretudo da Análise Econômica dos Direitos de Propriedade, estuda-se o marco legal que disciplina a aquisição de imóveis rurais por estrangeiros no Brasil, Lei nº 5.709/1971, e a problemática gerada pelo Parecer AGU/LA nº 01/2010 da Advocacia-Geral da União, que representou um sensível acréscimo aos custos de transação relacionados a investimentos externos ao agronegócio brasileiro, impactando, inclusive, o rol de garantias disponíveis aos investidores estrangeiros. Estuda-se, ainda, com o objetivo de contribuir com a discussão, as atuais propostas legislativas para a matéria, Projeto de Lei nº 2.289/2007 e seu substitutivo, Projeto de Lei nº 4.059/2012. Identifica-se, ao fim, através da análise das principais diferenças dos referidos projetos, bem como de suas esperadas consequências no campo econômico, de acordo com a orientação de Direito e Economia, o Projeto de Lei nº 4.059/2012 como a resposta jurídica mais adequada à problemática resultante do atual posicionamento da Advocacia-Geral da União. / Using the theoretical (with emphasis on the Theory of Rational Choice) and empirical tools developed by Economic Science, Law and Economics (or Economic Analysis of Law) provides an in-depth understanding of the legal phenomenon. In this paper, from the perspective of Law and Economics, specially the Economic Analysis of Property Rights, we study the legal framework that governs the acquisition of rural properties by foreigners in Brazil, Law No. 5,709/1971, and the problem generated by Opinion AGU/LA No. 01/2010 issued by the Brazilian Attorney General’s Office (Advocacia-Geral da União), which significantly increased the transaction costs related to foreign investments in the Brazilian agribusiness, impacting the list of guarantees available to foreign investors. In addition, with the intent to contribute to the discussion, we study the current legislative proposals for the matter, Bill No. 2,289/2007 and its substitute, Bill No. 4,059/2012. Finally, through the analysis of the main differences between both referred Bills, as well as their expected consequences in the economic field, in accordance with Law and Economics, Bill No. 4,059/2012 is identified as the more appropriate legal response to the problematic resulting from the current opinion of the Brazilian Attorney General’s Office (Advocacia-Geral da União).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:38:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudia Cristina Antonelli.pdf: 12703057 bytes, checksum: 169c5d7addc20870140066f9c06c141e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research tried to investigate, with the use of psychoanalytical theory and method, idiosyncrasies of those whom in a certain moment of their lives found themselves in another culture and language, different from those of their origins. At first we gathered the main theory and history about the theme, from the main authors who discussed this subject. Our initial hypothesis was that those who had experienced their first insertion in Culture in a relatively satisfactory manner would dispose of better emotional recourses to insert themselves in a new culture, in a later moment. This hypothesis was discarded along the research, once it became no longer the focus when the interviewed subjects were heard. Ten interviews were carried out with people who had lived at least two years abroad in a country of a different language from theirs, in their own mother tongue as long as it was English, French, Spanish or Portuguese, languages of the use of the researcher herself. Five of these (ten) interviews remained in this study, from which excerpts were selected and translated into Portuguese, in order to approach the theme here investigated. What we aimed at to articulate with the psychoanalytical theory, were the subjective aspects of each of the persons interviewed, based on their decision and experience of living abroad. What was verified was that their external displacements seemed intrinsically connected to their internal ones, that is to say, their emotional, psychological motions. In this way their itinerary seemed to unfold in a particular and unique manner, according to their own subjective contents, also sometimes, according to our hypothesis, unconsciously. Some of these aspects could also be thought as similar according to our hypothesis -, among some of the interviewed subjects, enlightened by the main theoretical concepts here studied. Finally, the continuity of these issues regarding the foreigner was questioned, in a culture tending to homogenize and minimize differences of the human person / Esta pesquisa pretendeu investigar, servindo-se da ferramenta teórica