Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T15:16:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IsaiasPC_TESE_1-84.pdf: 2809180 bytes, checksum: b5296d8a5c3a25f026f9c70b69fdb531 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-16 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / In this thesis, we investigated the magnonic and photonic structures that exhibit the so-called deterministic disorder. Speci cally, we studied the effects of the quasiperiodicity, associated with an internal structural symmetry, called mirror symmetry, on the spectra of photonics and magnonics multilayer. The quasiperiodicity is introduced when stacked layers following the so-called substitutional sequences. The three sequences used here were the Fibonacci sequence, Thue-Morse and double-period, all with mirror symmetry. Aiming to study the propagation of light waves in multilayer photonic, and spin waves propagation in multilayer magnonic, we use a theoretical model based on transfer matrix treatment. For the propagation of light waves, we present numerical results that show that the quasiperiodicity associated with a mirror symmetry greatly increases the intensity of transmission and the transmission spectra exhibit a pro le self-similar. The return map plotted for this system show that the presence of internal symmetry does not alter the pattern of Fibonacci maps when compared with the case without symmetry. But when comparing the maps of Thue-Morse and double-time sequences with their case without the symmetry mirror, is evident the change in the pro le of the maps. For magnetic multilayers, we work with two di erent systems, multilayer composed of a metamagnetic material and a non-magnetic material, and multilayers composed of two cubic Heisenberg ferromagnets. In the rst case, our calculations are carried out in the magnetostatic regime and calculate the dispersion relation of spin waves for the metamgnetic material considered FeBr2. We show the e ect of mirror symmetry in the spectra of spin waves, and made the analysis of the location of bulk bands and the scaling laws between the full width of the bands allowed and the number of layers of unit cell. Finally, we calculate the transmission spectra of spin waves in quasiperiodic multilayers consisting of Heisenberg ferromagnets. The transmission spectra exhibit self-similar patterns, with regions of scaling well-de ned in frequency and the return maps indicates only dependence of the particular sequence used in the construction of the multilayer / Nesta tese, investigamos as estruturas fot?nicas e magn?nicas que apresentam desordem determin?stica. Especificamente, estudamos os efeitos da quasiperiodicidade associada com uma simetria interna estrutural, a chamada simetria espelho, sobre os espectros de multicamadas quasiperi?dicas fot?nicas e magn?nicas. A quasiperiodicidade ? introduzida quando arranjamos as camadas que comp?em a multicamada seguindo as chamadas seq??ncias substitucionais. As tr?s seq??ncias usadas aqui foram a seq??ncia de Fibonacci, Thue-Morse e per?odo duplo, todas com simetria espelho. Com o objetivo de estudar a propaga??o de ondas de luz nas multicamadas fot?nicas, e a propaga??o das ondas de spin nas multicamadas magn?nicas, usamos um modelo te?rico baseado no tratamento da matriz transfer?ncia. Para a propaga??o das ondas de luz, apresentamos resultados num?ricos que mostram que a quasiperiodicidade associada com uma simetria espelho aumenta consideravelmente a intensidade da transmiss?o, com os espectros de transmiss?o exibindo um perfil autosimilar. Os mapas de retorno tra?ados para esse sistema mostram que a presen?a da simetria interna n?o altera o padr?o dos mapas para o caso Fibonacci, quando comparado com o caso sem simetria. Mas quando comparamos os mapas das seq??ncias de Thue-Morse e per?odo duplo, com os respectivos caso sem simetria espelho, fica evidente que a simetria altera o perfil dos mapas. Para as multicamadas magn?ticas, trabalhamos com dois sistemas diferentes: multicamadas compostas de um metamagneto e um material n?o magn?tico, e multicamadas compostas de dois ferromagnetos c?bicos de Heisenberg. No primeiro caso, os c?lculos foram realizados no regime magnetost?tico e calculamos a rela??o de dispers?o das ondas de spin para o material metamagn?tico FeBr2. Mostramos o efeito da simetria espelho nos espectros das ondas de spin, e fizemos a an?lise da localiza??o das bandas de volume, e das leis de escala entre a largura total das bandas permitidas e o n?mero de camadas que comp?em a c?lula unit?ria. Finalizando, calculamos os espectros de transmiss?o das ondas de spin nas multicamadas quasiperi?dicas formadas por ferromagnetos de Heisenberg. Os espectros de transmiss?o exibem padr?es auto-similares, com regi?es de escalonamento bem definidas em freq??ncia, e os mapas de retorno indicam depend?ncia somente da seq??ncia particular usada na constru??o da multicamada

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-01-15T14:35:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoGualbertoDeCerqueiraJunior_TESE.pdf: 3490719 bytes, checksum: 73f41f19f21185460dd85e43135bf612 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elisangela Moura (lilaalves@gmail.com) on 2016-03-11T12:32:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoGualbertoDeCerqueiraJunior_TESE.pdf: 3490719 bytes, checksum: 73f41f19f21185460dd85e43135bf612 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-11T12:32:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoGualbertoDeCerqueiraJunior_TESE.pdf: 3490719 bytes, checksum: 73f41f19f21185460dd85e43135bf612 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-10 / Ag?ncia Espacial Brasileira - AEB / O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar a possibilidade de calibra??o do fot?metro solar multibanda (FSM-4), desenvolvido para esse trabalho, que opera nas bandas de 500 nm, 670 nm 870 nm e 940 nm. Investigou-se a estabilidade da profundidade ?ptica da atmosfera em um s?tio na cidade de Caic?/RN, situada regi?o semi?rida do nordeste do Brasil. O s?tio ? uma regi?o afastada de grandes centros e de atividades geradoras de polui??o atmosf?rica. Foram coletados dados de irradi?ncia solar direta em duas campanhas distintas durante o per?odo seco, sendo uma em Dezembro de 2012 e outra em Setembro de 2013, para fins de calibra??o do prot?tipo. Para a calibra??o foram utilizados os m?todos de Langley (ML) e m?todo modificado de Langley (MLM), fazendo-se uso das medidas coletadas. Para as bandas de 500 nm, 670 nm e 870 nm, utilizadas para a medida da profundidade ?ptica por aeross?is (AOD), foi utilizado o ML e para a banda de 940 nm, na qual ? medida a coluna de ?gua precipit?vel (PWC) ou vapor de ?gua na atmosfera, utilizou-se o MLM. Dentre os v?rios componentes constituintes da atmosfera, o vapor de ?gua e os aeross?is s?o os que apresentam a maior variabilidade temporal, devido a fen?menos naturais e antropog?nicos, e exercem um papel importante no balan?o de energia do planeta. O que justifica os esfor?os para o desenvolvimento de um equipamento de baixo custo. Assim, por meio do ML e MLM aplicado aos dados coletados, foram observadas variabilidades na AOD e PWC para as quatro bandas, nos dois per?odos estudados. Essa variabilidade da AOD e PWC no momento da coleta, que se d? por meio do espalhamento ou absor??o da radia??o solar na atmosfera, prejudicam o ajuste da reta aos dados e dificultando a obten??o da constante de calibra??o. Entretanto a regi?o ainda n?o pode ser totalmente descartada como s?tio de calibra??o, pois as campanhas foram de dura??o reduzida e as metodologias devem ser testadas em outros per?odos do ano. Como alternativa para a calibra??o do fot?metro solar, foi feito um estudo de curta dura??o, junto ao fot?metro da rede mundial AERONET (AERsol RObotic NETwork), instalado em Petrolina/PE, da ag?ncia espacial americana (NASA). Foram coletados dados durante tr?s dias com os instrumentos AERONET e FSM-4 operados simultaneamente no mesmo local. Por meio das t?cnicas de ML e MLM foram obtidos valores para teste das constantes de calibra??o. Foi observada uma converg?ncia dos valores, apesar da pouca quantidade de dados coletados. A metodologia mostrou-se uma alternativa vi?vel para a calibra??o do FSM-4. / Instrumentation is a tool of fundamental importance for research in several areas of human knowledge. Research projects are often unfeasible when data cannot be obtained due to lack of instruments, especially due to impor ting difficulties and the high costs there associated. Thus, in order to collaborate with the enhancement of a national technology, a multiband hand - held sun p hotometer (FSM - 4) was developed to operate in the 500 