Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The present work deals with the literary-theoretical work of the Petrograd Formalists - those who participated in the OPOiaZ in the 1910s and early 1920s - with a focus on that oflurii Tynianov. It attempts to unpack the representation of their literary-theoretical work as 'science' [nauka] by exploring how that category was constructed in dialogue with their evolving conception of literature. It is argued in the first chapter that, for the duration of their project, they conceptualized the 'language of nauka' - and their own prose by association - in accordance with the laws of their theory of language. It is argued in the second chapter that, as the Formalists developed a theory of literary history as an endless succession of 'revolutions' in the period 1919- 24, they tried to make their theorization of that process take a correspondingly revolutionary form, one in which the sciences of nature and those of history would become one. It is argued in the third chapter that, as the Formalists came to theorize the connection between literature and life in the period 1924-30, they practised a new 'type' of nauka in the form of the authorial collection of articles, one in which their own work was historicized in a 'literary' manner. It is concluded that, for the OPOiaZ, nauka came into being as a function of its object: as the Formalists transformed their conception of literature, their realization of nauka was correspondingly transformed. The conclusion then problematizes the categorization of Formalism as a purely 'scientific', extra-'literary' movement, since emphasis is placed on their authorship of that categorization, and raises broader questions about the origin of modem 'literary theory'.

The main aim of this thesis is to provide follow up for primary research that was published in the article of Marcin Matczak, Matyas Bencze and Zdeněk Kühn "Constitutions, EU Law and Judicial Strategies in the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland," and to find out, in what extend it is possible to consider decision-making process of Czech administrative courts to be formalistic, or whether there have been any significant changes in strategies of adjudication since the primary research took place. First part of this thesis introduces organisational structure of Czech administrative courts, elaborates on the position of Supreme Administrative Court within that structure and shortly sums up its history. Second part of this thesis deals with theoretical questions regarding legal reasoning, both in general and with emphasis on judicial application of law, taking into account diverse ideologies and strategies that were formed developed by the doctrine. Final part of this thesis introduces outcomes of the follow up research that provided for quantitative analyses of case law of administrative courts in the years of 2003 to 2011. Matczak, Bencze and Kühn reviewed case law published in the official journal of administrative courts' decisions between 1999 and 2004 by marking usage of interpretational standards divided...

[pt] Quando da aplicação de uma regra legal chega-se a um resultado injusto, será que os juízes estão dispostos a superá-la para aplicar aquilo que entendem como justo? É na compreensão desse problema que se centra esse estudo. A característica de generalidade das regras faz com que abarquem mais casos do que deveriam ou menos, gerando, respectivamente, a sobreinclusão e a subinclusão (Schauer, 1991). Em tais situações, põe-se a questão do que, em geral, prevalece: a aplicação da regra ou sua superação de modo a garantir a justiça do resultado, com a consecução da finalidade subjacente à norma. O desenvolvimento da pesquisa considerou a literatura que demonstra o seguinte fato: há experimentos realizados com cidadãos e advogados que indicam que, para produzir um resultado justo, a desobediência à regra legal é aceita e considerada recomendável (Schweitzer e outros, 2009). Esses experimentos concluíram, ainda, que as respostas tendem a ser substancialmente distintas se a pergunta é realizada em abstrato ou se feita em concreto, no que se convencionou chamar paradoxo abstrato/concreto (Mandelbaum e outros, 2012). Com o intuito de apreender se o mesmo ocorre com os magistrados, adotou-se a metodologia de escolha de um caso referência, aplicando-se questionário aos juízes da primeira instância do Tribunal Regional do Trabalho da Primeira Região (Rio de Janeiro). Os resultados foram semelhantes aos dos experimentos realizados com os jurisdicionados. O estudo demonstrou que prevalece a justiça do resultado em situações de sobreinclusão e subinclusão, havendo, ainda, uma diferença significativa nas respostas quando a pergunta é realizada em abstrato, confirmando o paradoxo abstrato/concreto, visto que os magistrados, nesse caso, foram consideravelmente mais formalistas que em concreto. / [en] There are cases in which the application of a legal rule causes injustices. In such cases, are judges willing to disregard rules and make decisions based on what they think is fair? This is the main problem this work deals with. Rules are often general, and one of the consequences of their generality is that they encompass more cases than they should. When they encompass more cases, there is the phenomenon of over-inclusiveness, and when they encompass less, there is under-inclusiveness (Schauer 1991). Such phenomena illustrates some circumstances in which judges will face the dilemma of disregarding legal rules or not in favor of the persecution of fairer outcomes. Experiments conducted on citizens and lawyers indicate that the disobedience of a legal rule was accepted and considered commendable in order to achieve a fair outcome (Schweitzer and others, 2009). Besides, it was perceived that the answers tended to be substantially different when formulated in abstract or in concrete; which was called abstract/concrete paradox (Mandelbaum and others, 2012). Aiming to understand whether the same happens with judges, a reference case was chosen and a poll applied to the judges of the first instance of the Regional Labor Court of the First Region (Rio de Janeiro). The results were similar to those of the referred experiments.