e metodológica da Psicanálise, idiossincrasias daqueles que, em algum momento de suas vidas, se encontraram em outra cultura e outro idioma, distintos daqueles de suas origens. Primeiramente realizamos um breve levantamento teórico e histórico acerca do tema, a partir dos principais autores que discutiram o assunto. Nossa hipótese inicial foi a de que aqueles que tivessem experimentado sua primeira inserção na Cultura de forma mais ou menos satisfatória, disporiam de melhores recursos psíquicos para uma segunda inserção numa cultura diferente -, num momento posterior. Esta hipótese foi descartada ao longo do percurso desta pesquisa, uma vez que deixou de ser o foco da escuta no momento de encontro com os sujeitos entrevistados. Entrevistas foram realizadas com sujeitos que tivessem vivido pelo menos dois anos fora de seu país de origem, em seu idioma original, desde que este fosse o Inglês, o Francês, o Espanhol ou o Português, que são os idiomas de domínio da pesquisadora. Cinco destas entrevistas se mantiveram neste trabalho, das quais trechos foram selecionados e traduzidos para o Português, para a articulação com o tema aqui investigado. Buscou-se pensar com a teoria psicanalítica as questões subjetivas de cada um destes sujeitos, pautadas por suas experiências de trânsito entre países. O que se verificou foi que seus movimentos externos pareceram-nos muito proximamente ligados a seus movimentos internos, ou psíquicos. Desta forma, o itinerário de cada um parece ter se desdobrado de forma particular e única, de acordo com os conteúdos subjetivos próprios, e por vezes, segundo nossa hipótese, inconscientes. Alguns aspectos destes percursos puderam também ser pensados enquanto, em nossa hipótese, similares entre alguns destes sujeitos, sob a luz dos conceitos investigados. Ao final questionou-se o lugar que o estrangeiro ocupará no porvir, numa cultura com movimentos de aparente tentativa de homogeneização de vários aspectos do sujeito humano

當母語者與非母語者在進行溝通時，母語者通常會使用較為簡化的語言形式，此種語言形式研究者稱之為「調整語」。本文旨在探討在台灣的成人美語教室中，外籍教師針對不同程度的學生，使用調整語的情形，文中主要從「句法」與「言談功能」兩個角度分析外籍教師的語言使用。 有三位教授中、高級美語會話的外籍教師參與本研究，每位教師於不同層級的課堂各接受兩次錄音，總計收集到18小時的錄音語料，351頁的逐字稿，全數經過分析比較後，主要發現如下： (1) 外籍教師之語言平均句長並未隨著學生程度越高而有顯著增加。外籍教師在中級教室之平均句長為8.197，在高級教室為8.388，p>0.05。此結果顯示，當學生程度到達中級以上，「句長上的調整」似乎不再是外籍教師採用的調整方式。 (2) 外籍教師之語法正確率在兩個層級都非常高。外籍教師在中級教室之語法正確率為99.81%，在高級教室為99.79%，在兩個層級都僅有10個錯誤句子，透過錯誤類型分析，發現中級教室中出現較多句法層面上的錯誤，而篇章層面的錯誤則全出現在高級教室中。 (3) 外籍教師之言談功能會隨學生層級不同而有調整。外籍教師在中級教室中給予較多主動的語言輸入、提供較多的發問，主要功能為傳輸語言知識；在高級教室中，教師減低發言的比例，使用較多的回饋功能。 綜合以上研究結果發現，英語為母語之外籍教師在上課時面臨不同語言程度的非母語對話者有不同的語言調整方式，在中、高級程度的班級上，「句法上的調整」不再是外籍教師的主要考量，而轉向採用「語言功能上的調整」，在教學應用上，儘管隨著學生層級的增加，外籍教師減少了「主動語言輸入」功能，而採用較多的「語言回饋」功能，但整體而言，學生發言的比例仍然偏低（中級教室9.93%；高級教室12.15%），教師應給予學生更多的口語練習機會，採用更多的回饋機制，以增加學生之溝通能力。 / When addressing to non-native speaker, native speakers will modify his speech to what he thinks is simpler and easier for the non-native listener to comprehend. Such simplified register is referred to as “Foreigner Talk.” The present study aims to explore both the syntactic and discourse characteristics of FT in Taiwan’s adult English classrooms. Three measurements (1) syntactic complexity (2) grammaticality and (3) discourse functions are adopted to investigate if the interlocutor’s language proficiency affects the foreigner teacher’s language use. The data were collected from 18-hour recording of three English native speakers’ utterances in intermediate and advanced classrooms. The major findings of this study are summarized as follows: (1) In terms of syntactic complexity, the mean words per t-unit at both levels are very similar with 8.197 at the intermediate level, and 8.388 at the advanced level. The result of t-test (p>0.05) also indicates that no significant difference is found concerning the language complexity between the two levels. It is suggested that the adjustment of language complexity may only resort to students with lower proficiency. Once the student’s proficiency goes beyond a specific level, the length of teacher’s utterances will keep in a fixed range. (2) In terms of grammaticality, over 99.79% of the foreigners’ utterances are grammatical sentences in both language classrooms, showing that the foreigners’ language form is quite accurate. By analyzing the 20 ungrammatical utterances, it reveals that the foreigner teachers are more likely to utilize the syntactic adjustment for the lower level learners and conserve the discourse adjustment for the more advanced ones. (3) In terms of discourse functions, Sinclair and Coulthard’s model (1992) is modified to categorize the functions of the foreigners’ utterances. It is found that the distribution of the functions varies with the development