nm, 670 nm, 870 nm and 940 nm bands. In the 500 nm, 670 nm and 870 nm bands aerosols are monitored for evaluation of the AOD (Aerosol Optical Depth), and the PWC (Precipitable Water Column) is evaluated in the 940 nm band. For the development of the mech anical and electronic parts for the FSM - 4, th e materials and componen ts should combine low cost and quality of the data collected. The calibration process utilized the Langley method (ML) and Modified Langley Method (MLM). These methods are usually applied at high altitudes in order to provide atmosp heric optical stability. This condition however can be found in low height sites as shown in the research by Liu et al. (2010). Thus, for calibration of the FSM - 4, we investigated the atmospher ic optical stability utilizing the ML and MLM at a site in the cit y of Caic? / RN, located in the s emiarid region in northeastern Brazil. This site lies in a region far aw ay from large urban centers and activities generating anthropogenic atmospheric pollution. Data for calibration of the prototype were collected usin g the FSM - 4 in two separate operations during the dry season, one in December 2012 and another in September 2013. The methodologies showed optical atmospheric instability in the studied region through the dispersion of the values obtained for the calibrati on constant. This dispersion is affected by the variability of AOD and PWC during the appl ication of the above mentioned methods . As an alternative to the descr ibed sun photometer calibration , a short study was performed using the sun photometer worldwide network AERONET/NASA (AERsol RObotic NETwork ? US Space Agency), installed in Petrolina / PE in Brazil. Data were collected for three days utilizing the AERONET instruments and the FSM - 4, operating simultaneously on the same site. By way of the ML and MLM techniques, convergent test values were obtained for the calibration constants, despite the low amount of data collected. This calibration transfer methodology proved to be a viable alternative to the FSM - 4 calibration .

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KennyMBO_Capa_ate_pag28.pdf: 7875913 bytes, checksum: 15d556bf40b014e94b70adc7ea676842 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-03-15 / The main purpose of this dissertation, consists of the study and analysis of the PBG (Photonic Band Gap )..tecnology incorporated in optical fiber structures. So, we'l1 present a complete PBG structure theory, and folowing this, we'l1 present also a chapter for convencional optical fiber, due to the need to construct the base theory of them, and latter a more complete work about photonic crystal fiber. Finaly, we'l1 show the results of the signals , dispersion, and obtained curves under the right dimensions according to the required signals, for convencional optical and photonic crystal fiber. Knowing that PBG crystals with low losses act as perfect mirrors for forbidden frequences and knowing that the persence of structures of PBG as substrates, brings some desirable characteristics such as spontaneous emition supression and superficial waves. We' 11 show according to these characteristics its applications in telecomunication. Therefore, the enphasis of this work is to show that the optical fibers are the only practible thing to integrate the enormous quantity of data and video at intemet' s market, developing, manipulating, changing, and multiplexing the optical fibers chanels in an area where we expect that the photonic crystals has an important hole, since the photonic crystals can be projected and made to avoid losses in the bands of certain wavelength which permits the increase in efficiency ofthe optical components projected with crystals. A sequence of this work would be the utilisation of the PBG structures in the new system of optical network without fiber developed by Bell laboratories of the lucent tecnology, last year using light rays for transmiting information through the air. The new system of optical networks without fiber will permit sending the data of 15 cd-rooms in less then one second, what represents 65 times more information than those transmitted through the actual radio frequences / O principal objetivo desta disserta??o consiste no estudo e an?lise da tecnologia PBG (Photonic Band Gap) incorporada na estrutura da fibra ?ptica. Sendo assim ser? apresentada toda uma teoria de estruturas PBG e em seguida ser? apresentado um cap?tulo de fibra ?tica convencional devido a necessidade da constru??o de uma base da teoria destas, para assim um posterior detalhamento da fibra de cristal fot?nico. Finalizando mostraremos os resultados de sinais com a presen?a destas estruturas, dispers?es em fun??o de espa?amento entre fibras e demais curvas obtidos para as devidas dimens?es de acordo com o sinal requerido. Assim como uma compara??o entre curvas plotadas para a fibra ?tica convencional e para a fibra de cristal fot?nico. Tendo em vista que cristais PBG com baixas perdas agem como espelhos perfeitos para faixas de freq??ncias proibidas, e sabendo que a presen?a de estruturas PBG (Photonic Band Gap) como substratos proporcionam certas caracter?sticas desej?veis, tais como a supress?o de emiss?o espont?nea e de ondas superficiais, s?o mostradas aplica??es dentro das telecomunica??es. A ?nfase deste trabalho ? mostrar que a fibra ?tica ? a ?nica escolha vi?vel para integrar as grandes quantidades de sinais de dados e v?deo no mercado de Internet desenvolvido, manipulando, mudando e multiplexando canais de fibras ?ticas, uma ?rea onde o cristal fot?nico tem um papel importante. Os cristais fot?nicos podem ser projetados e fabricados de maneira que n?o tenham nenhuma perda nas bandas de certos comprimentos de ondas solicitado, o que permite o aumento da efici?ncia de componentes ?pticos projetados com base no cristal. Uma seq??ncia deste trabalho ? a utiliza??o de estruturas PBG nos transmissores ?pticos do novo sistemas de rede ?ptica sem fibra desenvolvido pelos Laborat?rios BelI da Lucent Technologies no ano passado. S?o utilizados raios de luz para transmitir a informa??o diretamente pelo ar. O novo sistema de redes ?pticas "sem fibras" possibilita o envio de dados contidos em 15 CD-ROMs em menos de um segundo, o que representa 65 vezes mais informa??o do que podem transmitir as freq??ncias atuais de r?dio

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LuizPR_capa_ate_pag32.pdf: 10174552 bytes, checksum: f00a2c8563a56492c32dbcc9b7a7e750 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-03-15 / One of the objectives of this work is the ana1ysis of planar structures using the PBG (photonic Bandgap), a new method of controlling propagation of electromagnetic waves in devices with dielectrics. Here the basic theory of these structures will be presented, as well as applications and determination of certain parameters. In this work the analysis will be performed concerning PBG structures, including the basic theory and applications in planar structures. Considerations are made related to the implementation of devices. Here the TTL (Transverse Transmission Line) method is employed, characterized by the simplicity in the treatment of the equations that govern the propagation of electromagnetic waves in the structure. In this method, the fields in x and z are expressed in function of the fields in the traverse direction y in FTD (Fourier Transform Domain). This method is useful in the determination of the complex propagation constant with application in high frequency and photonics. In this work structures will be approached in micrometric scale operating in frequencies in the range of T erahertz, a first step for operation in the visible spectra. The mathematical basis are approached for the determination of the electromagnetic fields in the structure, based on the method L TT taking into account the dimensions approached in this work. Calculations for the determination of the constant of complex propagation are also carried out. The computational implementation is presented for high frequencies. at the first time the analysis is done with base in open microstrip lines with semiconductor substrate. Finally, considerations are made regarding applications ofthese devices in the area of telecommunications, and suggestions for future / Um dos objetivos desta disserta??o ? a an?lise de estruturas planares utilizando a tecnologia PBG, uma nova forma de controle de propaga??o de sinais em dispositivos com diel?tricos. Aqui ser? apresentada a teoria b?sica destas estruturas e aplica??es bem como a determina??o de par?metros em escala fot?nica, ou seja, estruturas que usam sinais de luz e t?tons. Nesta disserta??o ser?o feitas an?lises a respeito de estruturas PBG, abrangendo a teoria b?sica e aplica??es em estruturas planares. Conmsidera??es s?o feiras quanto ? implementa??o de dispositivos. O m?todo utilizado ? o LTT - Linas de Transmiss?o Transversa, caracterizado pela simplicidade no tratamento das equa??es que regem a propaga??o de ondas eletromagn?ticas e ?pticas na dire??o transvesal e no FTD ( Dom?nio da Transformda de Fouries). Este m?todo ? ?til na determina??o da constante de propaga??o complexa com aplica??o em alta freq??ncia e fot?nica. Nesta tese ser?o abordadas estruturas em escala microm?trica operando em freq??ncias na faixa de Terahertz, um primeiro passo para opera??o na faixa de luz. Ser? abordada a base matem?tica para a determina??o dos campos eletromagn?ticos na estrutura, baseado no m?todo LTT levando em considera??o as dimens?es abordadas neste trabalho. Ser?o considerados tamb?m os c?lculos para a determina??o da constante de propaga??o complexa. A implementa??o computacional ? apresentada para valores elevados de freq??ncia. A princ?pio as an?lises ser?o feitas com base em linhas de microfita abertas com substrato com semicondutor. Finalmente ser?o feitas considera??es a respeito de aplica??es destes dispositivos na ?rea de telecomunica??es, e sugest?es para futuros trabalhos

