This thesis is concerned with understanding sport theory based on art theory. In so doing, in extending their relationship, a deeper appreciation of both may result. In turn, this may enhance our lives. While postmodern theories of art somewhat devalue the rarefied status of art, at the same time art’s openness is particularly well appointed to understanding other aesthetic domains. Scholarly attention to the so-called aesthetics of the everyday of which sport is an example, is a relatively recent paradigm shift that attempts to give philosophical weight to common, ordinary experiences as aesthetic. Art as the paradigm case of aesthetic experience is therefore useful in illuminating such experiences, one of which is sport. The results of this study are: Like art, sport idealises in its desire for perfection. Like art, sport is a second-order mimetic activity that is autonomous and reflects extra-aesthetic concerns. The implications of the postmodern language turn for art, namely detotalising and/or meaninglessness can be applied to sport. Drawing from Wittgenstein, art and sport are culturally embedded within institutional frameworks and quite simply are learnt ways of thinking and doing. Expressive theories of art were introduced which, it was found, has resonance with sport, as it can be similarly described as an expression of “aesthetic ideas”, to use Kant’s phrase. The artistic formalist perspective and the realization of form led to describing sport as aesthetically beautiful in many ways. One might apply Zangwell’s moderate aesthetic formalism to sport where formal qualities, representation and content co-exist, thus somewhat combining the above conclusions. An analysis of this kind suggests that sport may derive its meaning from an artistic perspective, at least in theory. At the same time, though not the primary focus of this thesis, one might describe the relationship between art and sport as an oscillation, if at times a dialectic, in which case boundaries between them inevitably become more complex. It is conceivable that within that complexity/struggle/play there can be self- realization and world-bettering. It is also conceivable that this is a result of the emergence of a new sub-discipline, namely sports art. / Art History, Visual Arts and Musicology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Art History)

Suite à l’essoufflement du vers libre, et plus généralement à l’idée d’une crise de la poésie, un ensemble de poètes s’est attaché, dès les années 1960, à une redéfinition du genre, dans le sens d’un renouvellement du poème à partir de ses traditions. Paul Louis Rossi fut de ces écrivains, et un large pan de son oeuvre littéraire témoigne de son investissement dans cette recherche. Pratique de formes fixes, dimension épique de certains livres engagés dans une réécriture de l’histoire, il est évident que l’entreprise du poète s’inscrit dans une démarche que l’on pourrait qualifier de modernité archaïque.S’agissant d’inscrire le poète dans ce contexte, cette étude voudrait aussi mettre au jour une dimension plus personnelle de ce rapport au passé et à la mémoire, l’auteur développant une pensée du temps qui se situe visiblement à la croisée du biographique, de l’esthétique et de la métaphysique, et qui semble à l’origine même de son projet littéraire. Dans une analyse à la fois synchronique et diachronique, il s’agira de mettre en perspective cette pensée du temps et son expression rhétorique et formelle / Following the free verse's decrease, and the idea of a crisis in poetry in its globality, some poets worked, from the early 60's, on a new definition of the genre, in the way of a renewal from its tradition.Paul Louis Rossi was one of these writers, and a large part of his work is representative of his personnal investment in this research. Practice of formes fixes, epic dimension of some books engaged in rewriting history, obviously the poet's approach is a process that could be termed archaic modernity.. With regard to place the poet in this context, this study will expose the personnal dimension of hisrelation to past and memory, in which the author developps a thought of time that is patently at the crossroadsof autobiography, aesthetics and metaphysics, and seems to be the origin of Paul Louis Rossi's literary project. In an analysis both synchronic and diachronic, this time thought and its formal and rhetorical expression will be put into perspective

