<p>Asymptotically flat spaces are widely studied because it is one natural way of describing an isolated system in general relativity. In this thesis we study what happens to the Lanczos potential at spacelike infinity in such spacetimes. By transformations of the Weyl-Lanczos equation, we derive expressions for the limiting equations on both the timelike unit hyperboloid, and the timelike unit cylinder. Finally the Newman-Penrose formalism is used to get a component version of the equations.</p>

<p>In this thesis we calculate the Hawking mass numerically for surfaces in Kerr spacetime. The Hawking mass is a useful tool for proving the Penrose inequality and the result does not contradict the inequality. It also does not contradict the assumption that the Hawking mass should be monotonic for surfaces in Kerr spacetime. The Hawking mass is quasi-local and defined by the spin coefficents of Newman and Penrose, so first we give a discussion about quasi-local quantities and then a short description of the Newman-Penrose formalism.</p>

<b>Résumé:</b> Dans le but de décrire la rotation résonante rigide de Mercure, différents modèles de rotation résonante de type 3 : 2 à deux et trois dimensions, moyennisés sur les courtes périodes et exprimés en formalisme hamiltonien sont proposés. Dans le premier modèle, l'axe de rotation de Mercure est confondu avec son plus petit axe d'inertie et la planète n'est soumise à l'action d'aucune force autre que celle de la gravitation. Le couplage de ces 2 degrés de liberté est mis en évidence. Un modèle à 3 degrés de liberté tenant compte de la dissociation de l'axe du moment angulaire et de l'axe de figure est ensuite présenté. Dans ces deux modèles, le développement du potentiel est limité à l'ordre 2 en excentricité. Afin d'estimer l'erreur commise par ce choix de troncature, les Hamiltoniens sont développés à des ordres plus élevés; les nouveaux termes ainsi obtenus sont considérés comme des perturbations et traités à l'aide de la théorie de Lie. L'influence des autres planètes du Système Solaire est enfin étudiée en incluant, dans un premier temps, une précession constante du noeud ascendant et du péricentre dans notre modèle de base et, dans un second temps, en considérant que l'inclinaison et l'excentricité sont des fonctions lentes du temps permettant l'utilisation de la théorie de l'invariant adiabatique étendue à 2 degrés de liberté. Une étude des équilibres et des périodes propres de chaque modèle est réalisée.// <b>Abstract:</b> In the aim to describe the Mercury's rigid resonant rotation, different 3: 2 spin-orbit resonant rotation models with two and three dimensions , averaged on the short periods and expressed in Hamiltonian formalism is proposed. In the first model, Mercury's rotation axis and its smallest axis of inertia aren't distinct and no force except the gravitation one acts on the planet. The coupling between these 2 degrees of freedom is underlined. A 3 degrees of freedom model taking into account the dissociation of the angular momentum axis from the figure axis is aftewards presented. In these two models, the potential devellopment is limited to the second order in eccentricity. In order to estimate the error due to this troncature choice, the Hamiltonians are devellopped up to higher orders; the new terms so obtained are considered as perturbations et treated thanks to Lie theory. The influence of the other planets of the Solar System is finally studied by including, in a first time, a constant precession of the ascending node and of the pericenter in our basis model and, in a second time, by considering that the inclination and the excentricity are slow functions of time allowing the use of the adiabatique invariant extended to 2 degrees of freedom. A study of the equilibria and of the proper periods of each model is realized.

The Fe-C-Cr-Mn-Ni-O system is of fundamental importance when describing the influence of oxygen on high alloyed steels. Both solid and liquid phases are of great interest: The solid phases regarding oxidation processes like the formation of oxide layers, inner oxidation, sintering processes and high temperature corrosion. The liquid phase is of interest concerning the interaction between steel and its slag in a metallurgical context. In this thesis the thermodynamic properties of this system is described using the Calphad technique. The main idea of the Calphad technique is to describe the Gibbs energy of all phases in the system as a function of temperature, pressure and composition using appropriate thermodynamic models. When thermodynamic descriptions of all phases taking part in the system are modelled and described in a database, the equilibrium state could be calculated with a software that minimizes the total Gibbs energy. Models within the compound energy formalism are used for all solution phases, among them the ionic two-sublattice liquid model, to describe both the metallic and oxide melts. All simple spinels (Cr3O4, FeCr2O4, Fe3O4, FeMn2O4, Mn3O4, MnCr2O4, NiCr2O4, NiFe2O4, NiMn2O4) within this system are described using a four-sublattice model. In this thesis several binary and ternary systems have been assessed or partly reassessed. The Fe-C-Cr-Mn-Ni-O database achieved can be used with an appropriate thermodynamic software to calculate thermodynamic properties, equilibrium states and phase diagrams. In general, the agreement between calculated and experimental values is good. / QC 20100723

Asymptotically flat spaces are widely studied because it is one natural way of describing an isolated system in general relativity. In this thesis we study what happens to the Lanczos potential at spacelike infinity in such spacetimes. By transformations of the Weyl-Lanczos equation, we derive expressions for the limiting equations on both the timelike unit hyperboloid, and the timelike unit cylinder. Finally the Newman-Penrose formalism is used to get a component version of the equations.