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:14:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CarlosAAA_TESE.pdf: 1802680 bytes, checksum: 89f89876081eff2b7412d1b633210e6c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-03 / In this work, we present a theoretical study of the propagation of electromagnetic waves in multilayer structures called Photonic Crystals. For this purpose, we investigate the phonon-polariton band gaps in periodic and quasi-periodic (Fibonacci-type) multilayers made up of both positive and negative refractive index materials in the terahertz (THz) region. The behavior of the polaritonic band gaps as a function of the multilayer period is investigated systematically. We use a theoretical model based on the formalism of transfer matrix in order to simplify the algebra involved in obtaining the dispersion relation of phonon-polaritons (bulk and surface modes). We also present a quantitative analysis of the results, pointing out the distribution of the allowed polaritonic bandwidths for high Fibonacci generations, which gives good insight about their localization and power laws. We calculate the emittance spectrum of the electromagnetic radiation, in THZ frequency, normally and obliquely incident (s and p polarized modes) on a one-dimensional multilayer structure composed of positive and negative refractive index materials organized periodically and quasi-periodically. We model the negative refractive index material by a effective medium whose electric permittivity is characterized by a phonon-polariton frequency dependent dielectric function, while for the magnetic permeability we have a Drude like frequency-dependent function. Similarity to the one-dimensional photonic crystal, this layered effective medium, called polaritonic Crystals, allow us the control of the electromagnetic propagation, generating regions named polaritonic bandgap. The emittance spectra are determined by means of a well known theoretical model based on Kirchoff s second law, together with a transfer matrix formalism. Our results shows that the omnidirectional band gaps will appear in the THz regime, in a well defined interval, that are independent of polarization in periodic case as well as in quasiperiodic case / Neste trabalho, apresentamos um estudo te?rico da propaga??o das ondas eletromagn?ticas em estruturas de multicamadas denominadas de Cristais Fot?nicos. Para este fim, investigamos os band gaps dos polaritons de fonons em multicamadas peri?dicas e quasi-peri?dica (tipo Fibonacci), compostas por dois materiais com ?ndices de refra??o positivo e negativo na regi?o de terahertz (THZ). O comportamento dos band gaps polarit?nicos como uma fun??o do per?odo da multicamada ? investigado sistematicamente. Utilizamos um modelo te?rico baseado no formalismo da matriz de transfer?ncia com o objetivo de simplificar a ?lgebra envolvida na obten??o da rela??o de dispers?o dos polaritons de fonons (modos de volume e superf?cie). Tamb?m, apresentamos uma an?lise quantitativa dos resultados, apontando para a distribui??o das larguras das bandas polarit?nicas permitidas para altas gera??es de Fibonacci, que nos d? uma boa compreens?o sobre sua localiza??o e leis de pot?ncia. Calculamos o espectro de emit?ncia da radia??o eletromagn?tica, na frequ?ncia de THz, incidente normalmente e obliquamente (modos polarizados s e p) sobre uma estrutura unidimensional de multicamadas composta por materiais com ?ndices de refra??o positivo e negativo organizados periodicamente e quasi-periodicamente. Modelamos o material com ?ndice de refra??o negativo por um meio efetivo cuja permissividade ? caracterizada por uma fun??o diel?trica dependente da frequ?ncia do polariton de fonon, enquanto para a permeabilidade magn?tica temos uma fun??o tipo Drude dependente da frequ?ncia. Semelhante ao cristal fot?nico unidimensional, este meio efetivo em camadas, chamado cristal polarit?nico, nos permite o controle da propaga??o electromagn?tica, gerando regi?es denominadas de bang gaps polarit?nicos. Os espectros de emit?ncia s?o determinados por meio de um modelo te?rico bem conhecido baseado na segunda lei de Kirchoff, juntamente com o formalismo da matriz de transfer?ncia. Nossos resultados mostram que aparecem bang gaps ominidirecionais no regime de THz, num intervalo bem definido, que s?o independentes da polariza??o no caso peri?dico bem como no caso quasi-peri?dico

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-03-14T22:09:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 EversonFrazaoDaSilva_DISSERT.pdf: 2057443 bytes, checksum: df06b15353c2425944df3091dd1ca916 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-03-16T00:25:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 EversonFrazaoDaSilva_DISSERT.pdf: 2057443 bytes, checksum: df06b15353c2425944df3091dd1ca916 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-16T00:25:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EversonFrazaoDaSilva_DISSERT.pdf: 2057443 bytes, checksum: df06b15353c2425944df3091dd1ca916 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-26 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / A riqueza das propriedades ?pticas e eletr?nicas do grafeno tem atra?do um enorme interesse. O grafeno tem alta mobilidade e transpar?ncia ?ptica, al?m da flexibilidade, robustez e estabilidade. At? recentemente, o foco principal tem sido a f?sica fundamental e a f?sica dos dispositivos eletr?nicos. No entanto, acreditamos que o verdadeiro potencial dos grafenos encontra-se na fot?nica e na optoeletr?nica, onde a combina??o das suas propriedades ?pticas e electr?nicas s?o ?nicas e podem ser plenamente exploradas, mesmo na aus?ncia de um ?band gap? eletr?nico. Nesta tese estudamos os espectros de transmissividade ?ptica em multicamadas diel?tricas peri?dicas (cristais fot?nicos) e em multicamadas que obedecem a sequ?ncias quasiperiodicas (quasi-cristais fot?nicos) compostos por grafenos e comparamos nossos resultados com as mesmas estruturas sem grafenos. Deste modo, no primeiro momento calculamos o espectro de transmit?ncia em cristais fot?nicos, formados por alternadas camadas de diel?tricos com permissividades eA e eB, apenas para efeitos comparativos. No segundo momento introduzimos entre os materiais diel?tricos monocamadas de grafeno. Em seguida, estudamos os quasicristais fot?nicos de Fibonacci, com e sem grafenos entres as camadas diel?tricas, que podem ser gerados por uma rela??o de recorr?ncia do tipo: Sj+1 = SjSj-1, onde S0= B e S1=A. Em ambos os casos utilizamos a t?cnica da matriz transfer?ncia para obter os espectros de transmit?ncia. Estudamos ainda uma generaliza??o da estrutura de Fibonacci chamada de quasicristais de Octonacci, onde o en?simo estagio da dessas estrutura de multicamadas (Sn) ? dado pela regra de recorr?ncia Sn = Sn-1 Sn-2Sn-1, com n>2 com S1= A e S2= B. Finalmente, por completeza, estudamos mais uma generaliza??o da sequencia de Fibonacci chamada de Dodecanacci, que pode ser gerada apartir da regra de infla??o: A->AABAA e B->AB. Nossos resultados mostram que todo os espectros ?pticos s?o afetados e seus ?band gaps? ligeiramente transladados para altas freq??ncias. Tamb?m mostramos que as propriedades de fractalidade e auto-similaridade dos espectros s?o mantidas, para altas freq??ncias. Nossos resultados revelam um bom insight para aplica??o em novos dispositivos a base de multicamadas quasiperi?dicas, em vez dos famosos refletores de Bragg.