Submitted by RAUL TINTAYA MARCAVILLACA (rtm1111@hotmail.com) on 2016-04-08T15:21:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Condições de otimalidade para controle ótimo via formalismo de Dubovitskii-Milyutin.pdf: 988765 bytes, checksum: 4266a072cc27d6bfa1f6402f0483aa6c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-08T17:55:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marcavillaca_rt_me_sjrp.pdf: 988765 bytes, checksum: 4266a072cc27d6bfa1f6402f0483aa6c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-08T17:55:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marcavillaca_rt_me_sjrp.pdf: 988765 bytes, checksum: 4266a072cc27d6bfa1f6402f0483aa6c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-03 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O objetivo deste trabalho é o estudo das condições necessárias e suficientes de otimalidade para problemas de controle ótimo, compreendendo o estudo do Princípio do Máximo e convexidade generalizada. As condições necessárias dadas pelo Princípio do Máximo Pontryagin são obtidas mediante o formalismo de Dubovitski e Milyutin, que permite determinar, usando a linguagem da análise funcional, condições necessárias de otimalidade para uma classe de problemas extremos. As condições suficientes de otimalidade são dadas introduzindo a noção de invexidade generalizada adequadas ao problema, que denominaremos PM-pseudo-invexidade. / The purpose of this work is the study of necessary and sufficient conditions of optimality for optimal control problem including the study of the Maximum Principle and generalized convexity. The necessary conditions given by the Pontryagin Maximum Principle are obtained by means of the Dubovitski and Milyutin formalism, which allows to determine, using the language of functional analysis, necessary optimality conditions for a class of extreme problems. The sufficient conditions of optimality are given by introducing the notion of generalized invexity suitable to the problem, which we will call PM-pseudo-invexity. / CNPq: 131647/2014-8

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:14:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3305943 bytes, checksum: 4db7e993b605a6945a324ace5ef053e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this thesis, the electromagnetism in material media is considered. It starts from the Macroscopic Maxwell Equations assuming that the fields have a temporal dependence that can be expressed by a Fourier transform. The conservation of the energy, linear momentum and angular momentum are studied from a general point of view. By taking the temporal average of the angular momentum, the orbital and spin contributions were derived without appealing to gauge fields. Following, the central issue is considered: the electromagnetic field propagation in bounded media. It is demonstrated the equivalence in the field propagation from both, ondulatory and energetic, points of view. A plane-parallel-faces medium geometry was considered and the field propagation from the energetic point of view is here established. The resulting set of equations allows to deal with the electromagnetic field propagation in general bounded media. Thus, this equation set, that we called S Formalism, is viewed as a method to solve this kind of problems. This approach emphasizes the possible nonequivalence between the squared field amplitude and the temporal-averaged Poynting vector modulus. This fact motivated the study of such nonequivalence and leaves open the possibility to introduce a new kind of medium, so-called Poynting medium. Since the S-Formalism allows to study media whose response is a function of the temporal-averaged Poynting vector, the light-induced charge carrier media and finally, saturable media are considered / Nesta tese é abordado o eletromagnetismo nos meios materiais. Parte-se das Equações de Maxwell Macroscópicas e supõe-se que os campos possuem uma dependência temporal que pode ser expressa em termos de uma transformada de Fourier. A conservação da energia, do momento linear e do momento angular são estudados nos meios materiais em geral. Calculando a média temporal do momento angular, as contribuições orbital e de spin são expressas sem a necessidade de apelar aos campos de gauge. Seguidamente é considerado o assunto central da pesquisa: a propagação de campos eletromagnéticos em meios materiais finitos. Demonstra-se a equivalência entre estudar a propagação dos campos desde o ponto de vista ondulatório ou desde o ponto de vista energético. A geometria considerada é a de meios com faces planas e paralelas e nela a propagação dos campos desde o ponto de vista energético é estabelecida. O conjunto de equações resultante serve para tratar a propagação de campos eletromagnéticos em meios finitos em geral. Portanto, este conjunto de equações, nomeado de Formalismo S, é visto como um método de resolução deste tipo de problemas. O Formalismo S deixa entrever uma possível não equivalência entre o módulo ao quadrado do campo e a média temporal do vetor de Poynting fato que motiva o estudo dessa não equivalência e a introdução de um novo tipo de meio chamado meio Poynting. Dado que o Formalismo S permite estudar meios cuja resposta é função da média temporal do vetor de Poynting, são considerados os meios com portadores de carga foto-induzidos. Finalmente, os meios não lineares saturáveis são analisados

The main aim of my thesis is the investigation and description of students' strategies for solving word problems at basic schools. The thesis is divided into theoretical and practical part. The first part describes the types of word problems at the basic school, pupils? and teaching strategies. There are also explained meaning of terms algorithms and didactic contract. There is also own confrontation of textbooks which are used at secondary schools. The theoretical part is formed the experiment that was performed at the second stage of a basic school in two parallel classes. In the experiment there were entered three types of identical tests for solving word problems. There is judged pupils? improvement, using different strategies and effect of algorithms and didactic contract. In conclusion there are summarized results and knowledge from the experiment.