The topic of this thesis is bill formalism and development of its concept in the judicature. The thesis deals mainly with requirements of a bill of exchange, which are set by law, as well as with the effect of the failure to meet the correct form of these requirements on validity of bills of exchange. This issue is analysed especially with regard to its concept in the Czech judicature. The first chapter deals with theoretical aspects of the topic, namely with description of the basic legal regulation of exchange law, the characteristics of a bill of exchange and defining the kinds of bills and special types of them. The second chapter focuses on basic requirements of a bill of exchange set by law, which are analysed in particular with regard to their impact on the validity of the bill of exchange. Individual parts of the chapter deal with the following requirements of bills of exchange: 1.indication that it is a bill of exchange, included in the text of the instrument, expressed in the language in which the instrument is drawn up, 2. unconditional order (promise) to pay a certain financial sum, 3. the name of who is to pay, 4. information on maturity, 5. information on the place where payment is to be, 6. the name of the person to whom or to whose order payment is to be, 7. date and place of issue of bill of exchange, 8. signature of the drawer. The third chapter contains issue that is closely connected with the introduction of the above-mentioned requirements on a bill of exchange and which also reflects the formal character of a bill of exchange. The first part of this chapter concentrates on the bill forms, with whose character certain specific problems are related. The second part of this chapter deals with issues of graphic layout of a bill, which has also significant importance in terms of bill formalism.

In this study I have sought to explore the theoretical foundations of the French artist Daniel Buren's work and its subsequent resonance in a context of emergent cultural conservatism. The study also traces, the increasingly tenuous position of the avant-garde, the survival of which is contingent on the presence of certain liberal democratic institutions. For me these concerns led to a systematic investigation of the censorship of Buren's installation at the 1971 Guggenheim International Exhibition. This was the last in a series of exhibitions that was to promote international goodwill by bringing together the best of recently produced works by contemporary avant-garde artists from around the world, and awarding prizes to those considered outstanding. But the real ideological significance of this show was apparent in the aggressive attempt by the administrators of the Guggenheim to promote American cultural superiority. Buren was invited to contribute a piece to the show in the belief that his work fit into the formalist mode around which the exhibition was organized. Yet the day before the show opened Museum officials suddenly decided to remove his work from the exhibition. The official explanation provided by the authorities of the Guggenheim cited the size and placement of Buren's work as being in direct conflict with the work of other artists in the exhibition. However, this explanation was clearly specious given that the Guggenheim officials knew months in advance exactly what this work would look like, and its intended place of installation. Moreover, Museum officials used the complaints of four participating artists as justification for their actions. Meanwhile, fifteen other artists in the show objected to the Museum's use of censorship. The issue of the Guggenheim Museum's sudden decision to withdraw Buren's installation from the Sixth Guggenheim International is thus more complex than the official explanation would indicate. My thesis contends that the abrupt removal of Daniel Buren's work is traceable to efforts by Guggenheim officials to protect other works in the exhibition, and the International series as a whole, from floating into the avant-gardist-traditionalist polemic that had again flared up in the New York art world. Chapters One and Two examine the organization of the 1971 Guggenheim International and the rationale behind that organization. Chapter Three looks at the threefold controversy surrounding the 1971 International: the conflict that arose between participating artists, the questions of censorship that were raised by the actions of Museum officials, and the overwhelmingly hostile critical response to the exhibition. This study investigates a period of social and epistemological rupture in American art, the reverberations of which continue to be felt today. / Arts, Faculty of / Art History, Visual Art and Theory, Department of / Graduate

Uppsatsen undersöker Karl Ove Knausgårds Om høsten med utgångspunkt i Viktor Sjklovskijs främmandegöringsbegrepp och Toril Mois tankar om språk och uppmärksamhet. Huvudsyftet är tvådelat: dels att kombinera Sjklovskijs och Mois begreppsliga kluster som delvis är oppositionella på grund av deras vitt skilda relationer till formalismen. Och dels att använda denna kombination för att analysera Om høsten. Fokus ligger på hur vardagliga objekt och fenomen gestaltas, men också på den metadiskussion som förs genom texten kring uppmärksamhet och automatisering.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第22997号 / 理博第4674号 / 新制||理||1670(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)准教授 國友 浩, 教授 杉本 茂樹, 教授 田中 貴浩 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Gaseous pollution has become a global issue and its presence above certain limits is hazardous to human health and environment. Detection of such gases is an immediate need and researchers around the world are trying to solve this problem. Metal oxides are being used as sensing materials for a long time, but a high operating temperature limits applications in many areas. On the other hand, two-dimensional (2D) materials with high surface-to-volume ratio and chemical stability are promising candidates in the field of gas sensing. This includes monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides, such as MoS2 and WS2, which are direct band gap materials. While few layer transition metal dichalcogenides are indirect band gap materials, they are easier to synthesize than monolayers. Therefore, it is important to understand whether few layer transition metal dichalcogenides possess the same sensing behavior as the corresponding monolayers. For this reason the first part of this dissertation compares the sensing behavior of monolayer and few layer MoS2 and WS2. Two dimensional hexagonal boron nitride is a highly stable structural analogue of graphene. However, its insulating behavior with large band gap is not suitable for sensing. Recently, monolayer Si2BN has been proposed to exist. As the presence of Si makes this material reactive, the second part of this dissertation addresses its application as sensing material. In the _nal part of this dissertation, in search of a metal free, non-toxic, and earth abundant sensor material, further structural analogues of graphene are considered, namely monolayer C3N, monolayer C3Si, and monolayer C6BN. In particular, different theoretical approaches for studying the sensing performance of materials are compared to each other.

Objective of this thesis is about design of grammar and user interface for filtering and visualization of spatiotemporal data. The initial task is to get acquainted with evaluation of traffic data based on trajectory analysis. The next part is the design and description of a formalism which allows spatial filtering and filtering based on static and dynamic attributes. Based on the created formalism, data analysis application with a user interface is designed. Design process was preceded by a comparison of existing solutions. Application is implemented in Qt Framework using C++ and QML languages.