Bakgrund: Diabetiska fotsår, ”Diabetes foot ulcer” (DFU) är ett globalt hot mot personer med diabetes på grund av de komplikationer som kan uppkomma som en efterföljd av diabetes. Neuropati är en vanlig följdsjukdom till diabetes vilket medför risken för DFU. Neuropati orsakar nedsatt känsel i underben och fötter vilket kan medföra att patienten inte känner föremål i skorna som skaver och trycker mot fötterna som kan orsaka DFU. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva sjuksköterskors preventionsstrategier för att reducera utvecklingen av fotsår hos patienter med diabetes. Metod: Denna studie genomfördes som en beskrivande litteraturstudie baserat på 12 vetenskapliga artiklar som bestod av fyra kvalitativa och åtta kvantitativa artiklar. Huvudresultat: Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskor är i behov av ökad kunskap genom sårvårdsutbildning efter kandidatexamen. Det framkommer att sjuksköterskornas kunskaper har en stor roll i behandlingen av DFU varav patienternas egenvårdsförmåga lyfts fram för att tillsammans finna de rätta strategierna för varje patient i sin DFU behandling. Slutsats: Fördjupad kunskap inom preventionsstrategier att reducera utvecklingen av DFU hos patienter med diabetes skulle kunna komma både patienter, sjuksköterskor och svensk hälso- och sjukvård till nytta. Kunskapen om preventionsstrategier hos sjuksköterskor i arbetet av DFU varierade inom hälso-ochsjukvårdsverksamheter världen över. Det finns flera strategier att arbeta vidare med som sjuksköterska i förebyggandet av DFU. Två viktiga aspekter inom preventionsstrategier är ökad utbildning för grundutbildade sjuksköterskor inom sårvård av DFU.Patientutbildning inom egenvård i förebyggande av komplikationer av DFU är en viktigstrategi i sjuksköterskans yrkesroll för att kunna bidra med goda förutsättningar och hälsofrämjande vård. / Abstract Background: Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a global threat to people with diabetes due tothe complications that can arise as a result of diabetes. Neuropathy is a common secondary result of diabetes which carries the risk of DFU. Neuropathy causes decreased sensation in the lower legs and feet which can cause the patient not to feel objects in the shoes rubbing and pressing against the feet which can cause DFU. Aim:The purpose of the literature study was to describe nurses' prevention strategies for reducing the development of foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. Method: This study was conducted as a descriptive literature study based on 12 scientific articles consisting of four qualitative and eight quantitative articles. Main results: The results showed that nurses are in need of increased knowledge through wound care training after thebachelor's degree. It appears that the nurses 'knowledge has a major role in the treatmentof DFU, of which the patients' self-care ability is highlighted in order to jointly find theright strategies for each patient in their DFU treatment. Conclusion: Advanced knowledge of prevention strategies to reduce the development of DFU in patients with diabetes could benefit both patients, nurses and Swedish health care. The knowledge of prevention strategies among nurses in the work of DFU varied in health care activitiesworldwide. There are several strategies to continue working with as a nurse in the prevention of DFU. Two important aspects in prevention strategies are increased training for undergraduate nurses in wound care at DFU. Patient education in self-care in the prevention of complications of DFU is an important strategy in the nurse'sprofessional role in order to be able to contribute with good conditions and health promoting care.

No description available.

Carmen Klein: Sonographie der Lunge und Analyse der Atmungsmechanik mittels Impuls-Oszilloresistometrie beim lungengesunden und pneumoniekranken Ferkel und Läuferschwein Institut für Bakteriologie und Mykologie der Veterinärmedizinischen Fakultät der Universität Leipzig Bundesinstitut für gesundheitlichen Verbraucherschutz und Veterinärmedizin (BgVV), Fachbereich 4 in Jena eingereicht im Mai 1999, verteidigt am 16. November 1999 (157 Seiten, 52 Abbildungen, 34 Tabellen, 285 Literaturstellen; Anhang mit: 62 Seiten, 15 Abbildungen und 50 Tabellen) Mit der Sonographie der Lunge und der Impuls-Oszilloresistometrie (IOS - engl.: Impulse Oscilloresistometry System) wurden erstmals zwei nichtinvasive diagnostische Verfahren auf ihre Anwendbarkeit und Aussagefähigkeit bei lungengesunden und pneumoniekranken Absatzferkeln und Läuferschweinen bis zu einer Körpermasse von ca. 50 kg geprüft. Die sonographische Untersuchung der Lunge wurde an insgesamt 45 lungengesunden bzw. pneumoniekranken Schweinen durchgeführt. Dazu wurden die Tiere mit 2,0 mg/kg KM Diazepam sediert. Eine Studie an sechs klinisch gesunden Schweinen gab Aufschluß über die Ausdehnung des bei dieser Tierart sonographisch erreichbaren Lungenfeldes. Die bei Pneumonien häufig betroffenen kranioventral gelegenen Lungenabschnitte waren sonographisch gut zu erreichen. Die bei der sonographischen Untersuchung der Lunge des Schweines nachgewiesenen Befunde zeigten eine gute Übereinstimmung mit den in der Literatur an anderen Spezies beschriebenen Resultaten. Beim Schwein wurden folgende Befundbilder abgegrenzt: ? keine Veränderungen : sonographisch o.b.B. ? geringgradige Veränderungen: Kometenschweifartefakte in geringer Ausprägung ? mittelgradige Veränderungen: Kometenschweifartefakte und Konsolidierungen oder echogenes Grundmuster mit Kometenschweifartefakten ? hochgradige Veränderungen: echogenes Grundmuster oder echogenes Grundmuster mit Abszeß oder Nekrose Die Befunde der sonographischen Untersuchung der Lunge wurden bei 34 Schweinen den entsprechenden pathologisch-anatomischen Befunden zugeordnet. Pathologisch-anatomisch unverändertes Gewebe stellte sich mit einer Wahrscheinlichkeit (Sensitivität) von 95,65 % ohne bzw. mit nur geringradigen sonographischen Veränderungen dar. Bei pathologisch-anatomisch verändertem Gewebe wurden mit einer Wahrscheinlichkeit von 74,62 % (Sensitivität) mittel- und hochgradig veränderte sonographische Befundbilder festgestellt. In die histologische Untersuchung wurden insgesamt 49 Gewebeproben einbezogen. Rückschlüsse vom sonographischen Befund auf die Art der histologisch diagnostizierten Pneumonie waren beim Schwein nicht möglich. Es wurde jedoch eine statistisch gesicherte Beziehung zwischen dem Ausprägungsgrad der histologischen Veränderung und den sonographischen Befunden festgestellt. Der Ausprägungsgrad der histologischen Veränderung stand u.a. in direkter Beziehung zum Luftgehalt im Lungengewebe. Die Impuls-Oszilloresistometrie ist ein Verfahren zur Analyse der Atmungsmechanik und wurde am Schwein ebenfalls unter Sedation mit Diazepam (1,5 bis 2,0 mg/kg