In this thesis we calculate the Hawking mass numerically for surfaces in Kerr spacetime. The Hawking mass is a useful tool for proving the Penrose inequality and the result does not contradict the inequality. It also does not contradict the assumption that the Hawking mass should be monotonic for surfaces in Kerr spacetime. The Hawking mass is quasi-local and defined by the spin coefficents of Newman and Penrose, so first we give a discussion about quasi-local quantities and then a short description of the Newman-Penrose formalism.

In this thesis, we review some basic properties of the Einstein-aether gravity. We derive the field equations from an action and study a subclass of this theory corresponding to the Einstein-Maxwell like theory. We also show that the G&ouml / del type metrics are also exact solutions of this theory. Furthermore, we determine the observational constraints on the dimensionless preferred parameters of this theory using the parametrized post- Newtonian formalism. We stress that none of calculations and discussions are original in this thesis.

This thesis explores how art produced in the former GDR has been looked upon, handled and exhibited after the reunification of Germany in 1990. Swedish Art History has paid little attention to art in the GDR. The debate starting in the 50s between the spokesmen for abstract art and the defenders of figuration restrained for a long period the ability to look upon art from the GDR without prejudices. This led to a rejection of all figurative art in the GDR and sweeping judgmental attitudes, like it´s all “kitsch”. Comparatively few artists in the GDR however, painted in the style prescribed by political leaders. An open issue in this study was, against background: Has GDR art gained in interest and respectability?    This study focuses on two exhibitions The Divided Heaven in Neue Nationalgalerie, Berlin and an exhibition in Kalmar konstmuseum, Sweden, named Maintaining the Order of Things – the Aesthetic of Modernism in Commercialism, Nationalism, Elitism and Socialism, 2011. The exhibitions have been analyzed along several dimensions: The number of works from the GDR, strategies for hanging them, the presentation of the exhibitions in information brochures and the homepage of the museums. Descriptions of the works give information on typical motives in the GDR over time and some information as regards the artists. The way the building has supported visitors in experiencing an exhibition has been considered and its importance as an institution.     The study of the two exhibitions illustrates two different strategies for showing art from the GDR, in contrast or integrated. The Swedish exhibition which primarily exposed paintings from the 60 s focused on comparing GDR paintings and the Swedish sketches on commissioned  etchings on vases from Orrefors glassworks.  The German exhibition exposed GDR art together with art from other countries, along thematic lines.     The study indicates an increasing interest in the art from the GDR, which is confirmed by the great number of exhibitions 2012.  Also projects researching the art from this period in German history and the construction of a new museum for it supports the idea that interest in and respect for art produced in the former GDR is gradually established. This increased interest has not yet included the officially promoted style – Socialist Realism. / <p>Vid den elektroniska publiceringen har två bilder tagits bort från den ursprungliga versionen av upphovsrättsliga skäl, bild 21 och 26.</p>

O presente estudo propõe que a atual compreensão sobre interpretação judicial influencia no modo de ver a tutela dos direitos. Para isso, parte-se do entendimento de que trabalhar com o direito não é trabalhar com um objeto pronto antes da interpretação, mas com indeterminação. Isso conduz à conclusão de que a interpretação jurídica é um caminho que se percorre por meio de escolhas. Com o reconhecimento de que interpretar envolve escolher, realça-se o papel da justificação das decisões judiciais como ponto fundamental da atividade jurisdicional. Dado que a finalidade do processo civil é a tutela dos direitos, a justificação da decisão abre espaço para a tutela dos direitos em duas perspectivas. De um lado, considerando-se que no processo a interpretação tem o fim de decidir um caso, estrutura-se o discurso da motivação voltado à obtenção de uma decisão justa para as partes, o que corresponde a um meio de colaborar para a tutela dos direitos numa perspectiva particular. De outro, considerando-se que por meio da resolução do caso reduz-se a sua indeterminabilidade, estrutura-se o discurso do precedente voltado à tutela dos direitos numa perspectiva geral por duas frentes: promove-se um tratamento isonômico das pessoas e cria-se um ambiente mais seguro para o desenvolvimento da vida social. / This study proposes that the current understanding of judicial interpretation influences the way we understant the protection of rights. In order to achieve this conclusion, we start from the understanding that dealing with the law does not means to deal with a given object finished before the interpretation process, but with indeterminacy. This leads to the conclusion that legal interpretation is a path that runs by making choices. With the recognition that interpretation involves choosing, it is emphasized the role of the justification of judicial decisions as a key point of judicial activity. Given that the purpose of civil proceedings is the protection of rights, the justification of the decision opens the way for the protection of rights in two perspectives. On the one hand, considering that in the judicial process the interpretation happens for the function of dispute resolutions, it is possible to oganize a discourse of the judicial reason giving aiming to achieve a fair decision for the parties, which corresponds to a means to colaborate for the protection of rights in a particular perspective. On the other hand, considering that through the resolution of the case the indeterminacy of the law is reduced, it is possible to organize a discourse of the judicial precedent aiming to achieve the protection of rights in a broad perspective by two fronts: promoting a isonomic treatment of people and creating a safer enviroment for the development of social life.

The aim of the thesis is to gather information related to the concept formation process in geometry. Reading available literature and writing the basic terms and facts on a given subject. Part of the thesis is a collection of exercises related to the principles of the concept formation process and due to revision of Bloom's taxonomy. Then realization of active research. The research detects if the problematics of triangles in five classes of elementary school is taught according to the principles of the concept formation process.