of the students’ language ability. The foreigner teachers use significantly more initiation functions to the intermediate students and provide much more responsive functions for the advanced students. Based on the findings of this study, some pedagogical implications are addressed. It is suggested that teachers should pay more attention to their language use and consider if their adjustments of language really enhance language learning. In order to increase the learning potential, teachers are recommended to employ more judicious silence, to reduce the percentage of teacher-initiated utterances and to resist the temptation to interrupt. Also, teachers should realize that they are not only an instructor but also an interlocutor for their students at the same time. By realizing the dual roles as being a language teacher, the teacher can make language class less artificial and help learners to overcome the gap between communication in and outside the classroom.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In 1984, Caio Fernando Abreu created the fictional city of Passo da Guanxuma. Characterizing it as a country town, through the years, this space has assumed a very peculiar signification in the works of this author, as well as a singular location, being situated aside real cities. In this study, we propose ourselves to list the allusions to this place found through the work of Abreu, relating them and comparing them, at the same time that we try to establish a dialogue among characters, actions and space and time references related to it, composing a great open and fractionated novel, in which the analyzed texts present themselves as pieces, as fragments. To reach our goal, we divide this work in three parts. In the first part, we present the biography of the studied author and the analysis of the works that have references to the fictional city studied. In the second, we discuss some aspects of literature in the contemporaneity and do some approaches with Abreu s works, highlighting the reader s role. We also present some considerations about the displacement feeling of characters that migrated from Passo to the great metropolis, relating them with the foreigners sign. In the third, we discuss the globalizing process, the attempt of homogenization that reigns in the metropolis all around the world generating conflicts between the propositions of a universalization (act of turning something universal) and the resistance of the regional cultures, the constant changes in the panorama of big cities and, consequently, in the individuals that inhabit them. We also discuss impossibility of return, although the characters are willing for it, because that individual that have left became other in the same way that the city left behind have also changed, what turns Passo da Guanxuma an even more particular space. / Em 1984, Caio Fernando Abreu criou a cidade ficcional de Passo da Guanxuma. Caracterizado como uma cidade interiorana, esse espaço, com o passar dos anos, assumiu uma significação muito particular na obra desse escritor, bem como uma localização singular, figurando ao lado de municípios com existência real. Neste estudo, nos propomos a elencar as alusões a esse espaço encontradas ao longo da obra de Abreu, relacionandoas e comparando-as, ao mesmo tempo em que tentamos estabelecer um diálogo entre as personagens, as ações e as referências temporais e espaciais a ele relacionadas, compondo um grande romance aberto e fracionado, no qual os textos analisados apresentam-se como trechos, como fragmentos. Para alcançar nosso objetivo dividimos esse trabalho em três partes. Na primeira, apresentamos a biografia do autor estudado e a análise das obras que contêm referências à cidade ficcional estudada. Na segunda, discutimos alguns aspectos da literatura na contemporaneidade e realizamos aproximações com a obra de Abreu, destacando o papel do leitor. Também apresentamos algumas considerações sob o sentimento de deslocamento presente nas personagens que migraram do Passo rumo a grandes metrópoles, relacionando-as com o signo do estrangeiro. Na terceira, discutimos o processo globalizante, a tentativa de homogeneização que impera nas metrópoles ao redor do mundo gerando confrontos entre a proposição de uma universalização e a resistência das culturas regionais; as constantes mudanças no panorama das grandes cidades e, consequentemente, nos indivíduos que nelas habitam. Também abordamos a impossibilidade de retorno, apesar das personagens o almejarem, pois o indivíduo que partiu tornou-se outro da mesma maneira que a cidade deixada para trás também mudou, o que torna o Passo da Guanxuma um espaço ainda mais particular.