KM) oder aber nach entsprechendem Training der Tiere ohne jede medikamentelle Ruhigstellung vorgenommen. Die Schweine wurden in einer Hängematte streßarm fixiert und das Meßsystem über eine starre, luftdicht am Kopf abschließende Atemmaske an das Tier adaptiert. Insgesamt 26 Schweine wurden in die Studien zur Untersuchung verschiedener Einflüsse auf das Verhalten der IOS-Parameter einbezogen. Folgende Parameter wurden berücksichtigt: Atmungsfrequenz (Af), Atemzugvolumen (Vt), die Spektralparameter Resistance (R), Reactance (X) und Kohärenz (K) jeweils bei 5, 10, 15 und 20 Hz (R5, ...R20, X5, ...X20, K5, ...K20) sowie die Modellparameter zentrale (Rz) und periphere (Rp) Resistance, Lungencompliance (Cl) und zentrale Inertance (Lz). In einer Variabilitätsanalyse an fünf nicht sedierten, klinisch gesunden Schweinen wurde die Reproduzierbarkeit der Ergebnisse bei drei unmittelbar innerhalb weniger Minuten aufeinander folgend sowie bei an drei Tagen nacheinander zur selben Tageszeit durchgeführten IOS-Messungen überprüft. Innerhalb des kurzen Zeitraumes von wenigen Minuten wurde die Variabilität der Meßergebnisse der meisten IOS-Parameter überwiegend durch inter-individuelle Einflüsse verursacht, während bei der über mehrere Tage reichenden Betrachtungsweise der intra-individuell bedingte Anteil der Variabilität zunahm. Die Entwicklung von Alter und Körpermasse konnten im Rahmen der an elf klinisch gesunden, sedierten Schweinen über einen Zeitraum von 62 Tagen vorgenommenen IOS-Messungen nur teilweise die mit dem Wachstum einhergehenden Veränderungen der IOS-Parameter erklären. Der an acht klinisch gesunden, sedierten Schweinen festgestellte Einfluß der Tageszeit auf die IOS-Parameter war nur gering, stimmte aber von der Tendenz her mit den in der Literatur beschriebenen Angaben überein. An 16 klinisch gesunden Schweinen wurde der Einfluß der Sedation mit Diazepam auf die IOS-Parameter überprüft. Dieses Medikament führte zu einer signifikanten Verringerung von Af und Vt und zu einer Verbesserung der Qualität der IOS-Messungen (K5, K10, K20). An sieben klinisch gesunden, nicht sedierten Schweinen wurden durch Inhalation von Aerosolen mit bestimmten pharmakologisch wirksamen Substanzen (Carbachol, Fenoterolhydrobromid) definierte Zustände am respiratorischen System wie Bronchospasmus und Bronchodilatation ausgelöst und mittels IOS-Messungen nachgewiesen. Die während der bronchospastischen Reaktion vorgefundenen Veränderungen der IOS-Parameter, insbesondere der starke Anstieg der Resistance im unteren Frequenzbereich (R5), das deutliche Absinken der Reactance, insbesondere bei 5 Hz, und die beträchtliche Erhöhung des Modellparameters Rp sind für diesen Zustand des Bronchialsystems charakteristisch. Neun klinisch gesunde, sedierte Schweine wurden zunächst bei physiologischer und anschließend bei stark distal abgebeugter Kopfhaltung untersucht. Durch die starke Flexion im Kopf-Hals-Bereich wurde eine extrathorakal gelegene Obstruktion erzeugt. Hierbei waren die spektrale Resistance (R5 bis R20) und der Modellparameter Rz bei abgebeugter Kopfhaltung signifikant erhöht. Am Beispiel einer experimentell ausgelösten Infektion mit Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae wurde der Verlauf einer respiratorischen Erkrankung an sieben sedierten Schweinen unter regelmäßiger Durchführung von IOS-Messungen, über einen Zeitraum von 23 Tagen verteilt, beobachtet. Die Resultate der IOS-Messungen 3 Tage p.i. (Resistance im gesamten Frequenzbereich erhöht, starker Anstieg von Rz und Lz ) wiederspiegelten vor allem eine Beteiligung der extrathorakal und zentral gelegenen Bereiche des Respirationstraktes. Durch die zumindest tendenziell vorhandenen Veränderungen bestimmter IOS-Parameter (Verstärkung der negativen Frequenzabhängigkeit, Erhöhung von Rp, Abnahme von Cl) wurde zusätzlich eine Beteiligung der peripheren Bereiche in der Lunge angezeigt. Für einen definierten Zeitraum wurden die IOS-Meßergebnisse den Befunden der sonographischen Untersuchung der Lunge gegenübergestellt. Dabei wurden hohe Korrelationen zwischen auf periphere Veränderungen verweisenden IOS-Parametern und sonographisch ermittelten Veränderungen an der Lunge nachgewiesen. Abschließend ist festzustellen: 1.) Beide getesteten diagnostischen Verfahren sind beim Schwein anwendbar und liefern eine wertvolle Ergänzung der konventionellen Diagnostik am Respirationstrakt dieser Tierart. 2.) Nach sonographischer Untersuchung der Lunge sind mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit Aussagen über das Vorhandensein pathologisch-anatomisch sichtbarer pneumonischer Verän-derungen und deren Ausdehnung im sonographisch erreichbaren Lungenfeld möglich. 3.) Die Impuls-Oszilloresistometrie liefert in einem Parameter-Komplex Informationen über den funktionellen Zustand des gesamten respiratorischen Systems. Dieser ist von zahlreichen physiologisch wirkenden Faktoren (u.a. Kopfhaltung, Wachstum, Tageszeit), applizierten pharma-kologisch wirksamen Substanzen (z.B. Diazepam, Carbachol, Fenoterolhydrobromid) und dem Vorhandensein einer Erkrankung des respiratorischen Systems (z.B. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae) abhängig. 4.) Da beide Verfahren verschiedene Sachverhalte, den morphologischen (Sonographie) bzw. den funktionellen Zustand (Impuls-Oszilloresistometrie) des respiratorischen Systems widerspiegeln, liefern sie einander ergänzende Aussagen. 5.) Beide diagnostischen Verfahren bieten sich beim Schwein vor allen Dingen für den Einsatz zu wissenschaftlichen Zwecken an. Aufgrund ihres nichtinvasiven Charakters ist ein schonender Umgang mit den Probanden möglich. 6.) Die Anwendung der Sonographie der Lunge ist auch in ausgewählten Fällen der tierärztlichen Praxis, z.B. beim Ankauf von Zuchttieren, denkbar. / Carmen Klein: Lung Sonography and Analysis of the Respiratory Mechanics by means of Impulse Oscilloresistometry in Healthy and Pneumonic Piglets and Porkers Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Leipzig Germany Federal Institute for Health Protection of Consumers and Veterinary Medicine Jena Branch Germany submitted in May 1999 (157 pages, 52 figures, 34 tables, 285 references, appendix with 62 pages, 15 figures, 50 tables) Two non-invasive diagnostic methods, i.e. lung sonography and impulse oscillometry, were examined for the first time with regard to their applicability and evidence in clinically healthy as well as pneumonic weaned piglets and porkers of up to ca. 50 kg b.w. A total of 45 healthy or pneumonic swine was subjected to lung sonography. For this purpose, the animals were sedated with 2.0 mg/k b.w. diazepam. Six clinically healthy swine were studied to establish the lung area accessible to sonography in this animal species. Sonography was found to cover well the cranioventral sections of the lung often affected by