Uma generalização dos modelos de Toda bidimensionais pela inclusão de campos de Dirac é estudada através de métodos algébricos que possibilitam a construção de cargas e soluções para o modelo. Após desenvolver o formalismo matemático necessário, as cargas conservadas do modelo em questão são determinadas para soluções sóliton, a partir da órbita do vácuo. Uma comparação direta com o modelo de sine-Gordon revela que o mesmo processo de interação entre os sólitons ocorre em ambas as teorias, indicando a possibilidade deste modelo ser utilizado para analisar a equivalência entre esse modelo e os de sine-Gordon e Thirring. / A generalization of two dimensional Toda models by the inclusion of Dirac fields is studied through algebraic methods that allow the construction of charges and solutions. After developing the necessary mathematical formalism, the conserved charges of such model are determined forsoliton solutions belonging to the orbits of the vacuum. A direct comparison between Toda model coupled to matter fields and sine-Gordon model shows that the same interaction process among solitons occurs in both theories, indicating the possibility of this model to be used to analyze the equivalence between sine-Gordon and Thirring models.

nÃo hà / Neste trabalho, apresenta-se o formalismo canÃnico de quantizaÃÃoo da gravidade, tanto em sua formulaÃÃo original, para a qual a mÃtrica à a variÃvel canÃnica, quanto na de Ashtekar, onde a conexÃo autodual assume o papel de variÃvel canÃnica. Nesta Ãltima formulaÃÃo, as equaÃÃes de vÃnculo do formalismo sÃo drasticamente simplificadas, e, fazendo uso da teoria de Chern-Simons, constrÃi-se um estado que satisfaz estas equaÃÃes no vÃcuo, constituindo uma importante soluÃÃo para a equaÃÃo de Wheeler-DeWitt. O estado de Chern-Simons tambÃm tem uma representaÃÃo em loops, que recebe este nome por ser formulada em termos dos loops de Wilson.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-06-28T14:31:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 lucianamirandavieiraxavier.pdf: 351536 bytes, checksum: f476ea35c3ced7fc7f8315f85d076f6e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-07T21:18:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lucianamirandavieiraxavier.pdf: 351536 bytes, checksum: f476ea35c3ced7fc7f8315f85d076f6e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-07T21:18:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lucianamirandavieiraxavier.pdf: 351536 bytes, checksum: f476ea35c3ced7fc7f8315f85d076f6e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-27 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Nesta tese, revisa-se os principais métodos de quantização de sistemas vinculados a partir das técnicas Hamiltoniana de Dirac e Lagrangeana de Faddev-Jackiw ( sem vínculos) e sua extenção a de Barcelos Neto- Wotzasek (com vínculos), estes denominados simplesmente por Formalismo Simplético (FS). Em vista da correspondência entre os formalismos, eles serão aplicados ao Modelo de Skyrme SU(2) e ao Eletromagnetimo de Maxwell. Apresenta-se uma técnica contemporânea, que mergulha uma teoria de segunda classe em uma dual com invariância de calibre, a saber, o Formalismo Simplético de Imersão (FSI). Esse método baseia-se no FS e estende-se o espaço de configuração por meio das variáveis de Wess-Zumino. Para ilustrar esse FSI, constroi-se a eletrodinâmica de Maxwell como uma teoria de calibre, na qual as divergências clássicas não estejam presentes. Uma generalização relativística é a eletrodinâmica de Proca e de Chern-Simons, que consideram a possibilidade de existência de um fóton massivo e de um campo com alcance finito. A descrição dual reproduz o mesmo resultado encontrado na literatura através de outros métodos. Apesar da arbitrariedade dos geradores da simetria de calibre, os modos-zeros, mostram uma família de representações dinâmicas duais para o sistema em questão. / In this thesis, it will be revised the main quantization methods of constrained systems using the Dirac Hamiltonian method and Faddev-Jackiw Lagrangian techniques (without constrained), and its extension to the Barcelos Neto- Wotzasek Lagrangian method (with constrained), these known as Symplectic Formalism. Because of the correspondence among the formalisms, they will be applied of the Skyrme SU(2) model and Electromagnetism of Maxwell. It will be presented a contemporary technique that it embed a second class theory in a dual with gauge invariance, the Embedding Symplectic Formalism . This method is based on the Symplectic Formalism, it is extended the configuration space through Wess-Zumino variables. In order to illustrate this Embedding Symplectic Formalism, the Maxwell electrodynamics is built as a gauge theory, without the classic differences. A relativistic generalization is the Proca and Chern-Simons electrodynamics that consider the possibility of existence of a massive photon and a field with finite reach. The dual description reproduce the identic result reported in the literature using other methods. Although, the arbitrariness of the gauge symmetry generator, zero-mode, it reveals a family of dynamic dual representations to this system.