[pt] A dissertação de mestrado A sombra tem cor? é um experimento poético e ensaístico criado a partir dos registros de um observador diante de práticas culturais até então desconhecidas. Um olhar sobre costumes estrangeiros e sobre a mudança das estações do ano conduz a pesquisa, cuja pergunta-chave se formula à maneira de um mote – o que é a poesia japonesa? – para confrontar-se com múltiplas respostas. O posfácio em prosa e, em especial, o relato em forma de poema constroem-se com a matéria do cotidiano ao narrar a passagem do outono para o inverno por meio da voz de uma narradora estrangeira que estuda, na Nova Inglaterra, aspectos da cultura oriental. Além dos apontamentos da primeira pessoa, aparecem, no poema, outras vozes não identificadas de conversas e de falas entreouvidas. / [en] The thesis Does the shadow have a color? is a poetic and essayistic experiment created from the notes of an observer facing unfamiliar cultural practices. This glance at foreign habits and changing seasons guides the research, which has as its main question what is Japanese poetry?, and is confronted with various answers. The prose afterword and especially the account in poem format are built using everyday life as raw material to narrate the shift from autumn to winter through the voice of a foreign student in New England whose research focuses on East Asian culture. In addition to notes in the first person, the poem also brings unidentified voices in conversations and overhead talks.

The diploma thesis Socio-Educational Support Systems for Foreigners Living in the Czech Republic deals with the topic of integration of foreigners in the Czech Republic. It examines what integration instruments the Czech Republic uses on the governmental and also non- governmental level. It is focused on foreigner's experience with NGOs' integration services in Prague and according to this experience it analyzes if supply meets demand. The theoretical part deals with the topic of integration in general and the current immigration situation in the Czech Republic. It describes the law relating to foreigners living in the Czech Republic and examines the state integration activities. It also covers the non- governmental sphere of working with migrants. The empirical part of the thesis contains a qualitative research; the main question is if supply meets demand in the field of NGOs' integration services. The research is based on half- structured interviews with foreigners who use NGOs' integration services and with the NGOs' workers. The diploma thesis also contains some recommendations for the NGOs according to the main findings from the research. These recommendations should become a useful instrument for improving the efficiency of working with migrants.

The thesis in its theoretical part discusses the rhotics, including the Czech trills, and especially focuses on articulatory, perceptual and acoustic properties of the fricative trill [ř]. Attention is also paid to possible corrections of disorders of pronunciation. In the experimental part the research of the realization of the trill [ř] by non-native speakers of Czech is described. This research mainly deals with differences in articulation, which are produced by the non-native speakers of Czech (specifically the native speakers of German, Polish, Russian and Vietnamese language). Key words: rhotics, trills, devoicing, trilling, foreigner accent, language level.

The diploma thesis "Employment of foreigners" deals with the topic of legislation and proceedings concerning employment of foreigners in the Czech Republic. In the first place it is aimed at employment of foreigners that do not have nationality of European Union member states, member states of European Economic Area and Switzerland, but it also deals with employment of nationals of European Union member states. Different rules for access to labour market are set up for these two distinct groups of foreigners while for nationals of European Union member states the access is significantly easier. This diploma thesis is structured into six chapters. Chapter One deals with sources of law that are relevant for given topic - both on domestic and on international level. Chapter Two contains definitions of basic concepts that are essential for this thesis. These are concepts of foreigner, employment, subjects of employment relationship, family member of national of EU member state and illegal work. Chapter Three is aimed at particular types of residence of foreigners in the Czech Republic. Foreigners can use several different types of residence permits that allow them to stay in the country. Chapter Four deals with special obligations imposed on employers in connection with employment of foreigners....