pneumonias. The findings established by lung sonography in the swine showed a good coincidence with results described in literature for other species. The findings in swine revealed the following picture. ? No changes: sonography NAD ? Low-grade changes: little pronounced comet-tail artefacts ? Moderate changes: Comet-tail artefacts and consolidations or echogenic basic pattern including comet-tail artifacts ? High-degree changes: basic echogenic pattern or basic echogenic pattern plus abscess or necrosis Lung sonography findings in 34 swine were assigned to the corresponding pathological-anatomical findings. Tissue considered as unchanged from the pathological-anatomical angle was found to be without or with only minor sonographic changes, with a probability (sensitivity) of 95.65 %. In tissue exhibiting pathological-anatomical changes, sonographic findings showed pictures of moderate and high-degree changes, with a probability (sensitivity) of 74.62 % A total of 49 tissue samples was subjected to histological examination. It was not possible to infer, from the sonographic findings, the type of pneumonia diagnosed histologically in the swine. Nevertheless, a statistically confirmed correlation between the degree of pronouncedness of the histological changes and the sonographic findings was established. The pronouncedness of the histological changes was, like other factors, directly related to the air content of the lung tissue. Impulse oscillometry being a method used to analyze respiratory mechanics was applied to swine either sedated by means of diazepam (1.5 - 2.0 mg/kg b.w.) or non-sedated by medication but trained correspondingly. The animals were fixed in a canvas sling with openings for the limbs, avoiding stress, and the measuring system was adapted to the animal using a rigid face mask hermetically fitting to the animal's head. A total of 26 animals was included in the studies to examine a variety of factors influencing the IOS parameters. The following parameters were considered: Respiratory rate (Af), tidal volume (Vt), the spectral parameters resistance (R), reactance (X) and coherence (K) at 5, 10, 15 and 20 Hz each (R5, ...R20, X5, ...X20, K5, ...K20) as well as the model parameters, central (Rz) and peripheral (Rp) resistance, lung compliance (Cl) and central inertance (Lz). A variability analysis involving five non-sedated, clinically healthy swine served to examine the reproducibility of the results of three IOS measurements either performed consecutively within a few minutes, or on three consecutive days at the same time of the day. During the brief period of a few minutes, the variability of the results of measurements, for most parameters, was due to inter-individual factors while in the case of an analysis over several days, the intra-individual share of variability increased. In the context of the IOS measurements performed in eleven clinically healthy, sedated swine over a period of 62 days, development in terms of age and body weight could only partially explain the variations of the IOS parameters taking place with growth. The influence of the time of the day on IOS parameters studied in eight clinically healthy, sedated swine was found to be small; coincidence with data given in literature, however, was seen as a tendency. The influence of diazepam sedation on the IOS parameters was examined in 16 clinically healthy swine. This medication resulted in a significant reduction of Af and Vt and improved quality of IOS measurements (K5, K10, K20). In seven clinically healthy, non-sedated swine, defined respiratory situations, i.e. bronchospasm and bronchodilatation were generated by aerosol inhalation of pharmacologically active substances such as carbachol and fenoterolhydrobromide and demonstrated by IOS measurements. This state of the bronchial system is characterized by the changes in IOS parameters found at the time of the bronchospasmic reaction, in particular the vehement rise of resistance in the lower frequency range (R5), the obvious drop in reactance, especially at 5 Hz and the noteworthy rise in the model parameter, Rp. Nine clinically healthy, sedated swine were examined first with their heads in a physiological and then, in a vertical position of their heads. The severe bending in the head-neck area produced an extrathoracic obstruction. Spectral resistance (R5 - R20) and the model parameter, Rz were significantly higher at a vertical position of the head. An experimental infection of seven sedated swine with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae served as a model to study the course of respiratory disease. The animals were subjected to regular IOS measurements over a period of 23 days. The results of IOS measurements performed 3 days p.i. (elevated resistance over the entire frequency range, vehement rise of Rz and Lz) reflected, above all, an involvement of the extrathoracic and central areas of the respiratory tract. As a result, the modifications of defined IOS parameters (intensification of negative frequency dependency, rise in Rp, drop in Cl) which were present at least as a tendency, indicated an additional involvement of the peripheral lung areas. The results of IOS measurements over a defined period were compared with the findings from lung sonography. High correlations between IOS parameters indicating peripheral changes and lung changes detected by sonography were demonstrated. Conclusions 1.) Both diagnostic methods studied may be used in swine and will provide a valuable completion of conventional diagnosis in the respiratory tract of this species. 2.) With a high probability, lung sonography will provide evidence of the presence of visible pathological-anatomical changes in the lung and their extent in the lung area that is accessible to sonography. 3.) Impulse oscillometry provides a complex of parameters that contain information about the functional state of the entire respiratory system. This state is dependent upon numerous physiological factors (among them position of the head, growth, time of the day), pharmacologically active substances administered (e.g. diazepam, carbachol, fenoterolhydrobromide) and the presence of respiratory disease (e.g. caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae). 4.) Since the two methods reflect different facts, i.e. the morphological (sonography) and the functional (impulse oscillometry) state of the respiratory system, they supply mutually supplementing information. 5.) Both diagnostic methods offer themselves above all for use in scientific research on swine. Owing to their non-invasive character, it is possible to handle test animals in a non-offensive way. 6.) In specific cases, lung sonography may also be used in the veterinary practitioner's surgery, e.g. for the examination of animals kept for breeding.