En matière de formation des contrats, le consentement de la partie qui s’oblige est soumis au principe de liberté des formes. Par exception, la volonté doit adopter une certaine forme contractuelle pour s’extérioriser. Face à l’évolution du droit des contrats et à la nécessité de combattre les déséquilibres contractuels propres aux rapports contractuels actuels, le formalisme expérimente un processus de revitalisation et de renaissance en droit contemporain dont la finalité principale consiste à protéger le consentement contractuel des parties au contrat. Cela rend indispensable l’analyse des fondements du formalisme et de son rôle dans la protection du consentement contractuel en droit contemporain, à travers la révision transversale de ses nouvelles manifestations, principalement en matière du droit de la consommation et du commerce électronique ; pour constater finalement ses véritables effets et conséquences en matière du droit des contrats. / In contract law, the agreement of the parties is ruled by the freedom of choice of forms of contract. In this way, contracts are signed by the mere consent of the parties, and there is a freedom regarding the ways for its externalization. Despite this, the evolution of contract law and the need to combat specific contractual imbalances of contractual relationships, formalism is experiencing a revitalization process and a rebirth in contemporary law, with the main purpose to protect the contractual consent. For these reasons it is necessary to analyze the role of formalism in the protection of contractual consent, reviewing its new manifestations, mainly in the field of consumer and commercial law ; finally finding its true effects and consequences in contract contemporary law.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation s purpose is to characterize the musical notation as a representational system in which a certain kind of symbolic thought works. In this sense, the operations that are made in this notation are understood as signs handling without considering the meaning. Though this characterization confronts the question for the possibility of the symbolic thought, which question may be asked like this: how is it possible to warranty the results correction obtained by the sign s handling without taking care of the meanings? Aiming to offer a solid answer to this question, it was used a Leibniz s notion of blind or symbolic thought or knowledge, and certain associated functions. Based in an exam of three functions that are played by signs, as well as an analysis of traditional musical notation s basic elements this work tried to characterize the musical thought as a kind of formal operation. This can be seen in the western basic musical structure, in which scale and rhythm are comprehended as formal organization s ways in that are present a certain kind of calculus. So the signs in musical notation simply do not play the role of substitute the phonic component, but they make visible some structural aspects of these images. This exhibition is attributed in different senses to others representational systems, as diagrams, some artificial languages and even some alternative musical symbolism, some, called graphism , proposed by some 20th century composers. In this perspective the method used was the comparison among the different representation forms in order to identify the musical notation as an ecthetic representation. Concluding, the musical notation is characterized as a constitutive element of the music itself, and it is not a mere secondary code. / Esta dissertação visa caracterizar a notação musical enquanto sistema representacional em que opera um tipo de pensamento simbólico. Nesse sentido, as operações realizadas nessa notação são entendidas como pura manipulação de signos, sem a necessária consideração do designado. Entretanto, essa caracterização se defronta com a pergunta pela possibilidade do pensamento simbólico. Tal questão pode ser formulada à seguinte maneira: como é possível garantir a correção dos resultados obtidos pela manipulação simbólica, enquanto pura manipulação de signos sem atenção aos significados? Com vistas a oferecer uma resposta consistente a essa pergunta, recorre-se à noção leibniziana de pensamento (ou conhecimento) cego ou simbólico, e a certas funções a ela associadas. A partir de um exame de três funções exercidas pelos signos a saber, função de sub-rogação, função de cálculo e função ectética bem como de uma análise dos elementos básicos da notação musical tradicional, busca-se caracterizar o pensamento musical como um tipo de operação puramente formal. Isso pode ser observado pela atenção ao caráter estrutural da própria música ocidental, em que noções como a de Escala e a de ritmo são entendidas como modos de organização formal nas quais opera um certo tipo de cálculo. Assim, os signos da notação musical não executam simplesmente a função de substituir imagens acústicas, mas exibem ou tornam visíveis certos aspectos estruturais dessas imagens. Ora, essa exibição é atribuída também, em diferentes sentidos, a outros sistemas representacionais, como os diagramas, algumas linguagens artificiais e até mesmo algumas formas alternativas de simbolismo musical, como os chamados grafismos, propostos por compositores do século XX. Nessa perspectiva, a estratégia aqui empregada passa pela comparação entre a notação musical tradicional e diferentes formas de representação, buscando identificar essa notação como um tipo de representação ectética. Como conclusão, caracteriza-se a notação musical como elemento constitutivo da própria música, e não simplesmente como um código secundário.