Carmen Klein: Sonographie der Lunge und Analyse der Atmungsmechanik mittels Impuls-Oszilloresistometrie beim lungengesunden und pneumoniekranken Ferkel und Läuferschwein Institut für Bakteriologie und Mykologie der Veterinärmedizinischen Fakultät der Universität Leipzig Bundesinstitut für gesundheitlichen Verbraucherschutz und Veterinärmedizin (BgVV), Fachbereich 4 in Jena eingereicht im Mai 1999, verteidigt am 16. November 1999 (157 Seiten, 52 Abbildungen, 34 Tabellen, 285 Literaturstellen; Anhang mit: 62 Seiten, 15 Abbildungen und 50 Tabellen) Mit der Sonographie der Lunge und der Impuls-Oszilloresistometrie (IOS - engl.: Impulse Oscilloresistometry System) wurden erstmals zwei nichtinvasive diagnostische Verfahren auf ihre Anwendbarkeit und Aussagefähigkeit bei lungengesunden und pneumoniekranken Absatzferkeln und Läuferschweinen bis zu einer Körpermasse von ca. 50 kg geprüft. Die sonographische Untersuchung der Lunge wurde an insgesamt 45 lungengesunden bzw. pneumoniekranken Schweinen durchgeführt. Dazu wurden die Tiere mit 2,0 mg/kg KM Diazepam sediert. Eine Studie an sechs klinisch gesunden Schweinen gab Aufschluß über die Ausdehnung des bei dieser Tierart sonographisch erreichbaren Lungenfeldes. Die bei Pneumonien häufig betroffenen kranioventral gelegenen Lungenabschnitte waren sonographisch gut zu erreichen. Die bei der sonographischen Untersuchung der Lunge des Schweines nachgewiesenen Befunde zeigten eine gute Übereinstimmung mit den in der Literatur an anderen Spezies beschriebenen Resultaten. Beim Schwein wurden folgende Befundbilder abgegrenzt: ? keine Veränderungen : sonographisch o.b.B. ? geringgradige Veränderungen: Kometenschweifartefakte in geringer Ausprägung ? mittelgradige Veränderungen: Kometenschweifartefakte und Konsolidierungen oder echogenes Grundmuster mit Kometenschweifartefakten ? hochgradige Veränderungen: echogenes Grundmuster oder echogenes Grundmuster mit Abszeß oder Nekrose Die Befunde der sonographischen Untersuchung der Lunge wurden bei 34 Schweinen den entsprechenden pathologisch-anatomischen Befunden zugeordnet. Pathologisch-anatomisch unverändertes Gewebe stellte sich mit einer Wahrscheinlichkeit (Sensitivität) von 95,65 % ohne bzw. mit nur geringradigen sonographischen Veränderungen dar. Bei pathologisch-anatomisch verändertem Gewebe wurden mit einer Wahrscheinlichkeit von 74,62 % (Sensitivität) mittel- und hochgradig veränderte sonographische Befundbilder festgestellt. In die histologische Untersuchung wurden insgesamt 49 Gewebeproben einbezogen. Rückschlüsse vom sonographischen Befund auf die Art der histologisch diagnostizierten Pneumonie waren beim Schwein nicht möglich. Es wurde jedoch eine statistisch gesicherte Beziehung zwischen dem Ausprägungsgrad der histologischen Veränderung und den sonographischen Befunden festgestellt. Der Ausprägungsgrad der histologischen Veränderung stand u.a. in direkter Beziehung zum Luftgehalt im Lungengewebe. Die Impuls-Oszilloresistometrie ist ein Verfahren zur Analyse der Atmungsmechanik und wurde am Schwein ebenfalls unter Sedation mit Diazepam (1,5 bis 2,0 mg/kg KM) oder aber nach entsprechendem Training der Tiere ohne jede medikamentelle Ruhigstellung vorgenommen. Die Schweine wurden in einer Hängematte streßarm fixiert und das Meßsystem über eine starre, luftdicht am Kopf abschließende Atemmaske an das Tier adaptiert. Insgesamt 26 Schweine wurden in die Studien zur Untersuchung verschiedener Einflüsse auf das Verhalten der IOS-Parameter einbezogen. Folgende Parameter wurden berücksichtigt: Atmungsfrequenz (Af), Atemzugvolumen (Vt), die Spektralparameter Resistance (R), Reactance (X) und Kohärenz (K) jeweils bei 5, 10, 15 und 20 Hz (R5, ...R20, X5, ...X20, K5, ...K20) sowie die Modellparameter zentrale (Rz) und periphere (Rp) Resistance, Lungencompliance (Cl) und zentrale Inertance (Lz). In einer Variabilitätsanalyse an fünf nicht sedierten, klinisch gesunden Schweinen wurde die Reproduzierbarkeit der Ergebnisse bei drei unmittelbar innerhalb weniger Minuten aufeinander folgend sowie bei an drei Tagen nacheinander zur selben Tageszeit durchgeführten IOS-Messungen überprüft. Innerhalb des kurzen Zeitraumes von wenigen Minuten wurde die Variabilität der Meßergebnisse der meisten IOS-Parameter überwiegend durch inter-individuelle Einflüsse verursacht, während bei der über mehrere Tage reichenden Betrachtungsweise der intra-individuell bedingte Anteil der Variabilität zunahm. Die Entwicklung von Alter und Körpermasse konnten im Rahmen der an elf klinisch gesunden, sedierten Schweinen über einen Zeitraum von 62 Tagen vorgenommenen IOS-Messungen nur teilweise die mit dem Wachstum einhergehenden Veränderungen der IOS-Parameter erklären. Der an acht klinisch gesunden, sedierten Schweinen festgestellte Einfluß der Tageszeit auf die IOS-Parameter war nur gering, stimmte aber von der Tendenz her mit den in der Literatur beschriebenen Angaben überein. An 16 klinisch gesunden Schweinen wurde der Einfluß der Sedation mit Diazepam auf die IOS-Parameter überprüft. Dieses Medikament führte zu einer signifikanten Verringerung von Af und Vt und zu einer Verbesserung der Qualität der IOS-Messungen (K5, K10, K20). An sieben klinisch gesunden, nicht sedierten Schweinen wurden durch Inhalation von Aerosolen mit bestimmten pharmakologisch wirksamen Substanzen (Carbachol, Fenoterolhydrobromid) definierte Zustände am respiratorischen System wie Bronchospasmus und Bronchodilatation ausgelöst und mittels IOS-Messungen nachgewiesen. Die während der bronchospastischen Reaktion vorgefundenen Veränderungen der IOS-Parameter, insbesondere der starke Anstieg der Resistance im unteren Frequenzbereich (R5), das deutliche Absinken der Reactance, insbesondere bei 5 Hz, und die beträchtliche Erhöhung des Modellparameters Rp sind für diesen Zustand des Bronchialsystems charakteristisch. Neun klinisch gesunde, sedierte Schweine wurden zunächst bei physiologischer und anschließend bei stark distal abgebeugter Kopfhaltung untersucht. Durch die starke Flexion im Kopf-Hals-Bereich wurde eine extrathorakal gelegene Obstruktion erzeugt. Hierbei waren die spektrale Resistance (R5 bis R20) und der Modellparameter Rz bei abgebeugter Kopfhaltung signifikant erhöht. Am Beispiel einer experimentell ausgelösten Infektion mit Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae wurde der Verlauf einer respiratorischen Erkrankung an sieben sedierten Schweinen unter regelmäßiger Durchführung von IOS-Messungen, über einen Zeitraum von 23 Tagen verteilt, beobachtet. Die Resultate der IOS-Messungen 3 Tage p.i. (Resistance im gesamten Frequenzbereich erhöht, starker Anstieg von Rz und Lz ) wiederspiegelten vor allem eine Beteiligung der extrathorakal und zentral gelegenen Bereiche des Respirationstraktes. Durch die zumindest tendenziell vorhandenen Veränderungen bestimmter IOS-Parameter (Verstärkung der negativen Frequenzabhängigkeit, Erhöhung von Rp, Abnahme von Cl) wurde zusätzlich eine Beteiligung der peripheren Bereiche in der Lunge angezeigt. Für einen definierten Zeitraum wurden die IOS-Meßergebnisse den Befunden der sonographischen Untersuchung der Lunge gegenübergestellt. Dabei wurden hohe Korrelationen zwischen auf periphere Veränderungen verweisenden IOS-Parametern und sonographisch ermittelten Veränderungen an der Lunge nachgewiesen. Abschließend ist festzustellen: 1.) Beide getesteten diagnostischen Verfahren sind beim Schwein anwendbar und liefern eine wertvolle Ergänzung der konventionellen Diagnostik am Respirationstrakt dieser Tierart. 2.) Nach sonographischer Untersuchung der Lunge sind mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit Aussagen über das Vorhandensein pathologisch-anatomisch sichtbarer pneumonischer Verän-derungen und deren Ausdehnung im sonographisch erreichbaren Lungenfeld möglich. 3.) Die Impuls-Oszilloresistometrie liefert in einem Parameter-Komplex Informationen über den funktionellen Zustand des gesamten respiratorischen Systems. Dieser ist von zahlreichen physiologisch wirkenden Faktoren (u.a. Kopfhaltung, Wachstum, Tageszeit), applizierten pharma-kologisch wirksamen Substanzen (z.B. Diazepam, Carbachol, Fenoterolhydrobromid) und dem Vorhandensein einer Erkrankung des respiratorischen Systems (z.B. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae) abhängig. 4.) Da beide Verfahren verschiedene Sachverhalte, den morphologischen (Sonographie) bzw. den funktionellen Zustand (Impuls-Oszilloresistometrie) des respiratorischen Systems widerspiegeln, liefern sie einander ergänzende Aussagen. 5.) Beide diagnostischen Verfahren bieten sich beim Schwein vor allen Dingen für den Einsatz zu wissenschaftlichen Zwecken an. Aufgrund ihres nichtinvasiven Charakters ist ein schonender Umgang mit den Probanden möglich. 6.) Die Anwendung der Sonographie der Lunge ist auch in ausgewählten Fällen der tierärztlichen Praxis, z.B. beim Ankauf von Zuchttieren, denkbar. / Carmen Klein: Lung Sonography and Analysis of the Respiratory Mechanics by means of Impulse Oscilloresistometry in Healthy and Pneumonic Piglets and Porkers Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Leipzig Germany Federal Institute for Health Protection of Consumers and Veterinary Medicine Jena Branch Germany submitted in May 1999 (157 pages, 52 figures, 34 tables, 285 references, appendix with 62 pages, 15 figures, 50 tables) Two non-invasive diagnostic methods, i.e. lung sonography and impulse oscillometry, were examined for the first time with regard to their applicability and evidence in clinically healthy as well as pneumonic weaned piglets and porkers of up to ca. 50 kg b.w. A total of 45 healthy or pneumonic swine was subjected to lung sonography. For this purpose, the animals were sedated with 2.0 mg/k b.w. diazepam. Six clinically healthy swine were studied to establish the lung area accessible to sonography in this animal species. Sonography was found to cover well the cranioventral sections of the lung often affected by pneumonias. The findings established by lung sonography in the swine showed a good coincidence with results described in literature for other species. The findings in swine revealed the following picture. ? No changes: sonography NAD ? Low-grade changes: little pronounced comet-tail artefacts ? Moderate changes: Comet-tail artefacts and consolidations or echogenic basic pattern including comet-tail artifacts ? High-degree changes: basic echogenic pattern or basic echogenic pattern plus abscess or necrosis Lung sonography findings in 34 swine were assigned to the corresponding pathological-anatomical findings. Tissue considered as unchanged from the pathological-anatomical angle was found to be without or with only minor sonographic changes, with a probability (sensitivity) of 95.65 %. In tissue exhibiting pathological-anatomical changes, sonographic findings showed pictures of moderate and high-degree changes, with a probability (sensitivity) of 74.62 % A total of 49 tissue samples was subjected to histological examination. It was not possible to infer, from the sonographic findings, the type of pneumonia diagnosed histologically in the swine. Nevertheless, a statistically confirmed correlation between the degree of pronouncedness of the histological changes and the sonographic findings was established. The pronouncedness of the histological changes was, like other factors, directly related to the air content of the lung tissue. Impulse oscillometry being a method used to analyze respiratory mechanics was applied to swine either sedated by means of diazepam (1.5 - 2.0 mg/kg b.w.) or non-sedated by medication but trained correspondingly. The animals were fixed in a canvas sling with openings for the limbs, avoiding stress, and the measuring system was adapted to the animal using a rigid face mask hermetically fitting to the animal''s head. A total of 26 animals was included in the studies to examine a variety of factors influencing the IOS parameters. The following parameters were considered: Respiratory rate (Af), tidal volume (Vt), the spectral parameters resistance (R), reactance (X) and coherence (K) at 5, 10, 15 and 20 Hz each (R5, ...R20, X5, ...X20, K5, ...K20) as well as the model parameters, central (Rz) and peripheral (Rp) resistance, lung compliance (Cl) and central inertance (Lz). A variability analysis involving five non-sedated, clinically healthy swine served to examine the reproducibility of the results of three IOS measurements either performed consecutively within a few minutes, or on three consecutive days at the same time of the day. During the brief period of a few minutes, the variability of the results of measurements, for most parameters, was due to inter-individual factors while in the case of an analysis over several days, the intra-individual share of variability increased. In the context of the IOS measurements performed in eleven clinically healthy, sedated swine over a period of 62 days, development in terms of age and body weight could only partially explain the variations of the IOS parameters taking place with growth. The influence of the time of the day on IOS parameters studied in eight clinically healthy, sedated swine was found to be small; coincidence with data given in literature, however, was seen as a tendency. The influence of diazepam sedation on the IOS parameters was examined in 16 clinically healthy swine. This medication resulted in a significant reduction of Af and Vt and improved quality of IOS measurements (K5, K10, K20). In seven clinically healthy, non-sedated swine, defined respiratory situations, i.e. bronchospasm and bronchodilatation were generated by aerosol inhalation of pharmacologically active substances such as carbachol and fenoterolhydrobromide and demonstrated by IOS measurements. This state of the bronchial system is characterized by the changes in IOS parameters found at the time of the bronchospasmic reaction, in particular the vehement rise of resistance in the lower frequency range (R5), the obvious drop in reactance, especially at 5 Hz and the noteworthy rise in the model parameter, Rp. Nine clinically healthy, sedated swine were examined first with their heads in a physiological and then, in a vertical position of their heads. The severe bending in the head-neck area produced an extrathoracic obstruction. Spectral resistance (R5 - R20) and the model parameter, Rz were significantly higher at a vertical position of the head. An experimental infection of seven sedated swine with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae served as a model to study the course of respiratory disease. The animals were subjected to regular IOS measurements over a period of 23 days. The results of IOS measurements performed 3 days p.i. (elevated resistance over the entire frequency range, vehement rise of Rz and Lz) reflected, above all, an involvement of the extrathoracic and central areas of the respiratory tract. As a result, the modifications of defined IOS parameters (intensification of negative frequency dependency, rise in Rp, drop in Cl) which were present at least as a tendency, indicated an additional involvement of the peripheral lung areas. The results of IOS measurements over a defined period were compared with the findings from lung sonography. High correlations between IOS parameters indicating peripheral changes and lung changes detected by sonography were demonstrated. Conclusions 1.) Both diagnostic methods studied may be used in swine and will provide a valuable completion of conventional diagnosis in the respiratory tract of this species. 2.) With a high probability, lung sonography will provide evidence of the presence of visible pathological-anatomical changes in the lung and their extent in the lung area that is accessible to sonography. 3.) Impulse oscillometry provides a complex of parameters that contain information about the functional state of the entire respiratory system. This state is dependent upon numerous physiological factors (among them position of the head, growth, time of the day), pharmacologically active substances administered (e.g. diazepam, carbachol, fenoterolhydrobromide) and the presence of respiratory disease (e.g. caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae). 4.) Since the two methods reflect different facts, i.e. the morphological (sonography) and the functional (impulse oscillometry) state of the respiratory system, they supply mutually supplementing information. 5.) Both diagnostic methods offer themselves above all for use in scientific research on swine. Owing to their non-invasive character, it is possible to handle test animals in a non-offensive way. 6.) In specific cases, lung sonography may also be used in the veterinary practitioner''s surgery, e.g. for the examination of animals kept for breeding.